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Volume 73 (2004)
- Issue 4 Pages 389-
- Issue 3 Pages 247-
- Issue 2 Pages 137-
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Volume 73, Issue 1
Displaying 1-18 of 18 articles from this issue
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Regular Paper
Agronomy
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Isao SAKATA, Toshiki KAGIYA, Yasuji KAWAI, Atsushi OYANAGI2004 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 1-5
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 18, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe number and diameter of the crown roots of American cultivar M401 growing at various angles were measured.The number of crown roots growing at an angle between 36° and 54° to horizontal was higher than that of the crown roots growing at 0–36° and 54–90°. Pruning of crown roots growing at an angle between 0° and 54° to horizontal greatly reduced the pushing resistance and that between 0° and 36° also reduced the resistance, though less than that between 0° and 54°. Pruning of crown roots growing at 54–90°, however, did not reduce the resistance significantly. The effect of pruning of the crown roots growing at 0–36° and between 0–54° were examined in the six cultivars with different root lodging resistance. The pushing resistance was markedly decreased by pruning the crown roots growing at 0–36° in low root lodging–resistant cultivars. However, in high root lodging–resistant cultivars, the pushing resistance was not influenced by pruning of the crown roots growing at 0–36°, and markedly reduced by pruning the roots growing at 0–54°. Thus, it is considered that the crown roots growing at an angle between 36° and 54° to horizontal greatly contribute to support the rice shoot in highroot lodging–resistant cultivers.View full abstractDownload PDF (696K) -
Manabu KATANO2004 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 6-9
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 18, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCrown roots consist of elongating roots and stunted roots, and are classified into upper shoot unit roots, lower shoot unit roots, and prophyll shoot unit roots according to shoot unit theory. The relationship between the numbers of crown roots and stems was examined in 18 hills each cultured in 1/2000a Wagner’s pot with different fertilizations. In this experiment, the number of stems per hill varied from 3 to 85. The number of elongating roots highly correlated with the number of stems per hill. It increased at a rate of 32.1 per stem when the number of stems in a hill was fewer than30, but at a rate of only 9.4 per stem when the number of stems per hill was larger than 30. Thus, the number of elongating roots plotted against the number of stems per hill was regressed to two lines with sharp and gentle inclinations. The stem number at the intersection of the two regression lines was 26.8. The numbers of upper shoot unit roots, lower shoot unit roots and prophyll shoot unit roots plotted against the stem number were also regressed to two lines, and the stem numbers at the intersections were 23.3, 27.3 and 33.1, respectively. The total number of crown roots including elongating and stunted roots highly and positively correlated with the number of stems, and regressed to a single line, not to two lines with different inclinations.View full abstractDownload PDF (719K) -
Masanori TOYOTA, Yosuke KOBAYASHI, Yusuke MIYOSHI, Naoko YASUMURA, Aki ...2004 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 10-17
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 18, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSVariation in the number of leaves, spikelets and florets formed on the main stem in three Japanese wheat cultivars grown in the field with three different sowing dates were analyzed with respect to the rate and duration of successive formation of primordia. The effects of temperature and daylength on the rate and duration were also discussed. The number of leaves, spikelets and florets primordia were counted under a scanning electron microscope or a stereoscopic microscope. The rate and duration of successive primordium formation were calculated with the models fitted to the relationships between the number of primordia and growing degree–days. The number of leaves decreased as sowing was delayed due to a lower rate of successive leaf initiation. There was a positive relationship between the mean temperarure and the rate of successive leaf initiation. The timing of floral initiation was the latest in early sowing and the earliest in late sowing in Iwainodaichi, a moderately vernalization sensitive cultivar. The duration of the vegetative growth in vernalization non–sensitive cultivars Sanukinoyume 2000 and Chikugoizumi was negatively correlated with the mean daylength. Sowing date had no apparent effect on the number of spikelets. There was no significant relationship between the number of spikelets and the rate or duration of successive spikelet initiation. However, there was a strong negative relationship between the rate and duration of successive spikelet initiation. The maximum floret number decreased as sowing date delayed. There was a negative relationship between the duration of successive floret initiation and the mean daylength.View full abstractDownload PDF (1122K) -
Naoto NIHEI, Katsuo TANJI2004 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 18-22
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 18, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSingle basal dressing with controlled availability fertilizer was conducted by co–situs and broadcast application for pot, frame and field cultivation of soybean (cv. Fukuibuki). In the pot experiment, soybean cultivated with the single basal dressing by co–situs application of 70–day–type coated urea had thinner taproots and reduced root weight and root nodule number than the control, which was cultivated with the single basal dressing by broadcast application of chemical fertilizer plus topdressing with 40–day–type coated urea. In the frame experiment with the single basal dressing by broadcast application, nitrogen–use efficiency and the amount of nitrogen taken up from the fertilizer were similar to those in the control plot to which ammonium sulfate was top dressed at flowering stage in addition to basal dressing. However, in the frame experiment with the single basal dressing by co–situs application, the nitrogen–use efficiency and the nitrogen uptake were lower than in the control plot. In the field experiment for two years, yield in the plot with the single basal dressing by either co–situs or broadcast application was lower than that in the control plot. The amount of nitrogen released from availability–controlled fertilizer was considered insufficient for soybean growth, root growth being suppressed in the plot with the basal dressing by co–situs application, and resulting in reduced uptake of nitrogen from the soil.View full abstractDownload PDF (922K)
Quality and Processing
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Hirokazu SATO, Yosuke UCHIMURA, Takefumi OGATA, Yuji MATSUE, Nobuaki J ...2004 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 23-28
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 18, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAnnual variation of maximum viscosity (MV) of wheat flour and the relationship between MV and the precipitation during the ripening period were studied in order to establish cultivation techniques for producing good quality wheat with high and stable MV in any growth environment. The MV of flour greatly varied with the year, sowing time and cultivar. MV of flour was mainly affected by the precipitation during the late stages of ripening peroid (1–15 days before maturity stage). Especially, the influence of precipitation during the 5 to 6 days before the maturity stage on the MV of flour was large. In addition, MV of Iwainodaichi with high degree of winter habit was higher and more stable than that of Chikugoizumi with low degree of winter habit regardless of years and sowing times. Judging from the above results, improvement of the tolerance to rain damage during the late ripening stage is most important for stable production of wheat with high MV. The selection of the cultivars whose quality is little damaged by the precipitation during the late ripening stage, and early sowing that allows harvest in May with little precipitation, may be effective for producing good quality wheat with high and stable MV.View full abstractDownload PDF (784K) -
Yosuke UCHIMURA, Hirokazu SATO, Takefumi OGATA, Yuji MATSUE2004 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 29-34
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 18, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was undertaken to determine the plant characteristics related to deterioration of the quality of grain and flour of wheat caused by rainfall during the ripening period. The rainfall during the ripening period caused damage to the grains in appearance, 1000–grain weight and bulk density and damage to flour in falling number and color. ‘Norin 61’ exposed to rainfall during the ripening period retained a relatively high quality in flour color and falling number than ‘Chikugoizumi’, ‘Iwainodaichi’ and ‘Saikai 185’, even though ‘Norin 61’ was lodged down severely by rainfall. Because the grain of ‘Norin 61’ was completely wrapped in by its lemma and palea, the water content of the grain was less increased by the rainfall than other varieties, resulting in less deterioration of grain and flour quality. The flour of ‘Norin 61’ also retained a higher quality than the other varieties for 24 hours after mixing with water.View full abstractDownload PDF (729K)
Genetic Resources and Evaluation
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Yosuke UCHIMURA, Masahiko FURUSHO, Tomohiko YOSHIDA2004 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 35-41
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 18, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe objective of this study was to establish the technology to identify barley cultivars by the DNA markers for the purpose of managing the foundation seeds and for protecting the breeder’s right and the brand seeds from pirated cultivars. A total of 24 two–rowed barley cultivars, which consisted of 22 Japanese cultivars and 2 foreign cultivars, were identified individually by cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) analysis of the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP) using 9 sequence tagged site (STS) primers and 6 kinds of endonucleases, following the electrophoresis of the DNA fragments in 1.8% agarose gels. In addition, we selected 28 CAPS markers, 1 simple sequence repeats (SSR) marker and 5 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers that could clearly and reliably detect DNA polymorphisms among 24 cultivars.View full abstractDownload PDF (669K) -
Naoki OGATA, Kazunori TAGUCHI2004 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 42-47
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 18, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSExpression of resistance to root rot at crown root and top of sugar beet was investigated in progeny of the cross between resistant and susceptible lines by the field inoculation test. Symptom on the epidermis of the crown root, interior tissue of the crown root in the vertical section and tops were examined separately. The heritability in a broad sense of symptom area on the epidermis of crown root was 67. 0%, and the symptom area in F1 and F2 populations showed continuous distribution around midparent value. This suggested that resistance to root rot at the epidermis of crown root was controlled genetically as a quantitative trait. Symptoms of the interior tissue developed from the epidermis, but the symptom area on the vertical section of the crown root of the resistant lines in F1 and BC1F1 populations was small and independent of the symptom area on the epidermis, showing a dominant effect of the resistan. The Heritability in a broad sense of the symptom area on vertical section was 98.6%. This fact and results of the segregation test in the F1, BC1F1 and F2 population suggested that one dominant gene controlled the resistance of the interior tissue of crown root. On the other hand, the resistance observed in tops under field condition was considered to be controlled by the same gene as that observed on the epidermis of crown root. Therefore, it could be possible to estimate the resistance to root rot by estimating the disease degree of the tops.View full abstractDownload PDF (654K)
Crop Morphology
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Manabu KATANO, Masaharu KAWANAMI2004 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 48-57
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 18, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPathogens and insects seem to attack unhealthy plants, and the trace of unhealthy growth may remain in the plant organs after attack. Grain yield of rice plants infected with bacterial grain rot (Pseudomonas glumae Kurita and Tabei) was 85% of the control. In the infected rice, the number of panicles per unit land area and that of spikelets per panicle were the same as those in the control and 1000 grain weight was 8% heavier than in the control, but the percentage of ripened grains was only 57% of the control. The percentage of ripened grains on the stem (including both main stem and tillers) in infected rice hill varied with the stem ranging from 14 to 89%, even among those from the same seed. Grains of infected rice contained a large amount of nitrogen than the control. In the infected rice hills, the number of growing crown roots was almost the same as that in the control, but the number of stunted roots was higher than that in the control. The percentage of stunted crown roots in the infected rice hill was higher than that in the control already at three weeks after transplanting. Infection of rice plants with bacterial grain rot is recognized as a depression of grain ripening after heading, but the symptom of this disease seems to appear as the stunted root growth at an early stage before heading.View full abstractDownload PDF (1851K) -
Youji NITTA, Mai HONDA, Toshiaki MATSUDA2004 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 58-64
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 18, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of root pruning on the formation and the emergence of crown roots in young rice seedlings were examined. The seedlings at the 3.2 leaf stage after pruning all roots were transplanted to the paddy field. Then serial cross–sections of the main stems of the seedlings at 4.2, 5.2 and 6.2 leaf stages were prepared and observed under a light microscope. The number of the crown root primordia at the 4.2 leaf age increased by pruning the roots. The increase was mainly found in the third ‘unit’ and upward of the stem. At the 5.2 leaf age, the developed roots emerged from the third and fourth ‘units’ and upward of the stem. In addition to the increase in the root number, the stem portion, where the crown root primordia were formed, was extended upward by the pruning. Consequently, the emerged portion of crown roots extended upwardly in the stem. The time of formation and emergence of crown roots was earlier in the root–pruned seedlings than in the intact seedlings. The already–known relationship between the timing of root growth and leaf emergence hither to known in intact seedlings may not be applicable to the root–pruned seedlings.View full abstractDownload PDF (734K) -
—Comparison of two cultivars having different shapes in tuberous root—Osamu SASAKI, Hidenori NISHIHARA, Yuji TSUMAGARI, Tomohide SHIMOTASHIR ...2004 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 65-70
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 18, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLength and width of tuberous roots in sweet potato were measured at intervals throughout the growing season. In this experiment, two cultivars Kokei 14 and Ayamurasaki, which have a spindle–and long–spindle–shaped tuberous root, respectively, were used. The number and length of tuberous roots were virtually determined within about 50 days after the planting, but individual values widely varied from 2 to 13 in number and from 5 to 30 cm in length. However, the width of tuberous roots kept increasing until the end of the growth period. Furthermore, lateral growth of tuberous roots closely related with the length of tuberous roots, i. e., the thickening rate was higher in the long tuberous root than in the short one. Therefore, the width/length ratios of tuberous roots, which widely varied among individuals at the early growth stage, gradually became uniform with the plant growth.View full abstractDownload PDF (622K) -
Jun HOSOI, Katsu IMAI2004 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 71-76
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 18, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn edible canna (Canna edulis Ker–Gawl.), the causal factors of lodging were analyzed in relation to the morphogenesis of aboveground parts using mathematical models. The projected side–view area of aboveground parts which reflects growth vigor was large and determined by the three parameters : plant height, width of stock base and stand angle. The causal factors of lodging were related mainly to morphogenic characters of the large aboveground parts. They were ascribed to the large projected area in terms of external force such as wind and to the own weight moment in terms of internal force which was added by its aerial weight. The increase in stem inclination in the late growth stage was due to the swelling of rhizomes. From the viewpoint of yield formation, it was concluded that the shortening of plant height to about 2 m at the late growth stage was preferable for a high yield. This shortening mitigates 10–20% of external force and about 50% of internal force from the risk of lodging after the middle growth stage.View full abstractDownload PDF (792K)
Crop Physiology and Cell Biology
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—Analysis of the effects of high night and high day temperatures applied to the panicle and other parts of the plant—Satoshi MORITA, Hiroyuki SHIRATSUCHI, Jun–ichi TAKAHASHI, Konosu ...2004 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 77-83
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 18, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAverage rice grain weight decreases under a high night temperature condition, and the quality of rice grain becomes poor under either high night or high day temperature condition. The effects of exposing either panicle or vegetative parts to a high temperature on the grain weight and the rice grain quality were investigated. Three temperature conditions used were ; high night temperature (day/night : 22/34 °C), high day temperature (34/22 °C) and control (22/22 °C). The average grain weight decreases were 7–11% by exposing the whole plant to a high night temperature and 5–6% by exposing the panicle to the high night temperature, but it was not influenced by exposing the vegetative parts to a high night temperature. The average grain weight did not correlate with the whole plant weight (r=0.241). These results suggest that the decrease in average grain weight under a high night temperature is not caused by the deficit of carbohydrates in the leaves and the culms due to increased respiration loss. The grain quality became poor by applying either high night or high day temperature to the panicles as well as to the whole plants. It was assumed that the decrease in grain quality under high night temperature condition was not due to the deficit of carbohydrates in the leaves and the culms because exposure of the vegetative parts to this temperature condition did not decrease the grain quality.View full abstractDownload PDF (834K) -
Ichiro NAKAMURA, Sakae AGARIE, Satoshi TOBITA, Seiji YANAGIHARA, Akihi ...2004 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 84-92
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 18, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn our previous report, the wild Oryza species O. latifolia showed higher salt–tolerance than the standard salt tolerant rice species, SR26B. To elucidate the mechanism of salt tolerance in O. latifolia, we compared the activity of photosynthetic machinery in thylakoid membrane in O. latifolia with that in a salt–susceptible wild Oryza species, O. rufipogon under high salinity condition. In O. rufipogon photosynthetic rate declined by 75% and 30% of that in non–stress leaves under 300 mM and 655 mM NaCl, respectively. Whereas in O. latifolia it was unchanged under 300 mM NaCl, and decreased under 655 mM NaCl by 60% of that in non–stress leaves. Thylakoid membrane of O. latifolia also showed salt–tolerance. The oxygen evolution rate from isolated thylakoid membrane in O. latifolia decreased only 13% under 655 mM NaCl. On the other hand, in O. rufipogon, it decreased 10% and 30% under 300 mM and 655 mM NaCl, respectively. The peptide compositions of thylakoid membranes examined by SDS–PAGE showed that O. latifolia has species–specific proteins with 20.3 kDa and 22.4 kDa of molecular weight. Two–dimensional electrophoresis (2–DE) of thylakoid membrane proteins showed that the 20.3 kDa and 22.4 kDa proteins contained at least two or three proteins with different isoelectric points. Some of them were novel proteins that had not been published in the database. These results suggest that thylakoid membrane of O. latifolia has high salt tolerance and this plant can maintain photosynthetic activity under high NaCl condition. The results of SDS–PAGE and 2–DE showed that the thylakoid membrane of O. latifolia had specific proteins which may be partially responsible for the salt–tolerance.View full abstractDownload PDF (790K) -
Masahiro MOROKUMA, Sakiko YASUDA2004 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 93-98
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 18, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe varietal differences in the effects of high temperature and high humidity on the spikelet fertility of japonica rice cultivars were investigated. We constructed an apparatus that could control air temperature and humidity simultaneously in a chamber placed in a paddy field. We examined the effects of 59%, 72%, and 88% relative humidity at 35°C air temperature on fertility percentage and the amount of pollen shed on the stigmas among four cultivars (Koganebare, Hinohikari, Sasanishiki, and Hitomebore). The fertility percentages of each cultivar declined under a high humidity of 88%, and this trend differed among the cultivars. In Koganebare and Hinohikari, the degree of decline was large. The percentage of spikelets with few pollen grains on the stigmas increased with the increase in relative humidity. This tendency was striking in Koganebare. Under high humidity at 31°C, a varietal difference was observed in pollination but not in fertility percentage. Thus, the effect of humidity on the high temperature–induced sterility varied with the cultivar. The fertility was lower in the cultivars in which the percentage of spikelets with only a few pollen grains on the stigmas was more increased by a high humidity condition.View full abstractDownload PDF (686K)
Modelling, Information and Environment
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Yuichi NAGAYA, Teruhisa UMEZAKI, Akihiro MATSUI, Tetsuro TANIYAMA2004 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 99-102
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 18, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of sulfur dioxide on photosynthetic rate at the flag leaf of rice plants at 10 days after the heading stage were studied with various cultivar. Sulfur dioxide was supplied at the rate of 2.6mg SO2 m-3 (about 1.0μL L-1) for 15 min and then was displaced with clean air for 1 hr. The inhibitory rate of photosynthesis widely ranged from 30.1% to 65.3% in 1998 and from 42.8% to 65.9% in 1999, showing a significant cultivar difference. The photosynthesis–inhibiting effects of SO2 in old four varieties (cv. Aikoku, Kamenoo, Kyotoasahi and Takenari) was significantly higher than that in new 10 varieties (cv. Akitakomati, Akibare, Akihikari, Koshihikari, Sasanishiki, Hatsuboshi, Nipponbare, Nourin 29 and Yamahikari). However, the effects of SO2 on the green index in leaf (SPAD value) was not significantly different between old and new cultivars.View full abstractDownload PDF (610K) -
Teruhisa UMEZAKI, Kunio SATO, Shigeki TAKAKI2004 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 103-106
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 18, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAs a part of the fundamental researches on the use of a laser beam for physical control of weed, pest and disease, the effect of using a laser beam on the rice plant was studied. The laser beam of 532nm at 342×4 GW m-2 was applied to the surface of leaf blade. The damage of leaf blade caused by the laser beam was restricted to the area basked in the laser beam, and the symptom was stabilized within two to five days without further damade. The damage was severer on the lower leaves than higher leaves on the main culm, and at the heading stage than at the panicle differentiation stage. Thus, the effect of laser beam was mild in younger leaves, and there was no varietal difference.View full abstractDownload PDF (462K)
Research and Technical Note
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Tomio NISHIMURA, Sachiko HASEGAWA, Akane MEGURO, Ryuji YOSHIDA, Hitosh ...2004 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 107-113
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 18, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA novel technique for mass propagation and production of miniature pot plants of mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) was developed using a tissue culture technique and a plant growth retardant. Juvenile shoot apices that were excised from mother plants in a glasshouse were surface sterilized and used for tissue culture. Woody Plant Medium supplemented with 1 mg/L of N6–(2–isopentenyl)–adenine was adequate for mass propagation of transferable shoots. Shoots taken from flasks were immersed in 100 mg/L indole butylic acid for 3 h to promote rooting and then transplanted to a soil mixture of peatmoss, vermiculite and perlite in a 128–cell tray for acclimatization. Miniature pot plants with a number of flower buds were successfully produced by spraying the transplanted seedlings with 20 mg/L growth retardant(Paclobutrazol), followed by another spray at 200 mg/L 20 days later. Excessive fertilization suppressed formation of flower buds and enhanced emergence of dwarf leaves. The suppression of plant growth by the Paclobutrazol treatment was recovered by an application of giberrellic acid, indicating that the miniaturization of plants was due to inhibition of gibberrellin biosynthesis in the plants. The micropropagation technique established herein seems to be applicable for that of other woody crops such as tea and paper mulberry.View full abstractDownload PDF (1090K)
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