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Volume 62, Issue 5
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[in Japanese]1983 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 303
Published: May 20, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (220K) -
Raw Material for either Chemicals or EnergyShichiro NOJIRI1983 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 304-309
Published: May 20, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMethanol is chemically presented by its molecular formula “CH3OH”, which coincides with a little modified formula of methane's “CH4”, one of its four hydrogen atoms is somewhat oxidized to hydroxy-group, i.e. partially burned by oxygen or air. On measuring its “Heating Value” per 1kg., methane has 13, 300kcal but methanol does 5, 400kcal, less than half of methane's.
In the world wide fuel market where the heating value of the certain fuel should be appreciated at the first priority, methanol has not always been recognized as important accordingly, compared not only with methane, but also with other kinds of hydrocarbon derived from petroleum.
In the chemical industrial fields, however, methanol has continuously been one of the most important basic and bulk chemicals as the raw material for formaldehyde, acetic acid, methyl amines and so on, since the year 1923 when methanol was first manufactured through the high pressure synthetic technology by the former german BASF. Moreover methanol can be easily dissociated, in reverse to synthesis, under rather mild conditions and results in giving the so-called synthesis gas composing purely of carbon monoxyde and hydrogen and containing none of impurity.
CH3OH→←CO+2H2
Therefore methanol has a specially significant meaning for Japan, where hydrocarbon resourses are extremely limited and her 100% naphtha based petrochemical industry is just nearing to be ruined if some governmental rescue fails, because methanol can furnish the very raw material for the so-called Ci-chemical industry in Japan, which could be thought likely to be a powerful savior for her vulnerable petrochemical industry among the concerns.
Thus in Japan through this decade 1980s methanol shall be entirely used as important raw material for all organic chemicals over, but after a certain novel technology of high efficiency for methanol synthesis, for instance Chem System's slurry process, would be completely materialized, methanol would become as cheap as the petroleum derived hydrocarbon even on the btu-basis, then a lot of methanol shall be consumed not only as a chemical raw material but also as clean and efficient fuel for both transportation and power generation by the year 1990.View full abstractDownload PDF (817K) -
Kiyoshi SAITO, Mizuo TANAKA, Nobuyuki MURAOKA1983 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 310-317
Published: May 20, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHigh temperature combustion method of sulphur in fuel has been studied.
Using improved JIS method, heavy oil and gasoline could be burned within 15 minutes without explosion.
Sulphur in coal, coke, heavy oil and gasoline could be analysed using same apparatus and analytical precision is high, furthermore there is no bias for certified value of standard samples.
And also combustible sulphur in coal could be analysed by this method.
Improved method is based on next procedure, that is, silica tube keeps the boat within is inserted into porcelain combustion tube passing oxygen gas continuously and a gap of both tubes is sealed.
And heating temperature for boat is changed depend upon kind of sample and helium gas is introduced through silica tube for five minutes and carring volatile matter into burning zone of 900°C in porcelain tube, then the boat is moved to 900°C zone and helium gas is exchanged to oxygen gas and thus combustion is completed.
Gas produced by combustion is introduced into the absorption bottle after passing the 1350°C zone.
Then sulphuric acid in the solution is determined by alkalimetry.View full abstractDownload PDF (1003K) -
Masakazu YAMAZAKI, Masaaki OHYA1983 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 318-326
Published: May 20, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFor the measurement of fluctuating temperature in turbulent flame, a technique compensating the first-order lag resulting from the thermal inertia of the thermocouple is usually applied. However, in the regimes characterized by large fluctuations in temperature and velocity which lead to significant variations in heat transfer and hence in its time-constant, the former method employing averaged time-constant (mean time-const. method) can then leads to signal distortion and departure from the true gas temperature. To eliminate this defect, new technique (dual ther-mocouple method) is developed. In this technique, temperature signals (T1, T2) from two fine wire thermocouples with different diameters (d1, d2) arranged with short distance are detected and the gas temperature (Tg) is obtained from an operation of following equation.
Measurements made in a propane turbulent free jet flame by dual thermocouple method and mean time-const. method are compared and discussed. Time averaged mean temperatures are almost equal in both method, however, particularly in the zone in which vigorous combustion reaction occurs and marked spatial temperature gradient exists, significant differences are observed in RMS temperature fluctuations and probability density functions.View full abstractDownload PDF (1072K) -
Takashi SAIKA, Koji KOREMATSU1983 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 327-334
Published: May 20, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUnburned hydrocarbons remaining in a wall quenching layer have been proposed as a major source of hydrocarbon emissions in spark-ignited internal combustion engines. Although quenching layer thickness can be measured by an optical method, this method cannot usually apply to the combustion chambers of spark-ignited engines where flame propagation is very complex. Therefore quenching layer thickness have been often calculated by the data of quenching distances measured by quenching disks or residual gas analysis.
In this paper, the direct measurement system of quenching layer thickness by a thermocouple is described. In consequence, it is found that this method is valid to measure directly quenching layer thickness, because the tendency of the data in this experiment agrees well with that of the quenching distances. A quenching layer is separated into two parts. One is a perfect unreaction layer and the other is a partial reaction layer. The perfect unreaction layer thickness which dominates hydrocarbon emissions is about one-fifth of the quenching layer thickness. Hydrocarbon emissions in spark-ignited internal combustion engines can be estimated by this measurement system.View full abstractDownload PDF (834K) -
Shigeaki KASAOKA, Yusaku SAKATA, Chuliang TONG1983 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 335-348
Published: May 20, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (1998K) -
Tomoyuki INUI, Yoshiaki MIYAMOTO, Yoshinobu TAKEGAMI1983 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 349-355
Published: May 20, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn relation to the development of Ci chemistry, production of high purity hydrogen has been important. The objective of this study is complete removal of a small amount of oxygen in hydrogen by using three-component composite catalysts. Using heat-resistant Fiberfrax formed in a plate-shape as support, the catalysts were prepared by the two-step impregnation method. The catalyst was composed of Ni or Co, a small amount of a rare earth oxide and a platinum group metal. O2 conversion efficiency depended upon mainly the catalyst composition. Using the best catalyst (Ni-Ce2O3-Pt.), hydrogen combustion occurred at room temperature and 1. 3% O2 in H2 was perfectly eliminated even with a gas hourly space velocity of 410, 000. 3. 4% O2 was perfectly eliminated by this catalyst at a SV of 50, 000 hr-1, With low efficient catalysts, complete conversion of O2 was achieved by heating the reaction gas or increasing in the catalyst volume. On the basis of the comparison among the activities of three-, two-, and mono-component catalysts, the synergistic effect in the three-component catalyst was confirmed.View full abstractDownload PDF (830K) -
Kenichi KIKUCHI, Akio SUZUKI, Tetsuro MOCHIZUKI, Shuji ENDO, Eiji IMAI ...1983 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 356-364
Published: May 20, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNippon Kokan K. K. is developing a new coal gasification process for high coal conversion with low oxygen consumption. The process is primarily composed of a spouted bed coal gasifier and a recycled fine char gasifier. Mixtures of oxygen and steam are used to gasify both coal and char fines. Gases from the char fines gasifier flow upward through a throat of the spouted bed to fluidize coal particles. It is necessary to discharge the accumulated ashes in the gasifier. A part of ashes are agglomerated and dropped through the throat. Other part are fused as slags and withdrawn from the char gasifier.
At the first 'step of the study, a spouted bed gasifier has been operated for 100kg /hr of coal feed with Australian coal Hoskisson. The agglomerated ashes were suc- cessfully separated from the spouted bed of coal particles under the conditions where the bed temperature was higher than 1050°C and the steam/O2 mol ratio of injecting gas was less than 2.0. Char fines elutriated from the spouted bed gasifier were stored for gasification tests at the 2nd stage of the study. Tests of the integrated processwill be conducted at 3rd step of the study.View full abstractDownload PDF (1157K) -
Takanobu KAWAI, Shoichi IKEJIMA, Kunio ESUMI, Kenjiro MEGURO, Hidemasa ...1983 Volume 62 Issue 5 Pages 365-368
Published: May 20, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOne bituminous, two sub-bituminous, and two brown coals were combined with various mixing ratios each other. To elucidate an effect of coal mixture on liquefaction, direct liquefactions of these coal mixtures were carried out by using 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroquinoline (THQ) as a hydrogen donor vehicle at 400°C, autogenous in tubing-bomb reactor.
Between mixing ratios and conversion to benzene soluble matter, an additive property came into existence when the residence time was 10 minutes. Particularly, in any case of the mixture made of only sub-bituminous and/or brown coals, the conversionwas about 80% constantly.View full abstractDownload PDF (368K)
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