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Volume 85 (2016)
- Issue 4 Pages 367-
- Issue 3 Pages 231-
- Issue 2 Pages 115-
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Volume 85, Issue 2
Displaying 1-17 of 17 articles from this issue
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Regular Paper
Agronomy
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Takahiro Kakehashi, Makoto Tsuda, Yoshihiko Hirai2016 Volume 85 Issue 2 Pages 115-121
Published: April 05, 2016
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2016
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe investigated the effect of transplanting young seedlings and intermittent irrigation on the growth and yield of rice on the soil with three profiles of salinity. Fifteen-liter pots were filled with non-saline soil (non-saline plot), with the soil to which 45 g of salt was applied to all layers of the soil (homogeneous saline plot), and with the soil to which 45 g of salt was applied to the lower half layer (heterogeneous saline plot). Younger and older seedlings of paddy rice Nipponbare, at leaf ages of 2.5 and 4.7, respectively were transplanted to these pots, one seedling per pot. Then plants were subjected to continuously submerged soil conditions, or intermittent irrigation. In the non-saline plot, growth of young and older seedlings was poorer in intermittent irrigation than in submerged soil conditions. In the homogenous saline plot, young seedlings died soon after the transplanting and older seedlings survived longer under submerged soil conditions. Salinity distribution was not changed much in submerged soil conditions, but salinity moved up under intermittent irrigation regardless of initial salinity distribution. We concluded that transplanting young seedlings was not acceptable in saline soil because their salinity tolerance was low. Intermittent irrigation was not preferable, because it promoted the accumulation of salt in the upper soil layer. On the other hand, low salinity in the upper soil layer improved seedling survival and early growth. The results suggest that the upper layer should be low in salinity, and the plants should be grown under submerged soil conditions to produce healthy rice plants.View full abstractDownload PDF (1859K) -
Yoshitomo Hideshima, Susumu Arima, Akihiro Suzuki, Shigeo Makiyama, Ke ...2016 Volume 85 Issue 2 Pages 122-129
Published: April 05, 2016
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2016
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this study, the effect of plowed-in and incinerated wheat straw on the rice growth and weed incidence were examined in local field trials in Northern Kyushu to determine the most suitable method of processing the straw. The weed incidence was suppressed by plowed-in straw more effectively than by incinerated straw.Plowed-in straw suppressed tillering of rice but improved the ripening after heading of rice, tending to increase the yield. In pot experiments, either plowed-in wheat or barley straw greatly suppressed seed germination of paddy weeds. The weed-suppressing effect of plowed-in straw decreased with time but the effect was observed from the autumn of rice harvest to the heading stage of wheat in the next year. Plowing in all of the wheat straw,20-40 kg/a, had a weed suppressing effect, but plowing in 1/10 of the straw, tended to promote weed growth.Thus,plowing in all of the wheat straw in the paddy field suppressed weed incidence and the effect was retained for a long period.View full abstractDownload PDF (1488K) -
Hideo Hamaguchi, Kazuhiro Watanabe, Kazuyuki Matsuo, Masaki Umemoto, M ...2016 Volume 85 Issue 2 Pages 130-137
Published: April 05, 2016
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2016
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMolybdenum (Mo) is essential for nitrogen fixation in legume nodules. In the early developmental stages, soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) relies on Mo present in seed for growth and nodulation. Supernodulating soybeans may require a larger amount of Mo than normally nodulating soybeans. However, previous field studies on supernodulating soybeans have not focused on seed Mo content. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the effect of seed Mo enrichment on the growth and yield of supernodulating soybean. Seed Mo content of the normally nodulating variety ‘Enrei’ and its supernodulating lines ‘En6500’, ‘En-b0-1’, and ‘Kanto 100’ was increased by foliar application of Mo at the R5 (beginning of seed filling) stage of the preceding generation. Nodulation, nitrogen fixation, growth, and yield of plants grown from Mo-enriched seeds were compared with those of plants grown from control seed. In the supernodulating lines, nodule mass of plants grown from Mo-enriched seeds was smaller than that from control seeds. However, nodule Mo content and stem ureide content of the former were higher than those of the latter. The yield of plants grown from Mo-enriched seeds was 1.2-2 times that of plants grown from control seeds. In the normally nodulating variety ‘Enrei’, no significant difference was observed in nodule mass; however, the yield of plants grown from Mo-enriched seed was 10% higher than that of plants grown from control seeds. These results indicate that Mo enrichment of seed of supernodulating soybean partially suppresses supernodulation and improves nitrogen fixation, plant growth, and yield.View full abstractDownload PDF (846K) -
The Response of Vegetative Growth to Soil Water Condition in Native Soybean Cultivar ‘Misato-zairai’Kiyoshi Nagasuga, Atsushi Fukunaga, Chinami Higashi, Teruhisa Umezaki2016 Volume 85 Issue 2 Pages 138-143
Published: April 05, 2016
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2016
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSVigorous shoot growth in native soybean cultivar ‘Misato-zairai’ in Mie Prefecture often reduces seed production due to vigorous vegetative growth. We compared plant length, total dry weight and leaf area of Misato-zairai and Fukuyutaka grown in wet and dry soil conditions for two weeks at the vegetative growth stage (soil water treatment) for 3 years to examine the mechanism of vegetative growth of Misato-zairai. The plant length of Misato-zairai for two weeks of wet soil condition was significantly longer than that of Fukuyutaka due to longer stem length. Leaf area was similar in the two cultivars in the dry soil condition, but the wet soil condition increased leaf area of Misato-zairai significantly through the increase in node number on the main stem and increase in average specific leaf area. There were no significant differences in total dry weight after soil water treatment, plant growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate between cultivars between the two soil conditions, but SPAD value, which shows the mesophyll photosynthetic capacity, was lower in Misato-zairai grown in wet soil condition.View full abstractDownload PDF (900K) -
Katsunori Isobe, Wataru Futagawa, Syoko Kawabe, Sakyo Kagami, Masao Hi ...2016 Volume 85 Issue 2 Pages 144-154
Published: April 05, 2016
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2016
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe objective of this study was to evaluate the optimum sowing time and planting density of soybean cultivar, Tsukuizairai. Field experiments were carried out in the experimental field at Nihon University from 2012 to 2014. When Tsukuizairai were sown in May, the rate of damaged seed by stink bugs and delayed stem senescence increased. In the case of 30 cm row width and 7.5 cm intrarow spacing, marked lodging occurred in the July sowing plots due to the longer stem length and thinner stem diameter. Thus, the optimum sowing time is from June to July, and the optimum planting density is from 11.1 to 22.2 plants per m-2 for soybean cultivar, Tsukuizairai. The protein content of seeds was not affected by sowing time and planting density. However, that of Tsukuizairai was lower than that of Enrei and Tachinagaha. Thus, the subject of the Tsukuizairai cultivation is the production of high protein content seeds in the future.View full abstractDownload PDF (995K)
Genetic Resources and Evaluation
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Shinya Kasajima, Kota Imai, Takahiro Shimizu, Hirotake Itoh, Yasuo Nak ...2016 Volume 85 Issue 2 Pages 155-161
Published: April 05, 2016
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2016
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn Hokkaido, a leading winter wheat variety, Kitahonami, shows higher yielding ability than a previous variety, Hokushin. To identify the factors determining the high-yielding ability of Kitahonami, we compared its growth and grain yield performance with those of Hokushin in two growing seasons (2011-12 and 2012-13). The grain yield of Kitahonami was 8% greater than that of Hokushin. This difference was due to a higher number of grains per ear and 1000-grain weight. The high-yielding ability of Kitahonami was attributed to the large sink capacity. At maturity, the total dry weight of Kitahonami was 13% heavier than that of Hokushin. This increased total dry weight was a result of the increased crop growth rate (CGR) from the milk-ripe to maturity stage. In particular, the dry weight of the ear was greatly increased. A strong source activity during the later grain filling phase also contributed to the high-yielding ability of Kitahonami. The nitrogen content of the second and third leaves at the milk-ripe and maturity stages was higher in Kitahonami than in Hokushin. The erect green leaves of Kitahonami probably absorbed radiation more effectively than those of Hokushin, leading to a higher net assimilation rate (NAR) in the later grain filling phase and higher dry-matter production after the milk-ripe stage.View full abstractDownload PDF (1727K) -
Tanaka Hidehiko, Nobuhiro Yamazaki, Takahisa Amano2016 Volume 85 Issue 2 Pages 162-167
Published: April 05, 2016
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2016
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe investigated seedling establishment, germination at 15ºC and early growth of seedlings in 15ºC water in 52 varieties. Field experiments were conducted in May and July. Seeds were sown 5 mm in depth in plastic nursery boxes and the boxes were placed in a submerged paddy field. The plants were continuously irrigated with 14ºC water for 9 days after the appearance of the first leaf in the July trial. Highly significant varietal differences in the percentage of seedling establishment (%ES) were observed in both trials. Several foreign cultivars showed higher %ES than “Iburiwase” that showed the highest %ES among Hokkaido varieties. The %ES was divided into three components: percentage of seedling emergence (EM), percentage of first leaf elongation in the emerged seedlings (FLE/EM) and percentage of establishment of the first leaf elongated seedlings (ES/FLE). The contribution rate of each component was evaluated by multiple regression analysis. The contribution of EM was the highest in the May trial, while that of ES/FLE was also high in the July trial. Significant positive correlations were observed between the %ES and the early growth characters of seedlings, such as second leaf length, shoot length and maximum root length, while the correlation between germination coefficient and %ES was low. The present results indicate that several foreign cultivars with high %ES are useful as breeding materials for direct-seeding and also we need to pay more attention to the early growth of seedlings rather than germination.View full abstractDownload PDF (969K) -
Hidehiko Tanaka, Fumio Tanaka, Nobuhiro Yamazaki2016 Volume 85 Issue 2 Pages 168-172
Published: April 05, 2016
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2016
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLaboratory experiment was conducted to examine the effects of soil reduction and inoculation of Pythium spp. on seedling emergence and establishment of rice using 8 varieties including foreign varieties. Two types of soil were prepared, i.e., dry oxidized soil (OS) obtained from paddy field, and reduced soil (RS) with powdered rice straw added. Each soil type was inoculated with Pythium spp. (IP) or not inoculated (NP). Oxidation-reduction potential at one day after seeding was -136 mV in RS, while 400 mV in OS. Emergence percentage was 75% in RS, while 94% in OS. Emergence percentages of “Alborio-J1”, ”Kitaake” and “Iburiwase” were significantly lower in RS than in OS. On the other hand, “Italica Livorno” and ”Arroz da Terra” showed less reduction of emergence percentage in RS relative to OS, suggesting their tolerance to soil reduction. The inoculation of Pythium spp. to soil significantly reduced the establishment percentage in all varieties; it was 14% in IP and 80% in NP. However the reduction in “Dunghan Shali” was relatively small. In addition, the establishment rate was lower in RS/IP than in RS/NP, but higher in RS/IP than in OS/IP, suggesting that infection of seedlings with Pythium spp. may be inhibited by the reduction of dissolved oxygen concentration after the inoculation.View full abstractDownload PDF (760K)
Research and Technical Note
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Reinosuke Ida2016 Volume 85 Issue 2 Pages 173-177
Published: April 05, 2016
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2016
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe water content of unhulled rice is conventionally measured by the ordinary pressure drying method and the electrical resistance method. In the former method 5 g of crushed specimen is dried at 106.5±1 ˚C for five hours (referred to as 105ºC method). The latter is a method using the electricity type water meter guaranteed for the measurement precision within 0.5% of the standard error of the 105˚C method. On the other hand, a halogen moisture analyzer with high accuracy and low cost properties has been developed in recent years. However, the drying of unhulled rice by this analyzer has not been reported. This study was carried out to clarify the setting conditions of measuring the water content of unhulled rice using a MOC63u moisture analyzer equipped with a halogen heater in relation to the weight of the sample and the measurement mode (drying mode, measurement ending mode). As a result, the optimum measurement condition was programmed with ∆W1 and ∆W2 in rapid mode using 5 g of ground sample where ∆W1 denotes the change in water rate of 0.5% 30 s-1 at the maximum temperature for rapid drying, and ∆W2 denotes that of 0.03% 30 s-1 at 135ºC at the end of drying. The value obtained using this method showed deviation of 0.06 ± 0.07% (mean value ± standard error) from the value obtained by the 105ºC method which was closely related with that obtained with 10 g kernel by the 135ºC-24 hr method. The proposed method can markedly reduce measurement time to 8 min and 18 s (498 ± 21 s, mean value ± standard error) compared with the 5h in the 105ºC method. It was concluded that this method is widely applicable for the measurement of water content of unhulled rice for investigation of yield.View full abstractDownload PDF (1078K) -
Hiroyuki Shiratsuchi, Tadashi Andoh, Noriyuki Asanome, Akira Matsuda, ...2016 Volume 85 Issue 2 Pages 178-187
Published: April 05, 2016
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2016
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNon-coated rice seeds of rice varieties “Moeminori” and “Haenuki” were direct seeded using a trial puddling seeder in a cool region in Japan from 2011 to 2014. The seeder does not require seed coating or the finishing puddling. The time required for seeding was 0.32 hr 10a-1 on the average with a minimum of 0.22 hr 10a-1. The percentage of seedling establishment in the field drained after shallow seeding with a puddling seeder was 65%. The seedling distribution was more even in the field in which seeds were sown with the seeder than in the field in which a knapsack duster was used and comparable to that in which iron-coated seeds were sown with a hill seeder. The maximum stem number was larger than the standard value for direct seeding. Dry weight at heading and maturity was similar to the standard value. Lodging was slight in most experiments. Combineharvested yield of “Moeminori” ranged from 573 to 660 kg 10a-1 and was comparable to that obtained by direct seeding of ironcoated seeds. The yield of “Haenuki” ranged from 480 to 688 kg 10a-1 and comparable to the average yield in the regions except that in the experiment suffering from heavy lodging and weed infestation. We conclude that the direct shallow seeding of noncoated seeds is useful for rice farmers in the cool region of Japan.View full abstractDownload PDF (1157K) -
Kazuo Okubo2016 Volume 85 Issue 2 Pages 188-192
Published: April 05, 2016
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2016
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study aimed at evaluating the applicability of the panicle grasping method for evaluation of the shattering habit of rice. Seven Japanese cultivars, three that were hardly shattering, and one each that were moderately, slightly easily, easily, and very easily shattering were used. The shedding rate was determined by grasping three panicles in one hand for each plant. Each of the four evaluators tested 50 plants of each cultivar. From the frequency distribution of shedding rate, a confidence interval was decided. These data suggest that an individual test for the shattering habit by this method can distinguish the hardly-shattering type from the shattering type (moderately to very easily shattering) at 96% confidence level, although the grade of shattering habit can not be classified. Thus, this method may be useful only for selecting the plants with a hardly-shattering habit.View full abstractDownload PDF (887K) -
Hiromichi Yamaguchi, Eiji Kanda, Hiroyuki Sekiya, Hidenori Kawamoto, S ...2016 Volume 85 Issue 2 Pages 193-197
Published: April 05, 2016
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2016
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMaps for forecasting heading dates of the forage rice cultivars ‘Bekogonomi’ and ‘Yumeaoba’, direct-seeded in paddies in the Tohoku region were created by using models to estimate the developmental stages of rice plants, and 1-km-mesh temperature data. The developmental-stage models were prepared by using growth and temperature data obtained from the experiments held in several different cropping seasons in Morioka, in the north central region of Tohoku. Heading dates with respect to direct seeding dates were predicted by using these models. The root mean square error (RMSE), quantified by the difference between the predicted heading dates and the observed ones, was 1.8 to 2.8 days. Inclusion of data from two other locations where the climatic conditions differed from those at Morioka increased this error to only 1.9 to 3.1 days. The heading dates of every 1-km mesh, as predicted from the daily mean temperatures in a normal year, were successfully displayed on the maps of the Tohoku region. Information about heading dates on these maps can help farmers to select cultivars and coordinate crop schedules to suit their local climatic conditions and farming practices. Furthermore, by using the daily mean temperature of the normal year, heading dates on the maps can be corrected appropriately to that in the year and work schedule may also be corrected.View full abstractDownload PDF (3214K) -
Masahiro Yamane, Makie Kokubun2016 Volume 85 Issue 2 Pages 198-203
Published: April 05, 2016
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2016
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe investigated the variation in soybean yield with the year and region in the Tohoku district for 16 years from 1993 to 2008, and analyzed the relationship between the yield variation and meteorological factors in each region. For analysis, we employed five meteorological factors: precipitation, daily mean temperature, daily maximum temperature, daily minimum temperature and the duration of sunshine. We selected 41 municipalities where soybean acreage exceeded 100 ha per municipality. Investigation of yearly variation of soybean average yield in each prefecture revealed that the yield level was higher in prefectures facing the Sea of Japan than in those facing the Pacific Ocean, and that it was higher in southern regions in the former prefectures but in the northern regions in the latter prefectures. Yearly variation of the average yield per prefecture was positively correlated in Aomori, Iwate, Akita and Yamagata prefectures, while that in Miyagi and Fukushima was correlated only with the adjacent northern and southern prefectures. Analysis of the relationship between yearly yield variation and meteorological factors in individual municipalities indicated that meteorological factors in July significantly correlated with the yields in many cases, and that the relative contribution of the major meteorological factors (precipitation, temperature and the duration of sunshine) to the yield variation varied with the municipality.View full abstractDownload PDF (1025K) -
Katsuyuki Katayama, Hidefumi Saito, Tomoki Takahashi2016 Volume 85 Issue 2 Pages 204-210
Published: April 05, 2016
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2016
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe adapted the narrow-row culture by inter-row strip tillage with a chisel plough (NCISTCP), which can alleviate dry and wet injuries, to the upland field converted from paddy field, and investigated the growth and yield of soybean cv.‘Ryuho’ planted at two densities, namely normal and sparse planting, and also the amount of weed emergence in the middle of June in 2012 and 2013 in Daisen, Akita prefecture. Regardless of planting density, the rate of stand establishment was significantly high and weed emergence was low, but the extent of lodging was high in NCISTCP compared with those in wide-row culture by conventional tillage (WCCT). Seed yield in NCISTCP irrespective of planting density was similar to that in WCCT with normal planting (conventional culture). In NCISTCP with sparse planting the pod number m-2 was increased up to almost the same number as that in conventional culture due to narrow-row, and the yield was increased. These results inferred that inter-row strip tillage with a chisel plough was well adapted to narrow-row culture, that the labor for intertillage and ridging can be saved, and 24% reduction of seeds may be possible by NCISTCP with sparse planting compared with the conventional culture.View full abstractDownload PDF (975K) -
Shigeto Fujimura, Tetsuya Eguchi, Hisaya Matsunami, Takeshi Ota, Toshi ...2016 Volume 85 Issue 2 Pages 211-217
Published: April 05, 2016
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2016
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPaddy fields contaminated with radionuclides released from the Tokyo Electric Power Company's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant were decontaminated between 2012 and 2014 by removal or cleaning of the surface layer of soil. The effects of application of potassium fertilizer and soil amendment (zeolite) on the radiocesium concentration in brown rice, rice growth and grain yield of rice grown in these paddy fields were examined. The concentrations of radiocesium in soil and brown rice were decreased by the decontamination, but the ratio of decrease differed with the fields. Transfer factors (TF) from soil to brown rice (ratio of radiocesium concentration in brown rice to that in the soil) were related to the exchangeable potassium (Ex-K) concentration in the collected soil at harvest, excluding the irregular data. This relationship in decontaminated plots was not distinguishable from that in non-decontaminated plots. This suggested that the field management maintaining a high Ex-K concentration in soil should be applied to inhibit the uptake of radiocesium by rice in decontaminated paddy fields as well as in non-decontaminated paddy fields. The application of zeolite increased the Ex-K concentration in soil and this effect was observed even in the following season. Available nitrogen concentration in soil was decreased by the decontamination and the negative relationship was observed between the available nitrogen concentration and grain yield. This suggested that additional nitrogen fertilizer should be applied to the paddy field when the available nitrogen concentration was decreased by decontamination.View full abstractDownload PDF (1085K) -
IV. Varietal Difference in the Effect of Tillering Time on Ear Formation and YieldHideharu Araki2016 Volume 85 Issue 2 Pages 218-222
Published: April 05, 2016
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2016
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe number of tillers appearing before snow determine the ratio of effective tillers and yield in winter wheat in Hokkaido. This study investigated the varietal difference in the effect of tillering time on ear formation and yield using ”Kitahonami”, ”Yumechikara” and ”Kitami91”, which are winter wheat varieties in Hokkaido. In the tillers with more than two leaves just before snow (robust stems before wintering,RS), the ratio of effective tillers was 91% in Kitahonami, 81% in Yumechikara, and 76% in Kitami91. In the tillers that appeared in spring after the snow melted, ears were not formed in these three varieties. We investigated the stem length and the ear length of effective tillers in the three varieties, RS with effective tillers had longer stems and ears than the other stems. At harvest, grain weight per ear, grain number per panicle and 1000-grains weight on RS were significantly greater than on the other stems. We concluded that tillers appeared in spring do not form ears, and only the tillers that appeared before winter would determine the number of ears per plant and grains per ear, and thus the yield of winter wheat in Hokkaido.View full abstractDownload PDF (804K)
Information
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, , , , Stella Owusu Nketia,2016 Volume 85 Issue 2 Pages 223-225
Published: April 05, 2016
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2016
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (686K)
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