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Volume 71, Issue 3
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
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Takayoshi TERAUCHI2002 Volume 71 Issue 3 Pages 297-307
Published: September 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS -
Ryouji SASAKI, Youichi SHIBATA, Kazunobu TORIYAMA2002 Volume 71 Issue 3 Pages 308-316
Published: September 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo clarify the effect of unevenness in a field on the tiller development of direct-seeded rice plants, we investigated the height and growth at the same measuring points. The paddy field had a high degree of evenness, but plant length was negatively correlated to the height within the undulations of less than ±2cm or ±3cm. Water depth after seedling establishment averaged 2.5cm in 1998, and the undulations influenced on the emergence percentages of tillers from the second and third node on the main stem, i.e., T2 and T3. In 1999, the mean water depth of 5.9cm, the emergence percentages of T3 and T4 were negatively correlated to the height within the undulations of less than ±3cm or ±2cm. These suggested that the deeper water, because of unevenness and water management, reduced the emergence percentages of the tillers. Furthermore it was evaluated from our other experiments that the emergence percentages could be altered by the developmental differences at watering. The higher percentages of T2 and T3 did not produce more stems per plant at maximum number tiller stage, and the percentage of plants with a tiller from the first node of T2 was less than 26%. These results showed that the emergence of secondary tillers from T2 or T3 was probably suppressed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1230K) -
Yumiko SAN-OH, Youhei TOMIZAWA, Yuko MANO, Taiichiro OOKAWA, Tadashi H ...2002 Volume 71 Issue 3 Pages 317-327
Published: September 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDry matter production and the related characters in the rice plants sown directly in the submerged paddy field or in the drained field after puddling were compared with those in conventionally transplanted plants using Takanari as a lodging-resistant cultivar in 1999, 2000 and 2001. The planting density was 42.0, 51.3 and 51.3 hills m-2, one plant in each hill in 1999, 2000 and 2001, respectively, for the direct-sown plants and was 66.6 (22.2 hills), 66.6 (22.2 hills) and 52.5 (17.5 hills) m-2 in 1999, 2000 and 2001, respectively, for the transplanted plants. The grain yield was higher in the direct-sown plants. This resulted from the higher dry matter production due to higher crop growth rate from the tillering to ripening stages. During the tillering stage, the leaf area index (LAI) increased rapidly owing to the production of larger number of tillers in the direct-sown plants. This caused the larger interception of solar radiation of the canopy. After the panicle formation stage, the canopy of the direct-sown plants consisted of more erect leaves, yielding a lower value of extinction coefficient and keeping high net assimilation rate in spite of the larger LAI. The direct-sown plants produced a larger number of crown roots, and accumulated a larger amount of nitrogen. The leaf color degradation of lower leaves on a stem was smaller in the direct-sown plants after heading. These also might contribute to the higher dry matter production in the plants.View full abstractDownload PDF (1484K) -
Satoshi YOSHINAGA, Minoru TAKEMURA, Kenzo WAKIMOTO, Kohei TASAKA, Ken- ...2002 Volume 71 Issue 3 Pages 328-334
Published: September 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt has been reported that hill-seeded rice, using a newly developed "Shooting hill-seeder", shows high lodging resistance and ripening ability in the warmer regions of Japan. It suggests possibility for an increase in yield by increasing the number of spikelets through an improvement of the nitrogen uptake pattern. We examined the effects of a basal application with the controlled release fertilizer appearing at a later growth stage (CFL) on the growth and yield. Hill-seeded rice under conventional fertilization showed vigorous early growth and advanced maximum-tillering stage compared with transplanted rice. These changes in growth caused yield reduction by a decrease in the total number of spikelets through a decrease in nitrogen uptake at the vegetative lag phase (VLP). On the other hand, the slower early growth rate and shorter VLP caused by the CFL application resulted in the increase in nitrogen absorption during VLP. The improvement of nitrogen uptake contributed to the increase in yield, which is equivalent to that of transplanted rice, through an increase in the total number of spikelets. Furthermore, under this type of fertilizer application, adverse effects on the lodging resistance and the nitrogen content of brown rice were not observed. These results suggest that the basal application of CFL as an improvement of fertilization would contribute to stabilize the submerged direct-seeded rice both in yield and quality.View full abstractDownload PDF (1056K) -
Masamichi OHE, Hironori MIMOTO2002 Volume 71 Issue 3 Pages 335-342
Published: September 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn Japan, deep-water treatment is occasionally used to regulate the rice growth. For practical use of this method, it is necessary to determine the appropriate time of treatment. In this study, deep-water treatment (water depth level: 3cm above the auricle of the fully expanded leaf) was given for 16 days from the start of the tillering stage (DW A), from the end of the early tillering stage (DW B), from the active tillering stage (DW C) or from just prior to the maximum tiller-number stage (DW D). The percentage productive culms was high in the DW C plot (26 points higher than the control plot), while it was low in DW A, B and D plots. In the DW C plot, not only the panicle number, but also the weight and length of panicles were increased. In the DW B, C and D plots, the diameter of the basal two internodes, which are closely related to lodging, was larger than that in the control plot, but the breaking strength of internodes was not increased. In the DW D plot, although the diameter of the basal two internodes increased by 20% as compared with the control, the breaking strength was reduced by 20∼24% due to the well-developed aerenchyma within the parenchyma. Thus, the deep-water treatment from the active tillering stage to the maximum tiller-number stage was effective for improving rice growth. However, an earlier treatment was less effective, and a later treatment was suggested to reduce the lodging resistance due to the well-developed aerenchyma in the internodes.View full abstractDownload PDF (1110K) -
Junko TAZAWA, Kazuyuki MATSUO, Kazuei USUKI, Hiroyuki YAMAMOTO2002 Volume 71 Issue 3 Pages 343-348
Published: September 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe nitrogen uptake and yielding ability of non-nodulating soybean genotype (En1282) were investigated under field conditions. Dried cattle feces were applied at levels ranged from 192 to 960 kg N/ha for seven years. No-fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer treatments were used as controls in this experiment. The grain yield of non-nodulating En1282 increased as the application of cattle feces was increased up to 384 kg N/ha. The maximum grain yield of non-nodulating soybean was 3.6t/ha, and the maximum nitrogen uptake was 250kg N/ha. Nitrogen uptake of upland rice, maize (sweet corn), maize (dent corn), radish, wheat, rye, guinea grass and non-nodulating soybean, cultured in the same field over a seven-year period, were compared. The nitrogen uptake ranged from 100 to 300kg N/ha among the crops; it was lowest in upland rice, and highest in guinea grass, followed by soybean. The nitrate content of guinea grass was very high and exceeded the toxic limits for animal feed. In soybean, the shoot nitrate level was high and close to toxic limits during flowering, but nitrate levels of grain, pod and stem were low at maturity. This fitted for animal feed. Our results indicate that non-nodulating soybean can be effectively used to retrieve inorganic nitrogen that is derived from organic nitrogen (such as animal feces), and can play some role in reducing nutrient load on the farming systems.View full abstractDownload PDF (840K) -
Takuya WADA, Kumi OOSATO F., Yuji HAMACHI2002 Volume 71 Issue 3 Pages 349-354
Published: September 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was carried out to demonstrate the effect of high air temperature and the insufficient solar radiation during the ripening period on the palatability and physicochemical properties of rice produced in 1999. Using eight cultivars in Fukuoka Prefecture, we compared the grain ripening and physicochemical properties of rice produced in 1999 with those in 1996 and 1998, years that were characterized by normal air temperature and normal solar radiation, high air temperature and normal solar radiation, respectively. Since the 1000-grain weight and grain thickness of rice in 1999 were lower than in 1996 and 1998, the rice in 1999 ripened insufficently. Milled rice in 1999 showed lower amylose content and breakdown values, and a higher protein content and Hardness/Adhesiveness ratio (H/A3) than in 1996 and 1998. The 1000-grain weight of brown rice produced from 1994 to 2000 showed a negative correlation with the amylose content of milled rice in each year, and the 1000-grain weight of brown rice produced from 1995 to 2000 showed a positive correlation with the protein content of milled rice in each year. As a result, insufficient grain filling caused the increase of amylose content and the decrease of protein content. It was concluded that the shortage of solar radiation in 1999 was due to insufficient grain filling, which led to the abnormal physicochmical properties. Furthermore, it was estimated that not only were the physicochemical properties of rice in 1999 inferior to those of rice produced in 1996 and 1998, but also was the palatability of rice.View full abstractDownload PDF (890K) -
Hidetoshi IHORI2002 Volume 71 Issue 3 Pages 355-360
Published: September 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWheat is expected to be harvested at the optimum time for producing grains that have a high maximum viscosity of amylogram in areas that suffer severe rain damage. Research was carried out to develop a simple and accurate method to predict the optimum harvest time. A positive relationship between the accumulated temperature during ripening and the falling number of grains during the viscosity increment period was observed at several fields in Hokkaido for two years for different cultivars. Using this relationship, we would estimate the optimum harvest time at which the falling number of grains was 300 sec or more. The goodness of fit of predicted values to observed values was significantly high in many locations. Therefore this method could be adapted in growers' fields for harvesting high-quality wheat grains.View full abstractDownload PDF (825K) -
Yoshiro MANO, Masanori MURAKI, Toshinori KOMATSU, Masahiro FUJIMORI, F ...2002 Volume 71 Issue 3 Pages 361-367
Published: September 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMaize inbred lines, mainly collected from Japan and the United States of America were evaluated for their pre-germination flooding tolerance and waterlogging tolerance at the seedling stage. Pre-germination flooding tolerance, evaluated by germination rate of the seeds soaked for 8 days at 25°C, showed wide variations among 46 lines. Waterlogging tolerance at the seedling stage was evaluated by the dry weight ratio (treatment/control) after exposure to flooding for 2 weeks. The waterlogging tolerance showed an extremely wide variation among 223 inbred lines, and some highly tolerant lines were selected. Correlation coefficients between replications were 0.415 in pre-germination flooding tolerance and 0.464 in waterlogging tolerance, indicating the significant repeatability of the experiments. Pre-germination flooding tolerance of maize was independent of the waterlogging tolerance at the seedling stage.View full abstractDownload PDF (915K) -
Si-Yong KANG, Shigenori MORITA, Jiro HARADA, Koou YAMAZAKI2002 Volume 71 Issue 3 Pages 368-375
Published: September 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRoot system development of japonica-indica hybrid rice cultivars (J-IH : Milyang 23, Suwon 258) was compared with that of japonica-type cultivars (JT: Nipponbare, Koshihikari) with reference to branching habit from the viewpoint of developmental morphology. The four cultivars were grown in 45-liter polyethylene containers with paddy field soil and the plants with their root systems were carefully dug up at the grain-filling stage. After careful washing, the main stems of each cultivar were divided into each phytomer and the number, diameter and length of both crown and lateral roots were recorded together with their node position. From these data, the root dimensions (total number of lateral roots, total roots surface area and total root volume) were estimated for each crown root. The results indicated that lateral root development of J-IH was more vigorous than that of JT, especially in the higher phytomers formed after the panicle initiation stage. Such vigorous root branching in J-IH was mainly attributed to an increase in the number of second-order lateral roots. Detailed examination showed that the L-type first-order lateral roots were longer and the density of both L-type first-order and S-type second-order lateral roots were higher in J-IH than in JT. Thus, the root system of J-IH was characterized by long and dense L-type first-order lateral roots and large volume of S-type second-order lateral roots due to their high density. Results of this study suggest that the root system of J-IH increases the total length and surface area, by developing many S-type sedond order lateral roots, which may be related to their high-yield of J-IH.View full abstractDownload PDF (1014K) -
Chisa YOKOYAMA, Makoto TSUDA, Yoshihiko HIRAI2002 Volume 71 Issue 3 Pages 376-382
Published: September 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe changes in number of spikelets per panicle (SN) under saline conditions as affected by the application of plant growth regulators were determined. A lowland rice cultivar IR28 whose SN is reduced by salinity was grown in pots filled with the paddy soil and submerged under the three saline solutions of 50 mM, 100 mM and 150 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) and tap water during panicle development. Indole acetic acid (IAA), kinetin or gibberellin (GA3) (0.5 mM) were foliar-sprayed. Independently, plants were grown under low solar irradiance (40% to 85% of transmittance) without NaCl application. Control plants were grown with tap water and not subjected to the spray and low solar irradiance. SN decreased because of the occurrence of spikelet malformation and degeneration under saline conditions as a result of only spikelet degeneration under low solar irradiance. The degeneration of spikelets under saline conditions was suppressed by the GA3 spray, though a different type of malformation occurred, resulting in a small SN. The SN decreased in proportion to the decrease of panicle dry weight at panicle emergence with different effects of salinity, GA3 and low irradiance. The effect of the spray of IAA and kinetin was not detectable. From these results, SN decreased under saline conditions because of the occurrence of spikelet malformation as well as the degeneration, and the GA3 spray may suppress the degeneration of spikelets, suggesting that it may alleviate the adverse effect of salinity on SN.View full abstractDownload PDF (935K) -
Shigenori MORITA, Jun ABE2002 Volume 71 Issue 3 Pages 383-388
Published: September 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe bleeding rate of rice plants grown in the farmer's paddy field was examined for use as an index of root activity. The bleeding rate started to decrease immediately after removing the shoot of rice plants. Therefore, the diurnal change of bleeding rate was examined using new different individuals for each measurement. The bleeding rate increased to reach the maximum value in the morning and decreased thereafter. On the other hand, the maximum bleeding rate of the day increased gradually to reach the maximum around the heading stage, and thereafter decreased rapidly. Next, the bleeding rate was divided by the accumulated leaf number, which is known to be closely related to the total root number, to evaluate the bleeding rate per unit root number. The bleeding rate per leaf number started to decrease gradually at the early develomental stage and decreased rapidly after the heading. Because new roots emerge successively, the bleeding rate of the whole plant increased gradually, even though bleeding rate per unit root number decreased. The bleeding rate decreased rapidly after the heading, because new roots did not emerge after heading and senescence of the roots proceeded.View full abstractDownload PDF (840K) -
Ken-ichi MATSUSHIMA, Kohei TASAKA, Satoshi YOSHINAGA, Kenzo WAKIMOTO2002 Volume 71 Issue 3 Pages 389-393
Published: September 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe coating of rice seeds with Imidacloprid together with an oxygen supplier is effective in controlling the plant hopper and green leafhopper. The effect of the method of mixed coating on seedling emergence in the submerged direct seeded rice was examined in pot experiments. In the excess-dried and usual-dried seeds the rate of seedling emergence when seeded 3 days after the coating was influenced neither by the presence of chemicals nor by method of mixing. However the non-dried seeds coated with Imidacloprid together with an oxygen supplier showed a lower seedling emergence percentage than those coated with the oxygen supplier alone. The seeds coated by the "easy method" showed the lowest seedling emergence percentage. When seeded 10 days after coating, was not inhibited by coating with Imidacloprid plus oxygen supplier in the seedling emergence excess-dried seeds, but was inhibited in usual-dried and non-dried seeds. The chemicals coated on the seeds by the "whole method" fell off more easily than those coated by the "easy method" after sowing. Especially, the chemicals coated on excess-dried seeds fell off easily.View full abstractDownload PDF (702K) -
Eiji KANDA, Yoichi TORIGOE, Takashi KOBAYASHI2002 Volume 71 Issue 3 Pages 394-402
Published: September 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn early warning system for preventing the decrease in rice yield by cool summer damage in the whole Tohoku area is constructed. This needs to predict the developmental stages of rice plants from the effective accumulative air temperature above 10°C. The panicle development model, which predicts the time of pollen mother cell differentiation, meiosis, pollen ripening and heading was constructed using the effective accumulative temperature. The model was made by grown in a Gradiotoron with a daily mean temperature gradient from 18 to 26°C, and modified considering the difference in heading date between the main stem and the whole tillers in the field. The kernel developmental model, which predicts the time of milk ripe, dough ripe, yellow ripe and full-ripe stages from heading stage. The values of effective accumulative air temperature were decided in the field at Morioka in 1998 and 1999 for 12 leading cultivars of Tohoku District. The mean error of heading date and full-riping date predicted by the model in the 12 varieties at Morioka in 2000 was 1.2 and 2.1 days, respectively. The usefulness of these models was practically validated in the rice growers'fields in Miyagi and Yamagata Pref. Furthermore, the usages combining these two models with the leaf age predicting model reported previously make it possible to predict the dates of each developmental stage from rooting to full-ripe stage.View full abstractDownload PDF (1314K)
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