A review of the papers and patents on the removal of organic sulphur compounds from gases published in the foreign publications during the period from 1942 to 1954 is given with references taken from the Chem.Abstr.

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In order to increase heat efficiency of coal as much as possible, the author applied some scientific treatments with it.Coal is carbonized through some vertical continuous retort, thus to obtain tar and gas at low and high temperatures respectively.Further it is aimed to recover materials for coal chemical industry and consequent residual solid fuels such as combustible coke for blast-furnace use, charcoal substitute for reconstructing our forests, smokeless fuel for preventing smoke nuisances etc.The author describes the establishment of the highest scientific utilization of our coat resources.

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Podbielniak Multi-Stage Counter-Current Centrifugal Extractor, its principle of operation, construction are explained.Applications in the petroleum refining processes are discussed, by presenting some cooperative development projects between the Podbielniak Inc.and Oil Refiners.One is the first Installation of this Contactor in the Furfural Extraction Plant of the Sun Oil Co., at Marcus Hook, Pa.Another case is the installation of a Podbielniak Petrozon (Capacity 200 gallons per minute) Contactor at the Deep Rock Oil Corp., Cushing, Oklahoma for the phenol extraction of lubricating oils.In these applica-tions, it is explained an exhaustive program of pilot plant tests on a laboratory model Podbielniak Contactor called PUP had been carried out, by which it was proved that this mechanical contactor could duplicate all results from the conventional counter-current packed tower with certain important advantages.

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The spermaceti, being composed of cetyl palmitate, has been known to be the most suitable raw material for the manufacture of cetane, however it failed to yield satisfactory quantity of normal cetane because of its susceptibility to side chain reactions, due to long straight chain, when reducing it by high pressure hydrogen in the presence of molybdenum trisulphide as catalyser.
For these reasons, attempts were made to examine the optimum reaction conditions by employing the pure methyl palmitate extracted from Japan wax for manufacturing of cetane.This process has been proved to produce a satisfactory quantity of normal cetane.
This normal cetane compares favourably with that which is manufactured by Du Pont and has been the first to be manufactured successfully as reference fuel for determining the diesel fuel cetane number in an industrial scale in this country.
In addition to the above, a study to ascertain the inter-relations among the number of carbon atoms, aniline point and cetane number as well as the reactionary mechanisms producing the cetane from methyl palmitate was carried out.

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Among the successive stages of coalification, no definite demarcation is laid down betweeri the two adjoinirfg ones, being changed gradually each other in physical and chemical compositions.Nevertheless the composition of the changes sometimes, appear as an abrupt change in the porperties of coal, such as coking or non-coking.The cause of this fact is to be searched in the molecular state of coals of these successive series.
Coal consists of two dimensional layers of the carbon hexagonal network to which various kinds of side chains are attached.The dimension of the network is larger in the high rank coal than in the low.A difference by the rank of coal is also found among the chains, and -COOH, -OH and -CO groups are only rarely recognized in the fraction of humus.In the part consisting of sided chains, the molecular arrangement is conside-rablyrandom, and water and gas are adsorbed in free spaces among the molecules.As the dimension of the disordered part becomes larger, the rank of coal decreases.The amount of the disordered or non-crystal part in coal is naturally corresponding to its content of volatile matter in chemical analyses.On the other hand, the hexagonal network grown up to a considerable dimension, i.e.the crystal part is equivalent to the fraction of the fixed carbon, being stable on heating.
As polymers consist of various kinds of molecules, the bonds of which are different from each other in time of relaxation, an abrupt change in phase does not occur on heating, but transitional changes in phase forming broad transformation interval are commonly recognized.Coal is not the exception.The microbrownian movement becomes strong with the elevation of temperature until the thermal decomposition occurs.The softening of coal is obtained in a condition that is a little preceding the thermal decompo-sition of micromolecules, because the bonds are relaxed at such a high temperature.When the decomposition of micromolecules has occurred, cavities are made at the position of, the decomposed molecules and the other molecules flow along the cavities.The fluidity of coal is then recognized microscopically.
In the low rank coals provided with micromolecules of strongly polarized groups, bonds are not relaxed until the thermal decopmosition occurs.Softening and melting have not been found in such kind of coals.It is certain that anthracite, which is provided with none of the micromolecules unstable below 500°C, does not show such a thermal property as recognized in the bituminous coal.
Above all, the variation in composition of coals of various ranks is detected by the relative, amounts of the crystal and non-crystal parts and by the minor difference in chemical composition of the latter part.

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