Several kinds of processes for increasing the calorific value of town gas supply have been adopted at many town gas companies.the gas appliances must be adjusted except when calorie-upped gas exists in the same interchangeable area of Delb- ourg's chart.
In case when the supply gas is converted from manufactured gas to natural gas, the gas distribution area must be divided into small divisions, where the adjustment must be made within one or two days.In other cases, the distribution area need not be divided, but the pressure of supply gas must be raised to some degree, or the gas of medium calorific value betweem new and old ones during adjustment.This is taken for preven-ting the decrease of heat input from the adjustment of the nozzle and also for safe combustion of gas.
This report outlines the aim and import of the calorie up of supply gas to be enforced from October this year at our Company, gas interchangeability, examoles of some calorie up processes, alternation of input and adjustment of the gas appliances.

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Dry desulfurization process has widely been applied at the town gas industry and others using gas as raw material.Recently in order to keep the process continuous and compact, tablet desulfurization agent has been adopted other than powdered one.At Toyosu Works of Tokyo Gas Co., the desulfurization process using tablet agent was newly installed to treat producer gas, its capacity being 1.6 million m³ at ordinary, 2.4 million m³ at peak load.The plant has been in good operation since last november.This paper describes the general view of the dry desulfurization process by use of tablet desulfurization agent and the design, of the plant and its operational experience.

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The lateral change of thickness of coal seams and splittng of them is due to differential subsidence of basin where accumulation of vegetal substances took place.Three depositional facies of coal seams are observed, namely marginal (or inner) facies, intermediate (or peat forming) facies.and submergence (or outer) facies.In the second faciess, coal formation are most suitable to be rich in quality and in thickness.Cyclothemic feature of sedimentation is predominantly seen in the said zone.The above-mentioned relation can be well proved in the Sorachi district.
The concentration of various macerals in the moor is influenced by the depth and the nature of water prevailing therein and also controlled by the rate of subsidence of the area.But the assemblage of macerals i.e.microlithotype is influenced by the mov-ement of water and air.In the submergence zone of the Sorachi district, coal seams are rich in coaly shale, shale and vitrite and poor in exinite.The washability of coal is generally low.On the contrary, in the inner part of the intermediate zone bordering on the marginal zone, coal seams are rich in exinite durite which is peculiar to the Japanese tertiary coals.An abundance of exinite and sclerotinite is also the characteristic of the coal seams of this zone.
Generally speaking, the fusion temperature of coal ashes is high in the submergence zone and relatively low in the intermediate zone.
High proportion of the sulphur content in coal seams in the northern area is supposed to be owing to the marine invasion after the deposition of these coal seams.
In the southern area of the Sorachi district, the rank of coal is low and in the northern area high.Transition of the rank between both area occurs gradually.But this tendency is disturbed by the Sorachi fault.Judging from the repetation of rise and fall of coal rank by the fault, the coalification process had been almost finished presumably before the fault formation took place.It is also interesting to observe that three high rank zones and two low rank zones are arranged alternatively in the northern part of the district.

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The writer has made a study of the relations between the ultimate analytical values of coals and their calorific values.The most distinctive feature of this study is that every analytical value is shown with its atomic ratio to the 100 atoms of carbons, and that every calorific valuea lso is shown with “kcal” correspond-ing to the same numbers of carbon atom.For, this method makes it possible to examine the relations between the analytical and calorific values in connection with the structure of coal, while, as Gumuz et al said recently, equations using ultimate analytical values as shown with wt% prevent us from pursuing such comprehensive research.
The results obtained from this study are roughly as follows;
(1) Reduction of oxygen and hydrogen contents may be considered as separate reactions in the part of coal which contains relatively much oxygen, but they are proved to be inseparable in the higher rank coals by regression analysis.
(2) Accordingly, after a certain stage of coal rank, the negative coefficients of oxygen in a regression formulas of calorific values decrease to zero as oxygen content becomes less and then in many sorts of coal they take a positive number in higher rank coals.The coefficients of hydrogen, which are subject to the influence of that of oxygen, become minimam at a certain stage of coal rank (which are vari- able according to the sort of Coal Series), and increase again with the further advancement of coalification.The reason of this re-ascention of the each coefficient is that the changeable amount of oxygen in these higher rank coals is extremely small as compared with that of hydrogen.
(3) Through the studies of some chemical models, he makes a formula (ii) bet-ween the ultimate analytical values of coals and their calorific values.The estima-tion with the formula proves better agreement than previous any formula of the same kind.
note for (ii) formula:
[Q] -kcal per a mass of coal contained of 100g atom C
[H], [O], [N] and [S] -atomicratios of H, 0, N and ignitiable S per 100 atom C, respectively.
suffix is the content numbers of [H] or [O] in the coal.
example:
Calorific value (as kcal) of the coal contained of [H] =70, [0] =8.5, [N] =1.5
and [S] =1.0-36×60+33 (70-60)-35×7-42 (8.5-7.0) +20×1.5+80×1.0+9420=11712
(4) The simple formula (i) is able to substitute the above one in the region of bituminous coal only, without the downs of its accuracy.
(5) Above both formulas should not be use for Australian Diassic coals, a part of Mainland Chinese coals and so on.By the being of the special Coal Series, he conclude that the reactions in coalification are variable according to the sort of Coal Series.

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Ethylene was hydroformylated in the presences of cobalt naphthenate as catalyst and of Pd-zeolite as promoter.The reaction proceeded even at 90°C by the co-presence of Pd-zeolite which served to increase the reaction velocity.The composition of aldehydes bore no relations to the reaction temperature, but the yields of higher boiling fractions were decreased by lower reaction temperatures.

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