Japanese Journal of Crop Science
Online ISSN : 1349-0990
Print ISSN : 0011-1848
ISSN-L : 0011-1848
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Volume 76, Issue 4
Displaying 1-15 of 15 articles from this issue
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Review
  • Strategies to Improve Plant Height for the Production of Biomass Energy in Rice
    Naoki Hirotsu, Takayuki Kashiwagi, Yuka Madoka, Ken Ishimaru
    2007 Volume 76 Issue 4 Pages 501-507
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: November 07, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.76.501
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    The Japanese Council for Promotion of Biomass Utilization decided to advance the production of ethanol from biomass resources, including rice straw as a secondary product of rice crop. Rice straw is suitable as a biomass resource because it does not conflict with crop production. In rice, the improvement of plant height is the main target for increasing productivity of rice straw as a biomass resource. In this review, we describe the strategies for improvement of plant height by regulating the level of gibberellin, sucrose-phosphate synthase and nitrogen. Furthermore, we describe the recent developments in the analysis of quantitative trait locus (QTL) for plant height and discuss the possibility of increasing the productivity of rice straw as a biomass resource by accumulation of near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying QTLs.
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Regular Paper
Agronomy
  • Development of the V-furrow No-Till Direct Seeding of Rice
    Stabilization of Culture by Adopting the Winter-Puddling Seedbed Preparation
    Yukihiro Hamada, Yasunori Nakajima, Motoki Hayashi, Ichiro Shaku
    2007 Volume 76 Issue 4 Pages 508-518
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: November 07, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.76.508
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    In Japan, no-till direct seeding of rice has been expected to reduce production cost, and thus many trials have been repeated. However, we pointed out that it has problems for practical use such as low seedling emergence rate, bird attack on seed or seedling and difficulty with weed control due to rough field surface and crop residue derived from the previous cropping. Therefore, this study aimed to improve no-till direct seeding by applying the winter puddling (WP) as a land preparation method prior to seeding, which may help solve those problems. WP has been practiced by local farmers in Anjo, Aichi, for leveling the field switched from upland to paddy field. Almost all the trials in this study were conducted in farmers'fields. Results showed that seedling emergence was improved, seedling stand number was increased, the bird attacks were substantially reduced and weeds were more easily controlled in WP sites as compared with the complete no-till sites. Furthermore, the soil of field surface of WP site became as hard as that of the complete no-till field, in which seeding was possible even right after rainfall. The seedling emergence number and the grain yield were not lower than those of conventional transplanting rice culture. These results clearly show that WP is very effective to stabilize the no-till rice culture and with this method, no-till direct seeding can be practically used in the farmers' fields.
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  • Correlation of Lodging Resistance with Physical Characteristics of the Basal Culm and Rooting Behavior in Rice Direct Seeded in a Flooded Paddy Field
    Masami Furuhata, Susumu Arima
    2007 Volume 76 Issue 4 Pages 519-528
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: November 07, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.76.519
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    In submerged direct seeding such as hill seeding and row seeding, lodging was not caused easily compared with broadcast seeding. Not only deep rooting but also physical characteristics of the basal culm were considered to contribute to lodging resistance. Then, we examined the correlation of lodging resistance with the rooting behavior and physical characteristics of the basal culm in 14 rice cultivars direct seeded in a flooded paddy field. As a result, deep rooting, the section module and breaking strength of culm with leaf sheaths were significantly correlated with lodging resistance regardless of seeding depth. In addition, the standardized partial regression coefficient and partial correlation coefficient between lodging resistance and breaking strength of culm with leaf sheaths was higher than lodging resistance and deep rooting. These results suggest that lodging resistance in rice cultivated by submerged direct seeding such as hill seeding and row seeding was more closely correlated with the physical characteristics of the basal culm than with deep rooting.
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  • Change after Heading in Lodging Resistance and Physical Characteristics of the Basal Culm of Direct Seeded Rice in a Flooded Paddy Field
    Masami Furuhata, Susumu Arima
    2007 Volume 76 Issue 4 Pages 529-539
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: November 07, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.76.529
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    We examined how lodging resistance and physical characteristics of the basal culm change after heading in rice direct-seeded in a flooded paddy field using 14 rice varieties. At 5 weeks after heading, the pushing resistance was lower, and lodging index was larger than at 2 weeks after heading in the majority of varieties, and lodging was observed in some varieties. This is probably because panicle weight/top weight ratio was increased, and the section modules and breaking strength of the culm with leaf sheaths were decreased with decreasing number of living leaf sheaths at the basal culm. In Saikai 203 that had high yielding ability, the senescence of leaf sheaths was late, and the section modules and breaking strength of the culm with leaf sheaths were maintained high even at 5 weeks after heading. As a result, pushing resistance was high, and lodging index was small even at 5 weeks after heading, showing excellent lodging resistance.
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  • Increase in the Water Stress Sensitivity at Early Panicle-Development Stage in Rice under Saline Soil Conditions
    Jungang Wang, Makoto Tsuda, Yoshihiko Hirai
    2007 Volume 76 Issue 4 Pages 540-547
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: November 07, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.76.540
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    Rice yield in the north regions of China remains low due to saline soil subjected to drought. This study was conducted to analyze the changes in yield of rice due to water stress under the saline soil conditions. Four-litter pots were filled with the paddy soil and various amounts of salt (NaCl) (0, 5, 10 and 15g/pot) were incorporated into the soil. Seedlings of rice cultivar Akihikari were transplanted at a rate of one plant per pot and grown under the submerged soil conditions in a rain shelter. Plants were subjected to various degrees of soil-water deficits at panicle formation stage. During the soil drying, pre-dawn leaf water potential was measured and cumulative water stress (CWS), which is an integrated scale of duration and degree of water stress, was estimated. At maturity, plant dry weight and Na contents of leaf and stem were determined. Heading was delayed and panicle dry weight per plant was decreased by the soil salinity under the submerged soil conditions. Further, heading was delayed and panicle dry weight was decreased by additional water stress on each saline soil, the days of delay and decrease of the dry weight being proportional to CWS. Water stress susceptibility estimated from the relationship between CWS and panicle dry weight was increased with higher concentration of soil salinity. Plant Na content increased with soil salinity, while water stress changed plant Na content little. Water stress susceptibility became larger with increase of plant Na content. Therefore, it was concluded that panicle dry weight decreases and water stress susceptibility becomes larger with increase of plant Na concentration under the saline soil conditions in rice.
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  • Comparison of Productivity among Supernodulating Soybean Cultivar 'Sakukei 4' and Wild Type Cultivars 'Enrei' and 'Tamahomare' under Field Conditions
    Satoshi Shimamura, Motoki Takahashi, Takuji Nakamura, Norikazu Nakayam ...
    2007 Volume 76 Issue 4 Pages 548-554
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: November 07, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.76.548
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    Recently, it was established that 'Sakukei 4' (Kanto 100) was a supernodulating soybean cultivar derived from not only wild type 'Enrei' but also 'Tamahomare'. To evaluate the effects of the supernodulating characteristic of Sakukei 4 on productivity improvement, we compared the productivity of Sakukei 4 with that of Enrei and Tamahomare, in a drained paddy field for two years. The flowering, maturation stages and seed nitrogen content of Sakukei 4 were in between those of Enrei and Tamahomare in both years. In 2004, the highest yield in Sakukei 4 was 297 kg/10a under non-tillage, narrow ridge distance, high planting density and high N dosage of fertilizer condition, and it was the same as or at a higher level than Enrei. Under this condition, however, the yield of Tamahomare was 322 kg/10a, while it was 368 kg/10a under non-tillage, narrow ridge distance, close planting and standard dosage of fertilizer condition, which was much higher than the highest yield of Sakukei 4 in 2004. On the other hand, the highest yield of Sakukei 4 was 233 kg/10a, which was clearly lower than that of Enrei and Tamahomare in 2005, because the sowing time was delayed for about one month from the optimal sowing time due to intermissive rainfall during the sowing season, and plant density was decreased by disease injury. In the previous study, the yield of Sakukei 4 was much higher than that of Enrei when the shoot dry weight was greater than 200 kg/10a at the flowering stage in Sakukei 4. In this study, however, we did not observe such a phenomenon. These results suggest that the yield of Sakukei 4 is the same as or higher than that of Enrei under special conditions, but it is lower than that of Tamahomare. Therefore, we concluded that the supernodulating characteristic may not be beneficial to increase the yield of soybeans.
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  • Properties and the Effect on the Growth of Leafy Vegetables of the Livestock Waste Pellet Fertilizer with Chemical Fertilizer Added
    Naruo Miyazaki, Tomohiko Yoshida
    2007 Volume 76 Issue 4 Pages 555-561
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: November 07, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.76.555
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    We developed pellet fertilizer from livestock waste by adding chemical fertilizer and clarified the properties and its effect on the growth of leafy vegetables. The water content of raw livestock waste was reduced to about 15% using a dryer and formed into a pellet shape with a pressurizing machine after adding urea, fused magnesium phosphate fertilizer and potassium chloride. By further drying, the dry livestock waste fertilizer was made. The chemical component of the fertilizer was adjusted to the desirable value by analyzing the chemical component of the raw livestock waste and adding the necessary amount of chemical elements. The fertilizer was uniform in quality and the contents of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potassium were approximately 5%, 5% and 5%, respectively. When sealed in resinous bags, it could be stored for a long time without quality change. The product weight of the fertilizer was one-third of the raw material. The heavy-metal content was low and the total coliform was less than the limit of detection. During incubation at 30°C, the livestock waste fertilizer maintained almost the same nitrogen mineralization rate as the commercial organic pellet fertilizer. Pot experiments showed that the livestock-waste fertilizer had no negative effect on the germination and the growth of komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. peruviridis). The yield of komatsuna and spinach cultivated by applying the livestock waste fertilizer was the same as that cultivated by applying the organic fertilizer in the market.
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Quality and Processing
  • Influence of Fertilizer Application on Seed-Protein Composition and Their Accumulation Pattern during Ripening Stage in Seed-Protein Mutants of Rice
    Minoru Nishimura, Kenzo Miyahara, Ryouhei Morita
    2007 Volume 76 Issue 4 Pages 562-568
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: November 07, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.76.562
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    Rice varieties derived from mutants with various kinds of seed protein components such as low glutelin or 26k-Da globulin deficiency were grown in different fertilizer conditions. The results of analysis of variance revealed a significant varietal difference in the protein composition (P < 0.01), but not in the total protein content. Effects of basal and top dressing on protein composition were not significant in the most cases, and were less than the varietal difference. On the other hand, the total protein content, significantly varied with the variety and top dressing, but it depended on the year. In general, the fertilizer application did not affect the protein composition in the ripening stage.
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  • Effects of Anthocyanin on Antioxidative Activity and Seed Dormancy in Wheat Grain
    Norio Iriki, Gensho Ishii, Tatsuo Kuwabara, Tadashi Tabiki, Zenta Nish ...
    2007 Volume 76 Issue 4 Pages 569-575
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: November 07, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.76.569
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    Anthocyanin content and antioxidative activity in wholemeal flour of purple pericarp and blue grain wheat were examined. Anthocyanin content was correlated with antioxidant activity of methanol extracts prepared from wholemeal flour. In red and white grain wheat, the correlation coefficient between the antioxidant activity and polyphenol content was significant, furthermore, the difference in the mean antioxidant activity between white and red grain wheat was significant. Hard red spring wheat cultivar Haruyutaka was backcrossed to blue grain wheat Blue Dark to exclude the effects of the genetic background such as seed coat color. The antioxidant activity of BC7F4 seeds was significantly higher than that of Haruyutaka, and both antioxidant activity and anthocyanin content of the backcrossed seeds were not significantly different from those of Blue Dark. Furthermore, the seed dormancy of BC7F4 was significantly higher than that of Haruyutaka. Thus, it is confirmed that the blue grain character enhances the antioxidant activity and also seed dormancy.
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  • The Contents of Starch and Water in Storage Roots in Relation to the Occurrence of White-Opaque Defect "Shirota" in Steamed and Cured Slices of Sweetpotato.
    Yoshiyuki Nakamura, Toshikazu Kuranouchi, Nobuaki Ishida, Toru Kumagai ...
    2007 Volume 76 Issue 4 Pages 576-585
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: November 07, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.76.576
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    Steamed and cured slices of sweetpotato, "hoshi-imo", is a traditional processed agricultural product in eastern area of Japan, especially in Ibaraki and Shizuoka prefectures. The products often suffer from a quality-damage called "shirota" which is a white-opaque defect, after a hot summer with little rainfall. We studied the mechanism of the occurrence of "shirota" defect mainly from the viewpoints of the contents of starch and water in storage roots in several sweetpotato cultivars. The defect occurred frequently in the cultivars with a high starch content such as "Hi-starch" and "Tamayutaka", and scarcely in "Okinawa 100" with a low starch content and "Quick Sweet" having a low starch-pasting temperature. The "shirota" part of the root tissues had a lower water content than the normal part of the same tissue, shown by MRI and other investigations. In "Tamayutaka", however, there was no significant difference in the contents of starch and soluble sugar and beta-amylase activity between the normal and "shirota" parts. On the other hand, the "shirota" part of "Hi-starch" had a lower starch content than the normal part of the roots. It was also confirmed that the "shirota" defect in "Tamayutaka" became serious with the decrease in water contents of the storage roots when the cultivating soil moisture decreased. The decrease in water content of the storage roots was considered to inhibit the starch pasting reaction during the steaming process, which resulted in the formation of "shirota" in "Tamayutaka".
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Research and Technical Note
  • Effects of Seeding Pattern in Direct Seeding of Rice under Submerged Conditions on Grain Yield and its Components in Hokkaido, the Northern Part of Japan
    Hisashi Tanno, Munetoshi Aikawa, Nobuhiro Yamazaki, Ryuzaburou Moriwak ...
    2007 Volume 76 Issue 4 Pages 586-590
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: November 07, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.76.586
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    The effects of seeding pattern, namely broadcast seeding (BS), row seeding (RS) with 15, 20 and 30 cm row spacing (RS-15, 20-, 30) and hill seeding (HS) (30 cm row spacing and 10 cm hill spacing) in direct seeding of rice under a submerged condition on the number of tillers, grain yield and yield components were investigated in Hokkaido. Values of the dry weight of individual plants at the establishment stage of seedling (5 leaf stage) and tiller number/m2 and ear number/m2 were higher in BS, RS-15, -20 and were lowest in HS among all seeding patterns. The number of spikelets/m2 was larger in BS and RS-15, and-20, the weight of rice screenings was higher in BS and HS than in the other seeding pattern, and grain yield was highest in RS-15, and-20 about 107-108%of that in RS-30. On the other hand, grain yield in HS was only 96%of that in RS-30. Lodging resistance and blast disease resistance were inferior in RS with narrow spacing. For these reasons, it is concluded that RS-20 is the best seeding pattern in Hokkaido.
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  • Selection of Rice Varieties Suitable for Direct Seeding under a Submerged Soil Condition by Using the Effective Thermal Index in Hokkaido, in Northern Japan
    Hisashi Tanno, Hidehiko Tanaka, Hiroshi Kohara, Makoto Sasaki, Shu Miu ...
    2007 Volume 76 Issue 4 Pages 591-599
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: November 07, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.76.591
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    The seeding date and heading date (HD) in direct seeding cultivation under a submerged soil condition were examined with three rice varieties at 27-40 sites of Hokkaido in 1999-2003. The effective thermal index (ETI) from the day after seeding to HD was determined using daily hours of sunshine, wind speed and air temperature in 19 paddy rice production areas. The HD estimated from EFI was nearly the same as the actual HD. In 1997-2002, grain yield and number of spikelets per panicle of direct-seeded rice (DSR) were 13-23% and 30% lower than those of transplanted rice (TR), respectively, in four areas with a similar amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied. The grain-filling period in DSR was also 3.2-6.7 days shorter than that in TR. From regression lines between the cumulative daily mean temperature during 35 days after heading and the grain-filling period, the grain-filling period estimated using the same cumulative daily mean temperature was six days shorter in DSR than in TR. From these results we assumed that the varieties whose HD estimated from ETI under normal weather conditions was earlier than the third day after the latest HD for safe cultivation under standard transplanting cultivation, are suitable for direct seeding. Although the medium-maturing variety was suitable only for the south arera, early variety was suitable for the area including the main rice cultivation area of Hokkaido.
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