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Volume 45 (1976)
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Volume 45, Issue 1
Displaying 1-27 of 27 articles from this issue
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Norimasa YAMADA, Yasuhiro KONO1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 1-8
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe relation between the changes of amino acid metabolism and the structural alteration with special reference to the behavior of the vegetative and generative nucleus during pollen development were studied. At the one nuclear period no distinct difference was found in amino acid composition between anthers and other plant tissues and organs. In binuclear period in which a microspore nucleus divided into two nuclei, a vegetative nucleus and a generative one, the proline content comes to higher than that of other amino acids in anthers. At the middle of binuclear period proline was found to occupy about 20% of all amino acid content, indicating that the special feature of amino acid metabolism in pollen begins under the occurrence of a vegetative and a generative nucleus. At the beginning of trinuclear period having one vegetative nucleus and two sperm nuclei, proline was found to reach an amazing high content as like 50% of total amino acids in anthers. Thus accumulated synthesis of proline, known as the characteristic of amino acid metabolism in pollen, appears established at the trinuclear period. Activity of nuclei in pollen was examined by the size of nucleolus after acetocarmine staining since it has been considered as an indicator of the physiological activity of nucleus. At the one nuclear period, a large nucleolus just like as that of meristematic cells was found in a microspore nucleus. In the time when a microspore nucleus divided into a vegetative and generative nucleus, a nucleolus of the former was larger than that of the latter. With the occurrence of two sperm nuclei, the size of a nucleolus in vegetative nucleus began to decrease and the configuration of nucleus was obscure and its nucleolus disappeared in the day before flowering. On the contrary, nucleoli of two sperm nuclei derived from a generative one, were large and clear since then. On the basis of these results, it was assumed that the establishment of the special feature of amino acid metabolism in pollens and the occurrence of generative or sperm nucleus are correlated each other in time, and the accumulated production of proline may be regulated by the sperm nuclei, judging from the behavior of nucleolusView full abstractDownload PDF (1260K) -
Tetsuro TANIYAMA, Kazumi YAMASHITA, Tonao KOIKE1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 9-16
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRecently air pollution caused by photochemical oxidants has produced the very serious subjects, because of a wideness of their polluted area and being injurious to many crop plants. The experiments were carried out to elucidate the effect of ozone on apparent photosynthesis during and after the exposure to ozone and the visible injuries to corn, rice and peanut plants. Apparent photosynthesis of 3 kinds of plant used in this experiment decreased to a considerable extent when exposed to a higher concentration than 0.5 ppm, although a slight decrease was observed even at 0.1 ppm. Both photosynthesis rate by ozone and its extent lowered could be arranged on the following order, peanut>rice>corn plant; and the visible injury was also in the same order. Furthermore, it was investigated that whether the decrease in photosynthesis by ozone treatment is recovered or not, after the plants were released from the ozone. The photosynthesis of corn plant did not entirely recover for 2 hours after stop of ozone treatment, but that of rice plants showed a clear trend to recover. Photosynthesis of peanut plants did not recover but continued to decrease for 1 hour even after ozone treatment had been stopped. The photosynthesis in peanut plant decreased in proportion to the increase in the visible injury. 0n the other hand, visible injuries in the other species became apparent when photosynthesis decreased by 70% in the rice and 65% in the corn plants. From these results it was concluded that the degrees of invisible injury, judging from the photosynthetic rate influenced by ozone, were in the following order, rice>corn>peanut plantsView full abstractDownload PDF (942K) -
Genkichi TAKEDA1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 17-24
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDiurnal changes in apparent photosynthesis of two-rowed barley (Hordium distichum c.v. Azuma-goruden) were measured with assimilation chambers under field conditions during the period from December 1969 to February 1970. The assimilation chamber used was 25×25 cm in area and 20 cm high. Sampling of the air inside the chamber was made hourly (exp.B) or at intervals of half an hour (exp.A and C) for five minutes using vinyl ball to measure CO2 concentration of the air. Three types of experiments were designed as indicated below: Experiment A: The assimilation chamber was placed over the plot from the nightfall before the day of each experiment and kept until the end of the experiment. Experiment B: The chamber was placed over the plot ten minutes before each sampling of air and then removed soon after the sampling, for the purpose of putting the crop under national conditions as long as possible. Experiment C: The chamber was placed over the plot ten minutes before the first sampling of the air, but kept throughout the day until the end of the experiment. Four plots were used as replicates to measure the rates of photosynthesis in most of the experiments, but two plots in some cases. Soil temperature was measured only in the experiment B. 1. Results of the experiments A, B and C showed that apparent photosynthetic rates in the morning of clear winter days were mostly lower than those in the afternoon at equivalent solar radiation level. In the experiment B, on the other hand, there were some occasions in which photosynthesis was inhibited throughout the whole day. 2. Two assumptions were made, based on the results of the experiment B, about the relation between the inhibition of apparent photosynthesis and temperature regime. (1) In the morning when air temperature remains below O°C long time, soil layer surrounding the main root zone may be frozen. When the freezing of soil is prolonged in the daytime, the inhibition of photosynthesis may be large and continue until evening. (2) 0n the day when the minimum air temperature is below O°C but the soil freezing does not continue long time, the inhibition of photosynthesis may occur only in the morning. 3. It was found in the present experiments that the air temperature inside the chamber was higher than the ambient air temperature, especially at midday with difference of from 5°C to 8°C among the temperature inside and outside the chamber. This suggests the necessity of improving on the assimilation chamberView full abstractDownload PDF (853K) -
Eizo MAEDA, Kazuko MAEDA1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 25-31
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Hideo IWAKI, Genkichi TAKEDA, Taketoshi UDAGAWA1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 32-39
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Kenji AKITA1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 40-46
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRice plants var. Nihonbare were grown at three culture methods. Mature seedlings and young seedling and of rice plants were transplanted at a single plant per hill or the seeds were directly seeded on upland field. The number of tillers on each position of tillers and leaf area of them at several growing times were determined. The results were obtained as follows. 1. The tillers were observed to appear at nodes above the 7th node, the 3rd node, and the 4th node, in mature seedling plot (M-plot), young seedling plot (Y-plot), and direct seeding plot (D-plot), correspondingly. 2. The number of tillers in two lowest tillering nodes were markedly larger than that in higher position of nodes. The contribution of the former to total number of tillers was 64.7% (M-plot), 54.1% (Y-plot), and 60.6% (D-plot) at maximum tiller number stage, and 66.8% (M-plot), 60.4% (Y-plot), and 64.5% (D-plot) at harvesting time. 3. The sum of leaf area of the tillers in the two lowest nodes at the time of maximum leaf area was markedly large as in the case of tillers, and its contribution to total leaf area per hill was 63.8% (M-plot), 55.9% (Y-plot), and 59.4% (D-plot)View full abstractDownload PDF (904K) -
Mahatim SINGH, O.N. SINGH1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 47-50
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Mitsumasa SAT0H, Katsuo OHYAMA1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 51-56
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Shigemi TANAKAMARU, Jun INOUYE1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 57-62
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUnder conditions of compacted and non-compacted covering-soils, the strength of plumule-elongation of two-rowed barley, Seijo No.17, was measured using with unbonded gauge type transducer and balancing null recorder at 20°C in darkness. In almost all the experiment, soil moisture content was about 13%, depth of seeding was about 3.5 cm, hardness of seeding bed was about O.2kg/cm3, hardness of covering-soil was O and O.1kg/cm3, a seed weight was about 40∼45mg and pulumule length at the start of measurement was about 3 cm long. The following results were obtained. 1. Under both conditions of covering-soil, compacted and non-compacted, strength of plumule-elongation increased with time and reached a, maximum about 24 hours after the start of measurement, respectively. However, the maximum strength of plumule-elongation under compacted covering-soil was stronger than that under non-compacted (Fig.2). 2. The more seed size was large, the more strength of plumule-elongation was vigorous under both conditions of compacted and non-compacted. The effect of hardness of covering-soil on the strength of plumule-elongation seemed to be strongcr in small seeds than in large seeds (Table 1 ). 3. In each stage of plumule elongation (1, 3, 5 cm), the strength of plumule-elongation was larger under compacted covering-soil than under non-compacted, respectively. The strength of plumule-elongation under compacted covering-soil decreased with increasing plumule elongation, but the strength under non-compacted showed almost all the same value in three stages of plumule (Table 2). 4. The strength of plumule-elongation became stronger as the degrees of hardness of covering-soil increased from 0kg/cm3 to 0.2kg/cm3 (Fig.3). 5. Under compacted covering-soil, the strength of plumule-elongation was strongest at 13% soil moisture, though the strength was strongest at 16% soil moisture under non-compacted (Fig.4). 6. The area of cross section of plumule and their sheath thickness was larger in the plumule grown under compacted covering-soil than in the plumule grown under non-compacted. In this case, the increase of area of cross section by compaction seemed to be larger in the smaller seeds (Table 3). Furthermore, bending strength of plumule grown under compacted covering-soil was stronger than that grown under non-compacted (Table 4). 7. From the above results the reason why the strength of plumule-elongation is stronger under compacted covering-soil than under non-compacted may be due to increase of thickness of plumule and to increase of pressure of covering-soil around the plumule preventing its bending (Table 6). In view of strength of plumule-elongation, it may be said that moderate compaction of covering-soil was favorable for emergence of two-rowed barleyView full abstractDownload PDF (790K) -
Koji TATENO, Mutsuo 0JIMA1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 63-68
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis experiment was conducted to determine the effects of tempcrature and soil water content during grain filling stage on grain yields in terms of dry matter production, sink capacity of grains and distribution of materials produced of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Early hybrid variety, NK129, was seeded in pots in June 3, 1974 and was grown outdoors until the end of flowering. Then the plants were subjected to 35°C/25°C, 30°C/20°C and 25°C/15°C of day/night temperature in the phytotron under natural light conditions during the ripening period. Soil water contents were maintained in moderate water and drought conditions in each temperature. The plants were harvested when seed coat hardened. Results obtained are as follows. 1. Grain yields in the moderate soil water conditions were little affected by temperatures. However, grain yields in drought conditions were reduced at high temperature and the highest yield in drought conditions was obtained at 25°C/15°C. 2. Crop growth rates in moderate water conditions were higher at 35°C/25°C and 30°C/20°C than at 25°C/15°C, but total dry matter accumulation during grain filling pericd did not differ among temperatures because maturing times were prolonged at lower temperature. On the other hand, crop growth rates at 25°C/15°C and 30°C/20°C in drought conditions were higher than at 35°C/25°C, and total dry matter accumulations at harvesting time were the highest at 25°C/15°C and the lowest at 35°C/25°C. 3. Net assimilation rates in moderate water conditions showed the trend of higher values at higher temperatures, but net assimilation rates under drought conditions were higher at 25°C/15°C than at 35°C/25°C. Crop growth rate was positively correlated with net assimilation rate. 4. Sink capacity of grains estimated from weight per 1000-grain at harvesting time was limited by the interaction of high temperature and drought conditions, and it was not affected by low temperature of 25°C/15°C. Early hardening of seed coat is possibly one of the cause of limitation. The greater part of grain yields at 35°C/25°C and 30°C/20°C under drought conditions resulted from materials translocated from vegetative organs to grains. 5. Grain yields were mainly affected by dry matter accumulation during grain filling period, but the contribution of materials translocated from vegetative organs could not be neglected for grain yield under drought conditions. Favorable temperature for grain production will be different with soil water contents. Favorable temperature in this experiment was over a range of 35°C/25°C to 25°C/15°C under moderate soil water conditions, but it was in a little lower range of near 25°C/15°C under drought conditionsView full abstractDownload PDF (780K) -
Hirokadzu TAIRA, Harue TAIRA, Akio MATSUZAKI, Seizo MATSUSHIMA1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 69-74
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSInvestigations have been carried out to determine the effect of nitrogcn topdressing at panicle formation stage and full heading stage on the thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin and fblic acid content of brown rice and milled rice of two varieties. As to the brown rice, both the topdressings had a significant effect on the decrease of the riboflavin content and the increase of the nicotinic acid content. There was, however, no significant effect of the topdressings on the B-vitamin content of the milled rice. On the other hand, the riboflavin, nicotinic acid and biotin content of the brown rice and the pantothenic acid content of the milled rice differed significantly between both the varietiesView full abstractDownload PDF (705K) -
Shunpei KANO1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 75-79
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDevelopment of the female spikelets induced by gibberellin in the tassel was investigated. Female spikelets induced by gibberellin developed in the same manner as normal male spikelets, until carpel differentiation stage. Pistil primordium of the normal male floret aborted after carpel initiation, and the differentiation of the procambium in it was not observed. The female florets induced by gibberellin differentiated procambium in the pistil primordium and the pistil continued development without abortion. Stamens of the female florets aborted, though procambium connected with that of the spikelet differentiated in it. Development of a pistil in an upper floret appeared to inhibit the development of the stamens and a lower floret. From these observations it was deduced that procambium differentiation in a pistil primordium of the upper floret was important as to sex expression of the spikelet in Zea mays, and gibberellin might induce female spikelets in the tassel, through the promotion of the procambium differentiation in a pistil primordium which under normal conditions abortedView full abstractDownload PDF (1385K) -
Katsuhiko IKEDA1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 80-85
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Hiroshi HAYASE1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 86-90
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Tasuke YASUE, Yasuo KAWASE1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 91-98
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe elongation of mesocotyl of Japanese barnyard millet (Echinochloa utilis Ohwi et Yabuno) seedling was remarkable and attained to about 13 cm, though the coleoptile was only about 0.5 cm in length at 30°C in the dark. Decapitation of coleoptile remarkably inhibited the elongation of mesocotyl in proportion to the extent of decapitation. Eluted sections of paper chromatograms from ether extract of coleoptiles of Japanese barnyard millet were used to characterize the growth response of wheat coleoptile sections. At Rf values of 0.1∼0.2, 0.4 and 0.9 in acid fraction an increase of wheat coleoptile elongation was observed, with the increase of 25∼45 per cent over the control. The effects of gibberellin (GA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 2, 3, 5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) and trans-cinnamic acid (TCA) on the growth of seedlings by treatment to sowing bed were tested. GA (1∼1OOppm) had no effect on elongation of mesocotyl. IAA had a little stimulation on the elongation of coleoptile with 10-6M, but mesocotyl elongation was inhibited with 10-5M and 10-6M. TIBA considerably increased the coleoptile elongation with 17.5 ppm, and conversely inhibited the mesocotyl elongation with the same concentration. TCA had also the same effect, although the effect was not remarkable as well as TIBA. GA(10∼1000 ppm) had no promotive effect on elongation of mesocotyl sections. IAA had promotive effect on elongation of mesocotyl sections at the concentration of 10-M and 10-6M. TIBA(1∼10 ppm) had an inhibitory effect on mesocotyl elongation and a stimulative effect on coleoptile elongation in the sections contained both coleoptile and mesocotyl. As the results of marking method and microscopic observation, it became clear that the growing region of mesocotyl was limitted narrow range of about 2 mm lower the coleoptilar node, and the growth of mesocotyl depend on the both cell division and cell elongationView full abstractDownload PDF (1601K) -
Shin-ichiro KAWATA, Masuo SOEJIMA1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 99-116
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe supericial roots of rice emerge after the spikelet differentiation stage and concentrate near the soil surface, forming a net with many branched roots. A long-time application of farmcompost to the paddy field in the Agricultural Experiment Stations of Aomori and Fukushima Prefectures for forty-five years and fifty-five years, respectively, was proved to accelerate the development of superficial roots of rice. The superficial roots of rice in these farmcompost-applied fields had the following characteristics over the control. (1) Most of the primary roots distributed near the soil surface (up to 3 cm depth). (2) The length of the thick secondary roots was longer than those of control. (3) The density of the formation of the secondary roots on the primary roots and that of the tertiary roots on the thick secondary roots were higher than those of the control. (4) Additional lateral root branches, for instance, the fifth lateral roots, were observed. (5) "Lion-tail-like roots" remarkably decreased in number. The data obtained through this investigation are not sufficient to clarify how the superficial roots with such characteristics were developed. Further studies are needed for this clarificationView full abstractDownload PDF (2025K) -
Yoshio HOZYO, Shinjiro KATO1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 117-123
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis investigation was conducted to make clear the interrelationship between thc source (photosynthate donor, top part of sweet potato plant) and the sink (main photosynthate acceptor, tuberous root) from the side of tuberous root growth. The plants used for grafting were the cultivar (Okinawa No.100) (Ipomoea batatas Poiret), the wild type (IB63005) [1.trifida (H.B.K.)Don.], and the interspecific hybrid between wild type and cultivar (IB66403, IB66502). The wild type plants and interspecific hybrid plants were inferior in thickening growth of tuberous roots to the cultivar. For the purpose of study of interrelationship between source and sink of photosynthates, twelve kinds of sample grafts were cultured. The study results are as follows: (1) The dry weights of whole plants and tuberous roots of the plants grafted on 0kinawa No.1OO stock were far superior to those grafted on the wild type and interspecific hybrid stocks. In general, the dry matter production ranked higher in order of quantities: The grafts of Okinawa No.10O stock>the grafts of IB66502 stock>the grafts of IB66403 stock>the grafts of IB63005 stock. (2) The growth of tuberous roots was promoted in case of grafts of Okinawa No.100 stock. The growth of tuberous roots was small in case of grafts of wild type and interspecific hybrid stocks. In addition, the starch content in the tuberous roots was high in case of grafts of Okinawa No.100 stock notwithstanding their large tuberous roots. (3) In case of grafts of wild type and interspecific hybrid stocks, it was observed that the dry weights of tuberous roots were Small. The growth of pencile type roots and the fibrous roots was promoted. In case of top part of grafts, a decided increas was found in the dry weight of the stems. The starch contents in their leaf blades, leaf petioles, stems, and fibrous roots were higher than those the grafts of cultivar stock. (4) Total 14C-radioactivities of the plants ranked higher in order: the grafts of Okinawa No.100 stock > the grafts of IB66502 stock. In case of grafts of Okinawa No.100 stock, high 14C translocation rates to tuberous roots were found after twenty-four hours and seven days after the exposure to 14CO2gas, and high 14C translocation rates to stems were found on the seventh day after the exposure to 14CO2gas. (5) From the above-mentioned facts, it may be considered that the interrelationship between source and sink is close in case of grafts of Ipomoea, and that the sink function is active. It can also be considered that the sink action has effects on the parts of the sourceView full abstractDownload PDF (940K) -
Yoshihiro MATSU0KA, Tsuyoshi TAKASAKI, Masaki MORIKAWA, Tsuneo MATSUMA ...1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 124-130
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAt the beginning of July in 1970, reddish brown flecks appeared on the leaves of rice plants which were planted in the paddy fields in Kisarazu City and its environs, Chiba Prefecture. Since then, the outbreak of singular disease, resembling "Akagare" disease, has been observed in extensive paddy fields in Chiba Prefecture in every early summer (fig.1 and 2). The following results were obtained from the field surveys which were carried out to make clear the cause of the disease. The most severe injury appeared always on the second fully-expanded leaf from the top. As to the extent of injury, there were differences among varieties, but was no obvious difference according to cultivating or edaphic factors. Although the disease occurred simultaneously in extensive areas, any pathogenic mold fungi or bacteria could not be detected in the injured leaves. Immediately before the outbreak of the disease, in those areas air pollution chiefly photochemical oxidants occurred. At the same time with the outbreak of the disease, the leaves of several kinds of crop plants such as spinach, radish and corn suffered from the photochemical oxidants. An inference that the outbreak of this singular disease was caused by air pollution due to the photochemical oxidants was drawn from the results of field survey. Basing on this inference, rice plant were exposed artificially to ozone which is known as the principal element of photochemical oxidants. The results are as follows. Rice plant was so sensitive to ozone that reddish brown flecks appeared on their matured leaves when exposed to ozone of 0.15 ppm for a few hours. Injury by ozone (fig.4) was identical in symptoms and histological changes with the reddish brown flecks which occurred in the field (fig.3). When rice plant was grown in the filtered air chamber which is able to remove photochemical oxidants, the injury was coinpletely suppressed throughout the summer. From these results, it was concluded that the reddish brown flecks had been caused by photochemical oxidantsView full abstractDownload PDF (1310K) -
Yoshio HOZYO, Shinjiro KATO1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 131-138
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe morphological and physiological features of tuberous roots in the process of thickening growth inhibition and re-thickening growth were tested by means of the light exposure treatment for growing tuberous roots. Cultivar (Okinawa, No.1OO) was used as sample and the light exposure treatment for the growing tuberous roots were conducted in the field. The tuberous roots were outcropped on the ground by washing away the soil covering the hills. Those outcropped tuberous roots were exposed to the sun light for about thirty to seventy days. The light exposure treatment was stopped by covering the outcropped tuberous roots with soil. The results are as followed: (1) The thickening growth of tuberous roots was inhibited by exposing them to the light. On the contrary, the translocation of photosynthates to tuberous roots had continued and the thickening growth of underground part of the treated tuberous roots (tuberous roots exposed to the light) was apparently promoted. (2) The starch content in the treated tuberous roots decreased in the extreme and the accumulation of starch granules decreased starting from the cortex to the central cylinder with the lapse of time after the treatment and the size of starch granules diminished also. Such changes were brought about in parallel with the decrease in the starch content. (3) In case of the treated tuberous roots, the sclerenchymalization of parenchymatous cells near the primary cambium was found apparently. It showed an increase also in the number of vessels near the primary cambium. But, the number of parenchymatous cells in the central cylinder decreased due to the treatment. (4) The re-thickening of tuberous roots of the plants was found due to the stop of treatment. The starch content had increased with the re-thickening of tuberous roots and the histochemical features were similar to those of the non-treatment tuberous roots. (5) From the above-mentioned facts, it may be considered that the thickening of tuberous roots of sweet potato plants is related to the development of starch storage function and that the starch storage furnction is concerned with the activity of starch biosynthesis, starch accumulation, and the increase in parenchymatous cells. Viewed from the result of tuberous roots to the light as well as of the re-thickening growth of tuberous roots due to the stop of the treatment, it may be suggested that the starch storage function of tuberous roots is apt to adapt itself to the environmental conditionsView full abstractDownload PDF (2108K) -
Tomoshiro TAKEDA, Masaharu YAJIMA, Masatoshi AOKI, Susumu HAKOYAMA, Hi ...1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 139-150
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhen the dry matter productivity estimated by the chamber method (ΔW") was compared with that observed by the biomass method (ΔW), it was experienced that the former sometimes gave lower estimation than the latter. To clarify the reason of their disagreement in terms of the ventilation rate to the chamber, the continuous measurements of photosynthesis and respiration from 6 to 10 days by using big chambers (1.3 m in width, 10 m in length and 1.5 m in height) were conducted. The amount of air supply to the chambers were 19.1 m3/min, 75.6 m3/min, and 122 m3/min, respectively. Results are summarized as follows. 1. By comparing the environmental factors inside the chamber with those under natural conditions, it was found that the difference increased with solar radiation. The difference decreased as air supply increased and when the ventilation rate exceeded 156 times/hr, environmental factors inside the chamber almost coincided with the outside one. 2. When the air volume supplied to the chamber was small, the light-photosynthesis curve showed a light saturation form, but the photosynthetic rate under strong light intensity increased with air volume supplied, and shape of the light curve became more linear. 3. CGR obtained by the biomass method (ΔW) and CGR estimated by the chamber method (ΔW") agreed well at a certain amount of air supply to the chamber, and it was 75.6 m3/min (156 times/hr) in this experiment. But, when the amount of air supply to the chamber was too small or too large, ΔW" was often under estimated. 4. Using the mathematical model, we tried to find the causes to decrease the photosynthesis in the chamber under the small amount of air supply. The experiment shows that main cause was high temperature inside the chamber and thc decrease of CO2 concentration also affectcd it a little. The effect of wind speed, which changes the boundary layer resistance to CO2 transfer of a leaf, on photosynthesis was found not so much. 5. The photosynthetic rate observed in the afternoon was somewhat smaller than that in the morning. As the daliy total radiation became higher, not only photosynthesis during the daytime (Pnet), but also the respiratory loss during the succeeding night (RN) increased. 6. RN/P<net> ratios were 16.7 and 14.4% in botting and heading stages. These values were obtained when ΔW" was almost coincided with ΔW, and they were considerably smaller than the Values ever estimatedView full abstractDownload PDF (1300K) -
Kanoe SAT0, Kengo INABA1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 151-155
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of high temperature (day-night, 35-30°C) upon photosynthesis and assimilate translocation to panicle were investigated by application of 14C02 to the whole plant at several ripening stages. 1) Translocation rate of 14C-assimilates into panicle was very low at 25-2O°C, leaving much 14C in the straw. Rising night temperature to 25°(25-25°C) increased the rate equivalent to those at 35-35°C and 35-30°C. Therefore, a great difference was found in the translocation rate between daily mean temperature of 25°(25-25°C and 2325-20°C). 2) At high temperature, 14C assimilated at an early ripening stage was found one week later in grains as mueh as 80% of total shoot 14C, but that assimilated two weeks after flowering remained much in the straw with a decreased amount in the grains. At outdoor natural temperature, one the contrary, the percentage of 14C found in the grains progressively increased as the ripening stage at which 14C was assimilated advanced until two weeks after flowering. 3) At high temperature, 14C assimilated at an early ripening stage translocated uniformly to all grains, but that assimilated two weeks after flowering moved little or much in the grains of upper or lower part of a panicle, respectively. Under outdoor condition, 14C assimilated at an early ripening stage moved much to the upper grains with a little accumulation in the lower grains. Thereafter it moved equally to all grains and still accumulated in upper or early flowered grains even at two weeks after flowering. 4) Just after 14C2 application for half an hour, 90% or 80% of total 14C assimilated were contained in ethanol-soluble fraction in leaf-blade or leaf-sheath plus stem, respectively. 0ne week after 14C2 application, however, much of 14C was found in ethanol-insoluble fraction in straw, especially so in leaf-blade. This tendency was little changed by temperature or ripening stage. In the grains, less 14C was found in ethanol-insoluble fraction at high temperature than at normal temperature. When 14C was applied at a middle ripening stage, the less 14C accumulation was found in starch and protein fraction at high temperature as compared with that at normal temperature, especially so in the lower grains of a panicle. 5) There was little difference in apparent photosynthesis between the plants ripened at high and normal temperatures as long as being deduced from 14C assimilationView full abstractDownload PDF (688K) -
Kanoe SATO, Kengo INABA1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 156-161
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA jabonica rice (cv. Norin-17) was used to test the effects of high temperature treatment (day-night, 35-30°C) combined with the treatments which increase or decredse the available carbohydrate amount per grain, upon the ripening of rice grains. 1) Under high temperature, the rate of ripening was much higher at an early ripening period, but the inflow of assimilates into grain ended earlier (2 to 3 weeks after flowering), resulting in lower 1000-kernel weight than that of normal outdoor temperature. 2) At both high and normal temperatures, 1000-kernel weight was incredsed by thinning the panicle branches and was decreased by leaf-cutting or fertilizer dificiency. At high temperature, panicle thinning increasd 1000-kernel weight about 10%, while at normal temperature about 20%. 3) At both temperatures, the amount of TAC (total sugar plus crude starch) accumulated in each shoot was greatest at the no-treatment control, being fllowed in order by fertilizer deficiency, panicle-thinning and leaf-cutting. The total nitrogen accumulatlon was also greatest at the control, being followed by panicle-thinning, leaf-cutting and fertilizer deficiency. Panicl/Straw ratios in dry weight and in TAC amount at high temperature were lower than at normal temperature, indicating a relativelvy less TAC translocation into the panicle, leaving relatively more amount in the straw at high temperature. 4) An addition of CO2 to the ambient air combined with the above treatments did not increase the 1OOO-kernel weight at both temperatures indicating that CO2 amount was not limiting in this experiment. 5) The 1000-kernel weight did not increase at all after moving the plant from high to favorable temperatures if the plants had been treated at high temperature about 2 weeks after anthesis, whether the as-similate amount which should be stored in each grain was increased or decreased. (3) It was assumed that the main cause of early stoppage of maturation with a small 1OOO-kernel weight at hightemperature was an early decline of storing ability of assimilates in panicle rather than the decficiency of assimilate amount in the plantView full abstractDownload PDF (877K) -
Kengo INABA, Kanoe SATO1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 162-167
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo clarify the cause of early clecline of assimilate storing ability of grains by high temperature during ripening period, enzyme activities of kernels which may be concerned with the ability was compared at high and normal temperature with the progress of maturation. 1) Respiration rate of kernels declined with the prbgress of ripening, more rapidly at high temperature reachihg the lowest level at two weeks afrer anthesis. Oxygen uptake by kernel mitochondria followed a similar pattern as kernel respiration and ADP/O ratio at high temperature reached zero at thh 14th day, whereas that at normal temperature remained fairly high until maturity. When ADP/0 radio at high temperature rapidly declined, available starch still femained in the straw although of small amount. Water percentages of kernels rapidly and that of leaf-blade gradually decreased with the progress of ripening, being always lower at high temperature. 2) Carbohydrate and nitrogen contents of kernels paralleled with 1000-kernel weight during ripening at both temperatures, but protein-N at high temperature stopped to increase before the 14th day of treatment and non-protein-N gradually incrcased thereafter. 3) Phosphorylas activityj reached a maximum at the 1Oth day and theh gradually decreased at both temperatures, being lower at high temperature. 4) Yellowing of spikelet was first recognized At rachilla portion and occurred earlier at high temperature Succinic-dehydrogenase activity at rachilla disappeared at the 16th day and soon yellowing started. Kernel enzyme activities seemed to declin earlier than disappearance of succinic-dehydrogenase activity at rachilla. 5) It was suggested that the early decline of assimilate storing ability of grains at high temperature had a close relation to early decline of physiological activities of kernel cellsView full abstractDownload PDF (739K) -
Toshihiko NISHIO, Sadakichi FUJII1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 168-172
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo obtain the information on varietal difference, physical characteristics were measured with the seedlings of fifteen rice varieties (including two upland and two glutinous varieties), grown at two seeding rates for different periods. 1. Varietal difference was significant in most of the physical characters tested (i.e. buckling moment, section modulus, buckling stress, buckling index, deflection ratio, and plant height). Significant correlation coefficients were found between the degree of lodging resistance and some of physical characters of seedling (i.e. section modulus, buckling index, and plant height). This means that seedlings of varieties highly resistant to lodging are mostly short in plant height, thick in basal section, elect in plant type, and possess the high resistance to buckling. Varieties of high resistance to lodging are also prefarable and recommended for mechanical transplanting. 2. Seedlings of glutinous rice varieties and upland rice varieties possess specific physical characteristics. In comparison with lowland nonwaxy rice, buckling moment is bigger due to bigger section modulus, buckling index and deflection ratio are higher. All of these characters are considered unfavourable for mechanical transplanting. 3. Physical characteristics of seedlings grown under high planting density or for a longer period were closely related to those grown under low planting density or for a shorter period, respectively. This suggests that the physical characteristics of seedlings are hardly affected by the changes of planting density and growing period. 4. With reference to the results mentioned above, the authors are led to expectation of the possibility of successful breeding of rice varieties suited for mechanical transplantingView full abstractDownload PDF (748K) -
Iwao WATANABE, Hiddeo 0GIHARA, Shoshin KONNO, Kosei TABUCHI1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 173-174
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (397K) -
Tadahiko MOTEGI1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 175-176
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (871K) -
Hiroshi SUGE1976 Volume 45 Issue 1 Pages 177-204
Published: March 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (3353K)
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