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Article type: Cover
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
Cover1-
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Article type: Appendix
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Index
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Index
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
85-86
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Yoshio Kuramoto
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
87-
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Masatoshi Imada
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
88-96
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Apart from conventional phase transitions driven by thermal effects, quantum phase transitions generated by quantum fluctuations have their own mechanisms that are reflected in critical phenomena. Quantum phase transitions have an origin from spontaneous symmetry breaking commonly to thermal phase transitions. Even in this case, inherent quantum fluctuations substantially modify and yield new aspects. Quantum phase transitions have, however, another mechanism caused by topology changes, which gives completely new characters. Recently, a mechanism which connects these two has been found. Proximities from first-order transitions and phase separations as well as from multiphase coexistence also generate characteristic and unconventional quantum criticalities. Understanding novel quantum criticalities offers a firm basis of recent active researches on fields such as magnetism, ferroelectricity and metalinsulator transitions with potential applications and functional designs.
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Ko Okumura
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
97-105
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Tough materials found in nature tend to have characteristic internal structures. For example, nacre which covers the surface of pearl possesses a layered structure composed of soft and hard elements. Nacre is not only beautiful but also strong! We review here a simple view on the toughening mechanism of nacre, together with that of spider webs which are also made up of soft and hard elements, i.e., hard radial threads and soft spiral threads. We begin our discussion with a review on the standard fracture mechanics, putting stress on dimensional analysis.
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Yoshiaki Uesu, Hiroko Yokota
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
105-112
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The optical second harmonic generation is a phenomenon where coherent light waves with twice the fundamental frequency are generated as a result of a nonlinear interaction between materials and laser waves. This phenomenon has been revealed to provide with unique knowledge on domain structures of ferroelectrics, magnetic and multi-ferroic materials exhibiting both properties. It is also becoming a useful technique to investigate biological tissues, in particular, muscle fibers and myofibrils. Recent results of these subjects are reviewed.
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Yuki Kiyota
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
113-127
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[in Japanese]
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
128-135
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2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
135-
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Arisato Kawabata
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
136-139
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[in Japanese]
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
140-
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[in Japanese]
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
140-141
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[in Japanese]
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
141-
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[in Japanese]
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
141-
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Kunihiko Kaneko
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
142-143
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Kimitaka Itoh, Sanae Inoue Itoh
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
144-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
145-147
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
148-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
148-149
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
149-
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Article type: Appendix
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
150-153
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Article type: Appendix
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
153-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Appendix
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
153-154
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Article type: Appendix
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
155-157
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Article type: Appendix
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
158-159
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Article type: Appendix
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
160-165
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Article type: Appendix
2011 Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages
165-166
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