Japanese Journal of Crop Science
Online ISSN : 1349-0990
Print ISSN : 0011-1848
ISSN-L : 0011-1848
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Volume 78, Issue 3
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
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Review
  • Floret Sterility Induced by High Temperatures at the Flowering Stage in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
    Tsutomu Matsui
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 303-311
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: July 13, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.303
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    Projected global warming is expected to increase the occurrence of high-temperature-induced floret sterility in rice. Elucidation of the conditions that induce and prevent the sterility would help researchers to predict the impact of climate change on rice yield and to develop countermeasures against yield losses that might result from the high temperatures. This paper describes the floret sterility induced by high temperature especially at the flowering stage. I first surveyed the reports on the conditions that induce floret sterility, and then reviewed the studies on the mechanism of the occurrence. Finally, I reviewed the studies on the tolerance to sterility-inducing high temperatures at the flowering stage.
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Regular Paper
Agronomy
  • The Effect of Soil Fumigation and Organic Matter Application on Yield of Five Field Crops Planted Continuously more than Ten Years
    Morio Matsuzaki
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 312-323
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: July 13, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.312
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    Five field crops, sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), soybean (Glycine max Merr.), and adzuki bean (Phaseolus angularis L.) were planted continuously or rotationally for 16 years in northern Japan by using almost the same cultivation method during the 16 years. In 10 continuous cropping plots, organic matter was applied to 8 plots throughout the 16 years, and soil fumigation was conducted in 3 plots in the last 6 years. Soil was fumigated with 1,3-dichloropropene (D-D) or trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin). We investigated the yield of each crop from 11 to 16 years. The yield decrease by continuous cropping was significant in sugar beet, soybean cultivar susceptible to soybean cyst nematode and adzuki bean. Available nitrogen in soil was increased by organic matter application. The yield of sugar beet was increased by organic matter application, probably through the increase in available nitrogen in soil. However, even when available nitrogen concentration in soil was almost the same, the yield of sugar beet in continuous cropping was lower than that in rotation cropping. This suggested that sugar beet could not sufficiently utilize available nitrogen in soil in continuous cropping. In continuous cropping of sugar beet and adzuki bean, soil fumigation increased the yield independent of the concentration of available nitrogen in soil. Therefore, it was suggested that this effect of soil fumigation was caused by soil sterilization.
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  • The Relationships between Stomatal Aperture and the Crop Growth Rate, Net Assimilation Rate, Leaf Area Index and Dry Matter Production in Paddy Rice.
    —Focused on the consequences of the water management protocol in Ohgata Village—
    Choji Kawashima, Dai Matsumoto, Atsushi Ogawa
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 324-334
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: July 13, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.324
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    In Ohgata Village, paddy rice is grown under very low soil water condition after the panicle differentiation stage, because the residual water in the paddy field is drained to facilitate a combine harvesting. The water content of the rice plant and the stomatal aperture are expected to be reduced under these conditions, and it is also conjectured that the photosynthetic rate is reduced by the poor soil water supply resulting in reduced dry matter production. However, the yield in Ohgata is very high. In this study, we investigated the relationships between the stomatal aperture and crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter production in Ohgata in comparison with those in nearby Gojome where paddy rice was cultivated by conventional water managementt. The stomatal aperture in Ohgata was smaller than that in Gojome. However, CGR in Ohgata was higher than that in Gojome. These results show that even on sunny days with high-intensity light, low humidity and high transpiration, the water content of the rice plant is maintained at a certain level by closing stomata to adapt to such ambient environments and photosynthetic rate is kept high through-out the day. From these results, we propose the outline of our rice cultivation theory.
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Quality and Processing
  • Genetic Background of Indonesia Rice Germplasm and its Relationship to Agronomic Characteristics and Eating Quality
    Tomohiko Yoshida, Anas, Santi Rosniawaty, Ridwan Setiamihardja
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 335-343
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: July 13, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.335
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    Recent rice cultivars in Indonesia have more than 2000 ancestors in the pedigree, and shows a very complicated pedigree. IRRI cultivars accounted for the largest part of the genetic background of the Indonesian cultivars. Five ancestors (Dee-geo-woo-gen, Cina, Latisail, Gampai, Tadukan) contributed, collectively, 46.1% of the gene pool. The Indonesian rice field having the genetic background of IR64, which was estimated from the acerage of cultivars grown in Indonesia and the kinship to IR64, was 50.6% of the total rice field. By cluster analysis using coefficients of parentage, the Indonesian cultivars were divided into 5 groups. Cisadane and Ciapus could be used as cross parents for higher yield. The IR8 group had a light grain weight, and was not a promising cross parent for high yield. Combining ability of IR8 might be different from other cultivars. The Sintanur group had a good aroma, and the Kalimas group had a poor eating quality.
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Genetic Resources and Evaluation
  • Pedigree Analysis of Two-rowed Malting Barley Lines Bred in Tochigi Prefecture
    Toshinori Sotome, Mika Oozeki, Shun-ichi Kobayashi, Tomohiko Yoshida
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 344-355
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: July 13, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.344
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    The pedigree of two-rowed malting barley lines bred at Tochigi Prefectural Agricultural Experiment Station (breeding lines) was analyzed. The ancestors with greatest genetic contribution to the breeding lines were Harunanijo (average coefficient of parentage 0.457) followed by Misatogolden (0.442) and Goldenmelon (0.396), in this order. The coefficients of parentage among the breeding lines were 0.115∼0.856. Cluster analysis based on these values showed a narrow genetic background among these breeding lines. Harunanijo contributed to many agronomic traits and brewing quality. The coefficients of parentage between the breeding lines and parents used for disease resistance were very row at 0.125∼0.008. It is necessary to introduce and efficiently use new parental materials to expand the genetic background. Studies considering the coefficients of parentage and genealogical trees could contribute to more effective breeding.
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Crop Morphology
  • Relationship Between the Development of the Root System and Initial Growth of Sugarcane
    Yasunori Fukuzawa, Yasuaki Komiya, Masami Ueno, Yoshinobu Kawamitsu
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 356-362
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: July 13, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.356
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    Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is often damaged by a meteorological disaster in the initial growth stage; consequently its yield is decreased. To solve this problem, we performed studies to develop a deeper root system as rapidly as possible. In the present study, 6 varieties of sugarcane were grown in a 1m-deep pots for 40 days to examine the relationship between the development of root system and initial growth rate. The primary root number, and root weight density, and root depth index (RDI) were measured, and growth analysis was conducted. In 0-30cm soil depth, shoot root number was significantly correlated with root weight density, but not in a deeper layer of the soil. The ratio of shoot root number to total root number did not significantly correlate with RDI, but with the relative growth rate (RGR). The results show that the development of shoot roots increases the root-weight density, and the ratio of shoot root number to total root number, resulting in the increase in RGR in the initial growth stage.
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  • Relationship between the Plant Height of Wheat and Soil Water Content in Paddy Fields in the Southern Part of Ibaraki Prefecture
    —Results from 26 Fields—
    Atsushi Oyanagi, Kentaro Kawaguchi
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 363-370
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: July 13, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.363
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    We examined the soil water content and plant height of wheat cv. Norin 61 in 26 fields in Inashiki City, Chikusei City and Sakuragawa City in the southern part of Ibaraki Prefecture in Japan. A significant negative correlation was found in a 1.8 ha paddy field in Inashiki City in 2007. This negative correlation was also found in 6 out of 7 fields in other cities in 2007. The negative correlations were found in 15 fields, however, a positive correlation was found only in one out of 19 fields in 2008. The relationship between soil nutrient contents and the plant height in these fields was not clear. These results suggested that excess soil moisture limited wheat growth in many fields in Ibaraki Prefecture.
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  • Regional Differences in Growth, Yield and Dry Matter Production of Paddy Rice in Akita Prefecture. —A comparison between Ohgata Village and South Akita—
    Choji Kawashima
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 371-381
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: July 13, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.371
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    The differences in growth, yield and dry matter production of paddy rice between Ohgata Village and South Akita were compared. (1) The Ohgata rice showed a slow development of tillers, had a smaller number of tillers and spikelets per square meter (34000∼35000) , but had a large number of spikelets per panicle. It was the so-called as “panicle-weight type”. (2) The yield per 10 a in Ohgata (610 kg) was about 20 kg less than that in South Akita. (3) The dry weight of the above ground biomass in Ohgata (1522 g/m2) was almost the same as that in South Akita (1515 g/m2). The weight of panicle and withered part was lighter, and the stem and leaf weight were heavier in Ohgata. (4) The panicle dry weight markedly increased during the 30 days after heading in South Akita; however, in Ohgata, the increase was slightly less at around 10 days after heading. The stem dry weight decreased from 10 to 37 days after heading in both regions, but, thereafter, increased a little in South Akita. The dry weight of the withered part increased constantly in both regions, though it increased less in Ohgata. These results indicate that the inhibition of tiller development in the early growth stage in Ohgata, which was caused by the oceanic climate, relatively low water and soil temperature, irrigation managemernt and greater soil nutrient retention,lead to the maintenance of “high physiological activity of above ground part during ripenning stage”, though starch was translocated to the panicle less efficiently. These factors cause the difference in the thousand grain weight and yield between the two regions.
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  • A Non-Destructive Tracing with an X-ray Micro CT Scanner of Vascular Bundles in the Ear Axes at the Base of the Lower Level Rachis-Branches in Japonica Type Rice (Oryza sativa).
    Eizo Maeda, Hiroshi Miyake
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 382-386
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: July 13, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.382
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    The transverse images of vascular bundles in the axes of rice ears were traced by computed tomography using an X-ray micro CT scanner. This research was concentrated on the parts at the base of the lower levels of rachis-branches. The large vascular bundles were roundly arranged in the ear axes. The three kinds of vascular bundles were observed. First, a bundle separated into two bundles in the axis holding a round arrangement. Second, a bundle fused to the next one, deviated from the round arrangement, and was traced into the axis of a rachis-branch attached. Third, a bundle was traced to the periphery of ear axis without fusion to the next one and into a rachis-branch. The X-ray micro CT scanner could trace non-destructively the vascular bundles in the axes of rice ears and the rachis-branches.
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  • Evaluation of Water Stress in Soybean Based on the Difference in Canopy Temperature between Soybean and Rice
    Koki Homma, Tatsuhiko Shiraiwa
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 387-394
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: July 13, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.387
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    In order to evaluate water stress in soybean grown in farmer paddy fields in Japan, we developed a water stress index simplified by incorporating canopy temperature of rice into a heat budget equation on the soybean canopy. For the simplification, we assumed that: (1) the aerodynamic resistances in soybean and rice canopies are the same and (2) the canopy resistance of rice does not differ among fields. Based on these assumptions, we expressed the evaporation rate of soybean against that of rice (1−ES/ER) as a simple function of the difference in temperature between soybean and rice canopies and gradient of vapor pressure between rice canopy and air. Numerical analysis suggested that estimation error of 1−ES/ER is relatively small. Measurement of water stress in soybean in farmer’s fields indicated that variation of 1−ES/ER among measured occasions was small, and that 1−ES/ER was a good index of water stress comparable to the Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI). These results indicated that this method could be used to evaluate water stress in soybean in farmer paddy fields.
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  • Cluster Analysis by Manual Method for Educational Purpose
    Tomohiko Yoshida, Anas, Shun-ichi Kobayashi
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 395-398
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: July 13, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.395
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    Cluster analysis is usually performed by using a computer. We tried manual cluster analysis without using a computer for educational purposes. Data used were DNA markers in random amplified polymorphic analysis of barley cultivars. Then number of DNA markers showing a different number of bands between the cultivars (different markers) was used as the distance. The pair with the fewest number of different markers was decided as the first cluster. Next, the difference between the mean number of different markers in the first cluster and the number in the other cultivars was calculated, and the second cluster with the least difference was decided. The same procedure was continued to decide the following clusters. Two-rowed and six-rowed barley cultivars with different origins showed a satisfactory dendrogram. Computer analysis gave the same result. This method can be easily understood and has a good educational effect.
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