Recently in Europe, the surplus of Light Petroleum Distillate has promoted its utilzation as a major raw material for Gas production, which, incidentally, made various new Gasification processes developed.
In May, 1965, the authors had the priviledge of attending the 102nd General Meeting of the Institution of Gas Engineers held at Solihull, England. After the meeting the authors had an opportiunity of investigating the aspects on development of Gasification Processes in Europe for a month.
This paper describes the development Process and the outlined feature of various processes which performed or are in developing stage, entitled “Trends for Gosification of light petroleum distillate in Europe, ” besides what Gasification process should be relating to the changing Situation of feedstocks in Europe in future on the basis of the information obtained through the observation.

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Generally, the combustion equipment is indispensable for industrial furnaces, boilers, etc. and is one of the important factor for its designing and operating. On this report, the author described particulary the practical features on burner of latest pipestill heaters.
Chapter I describes pipestill heater and the change in burner trends.
Chapter II describes fuels and combustion mechanisms.
Chapter III describes actual types of burmers.
Chapter IV describes some problems on burners.
Chapter V describes conclusion.

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Necessity of Coal Science Research
Coal has had a great motive force for the progress of industry and a great contribution for the welfare of men up to now. It is said recently that the coal mining industry is going down by the exploitation of petroleum or natural gas and the development of atomic power. In Japan, however, coal is outputted about 50 million tons per annum and has a fairly large ratio in the total energy consumption even now. In the past, the utilization of coal was possible in a sense without the knowledge in the constitution or the properties of coal. In future, however, the development of coal chemical industry and of a new coal utilization will be impossible without the coal science research. The geological deposit period, the constitution and the properties of Japanese coal are different from those of foreign coals. It is necessary to find a new technique of coal utilization fitted in the characteristics of Japanese coal. Therefore, the coal science research for Japanese coal has to be established by using the all-round physical and chemical methods.
Significance of Cooperative Research for Coal Science
It is necessary to use the all kind analytical machineries for the coal science research. The price of these machineries is rather expensive. It is rattier difficult to have and equip the all new machineries in a laboratory. It is desirable, therefore, to do the cooperative research for coal science by using the particular machineries or methods of each laboratory. The constitution and properties of coal are very complex and are different in rank, field, seam, position, maceral, and so on. Therefore, it is necessary to use the same sample prepared and stored carefully in the cooperative research for coal science. The possibility of putting together the knowledge for coal science of respective specialist in each laboratory is an important advantage of cooperative research.
An Attempt for Cooperation in Coal Science Research
At present, the main utilization of coal is the manufacture of coke, except the utilization as a source of energy. The constitution and properties of char, activated carbon, smokeless fuel, coke and artificial graphite is very affected by those of original coal and the method of heat treatment. There is no strongly coking coal in Japan. It is requested to establish the manufacturing method of blast furnace coke from Japanese coal only. For this request it is important to clarify the change of physical and chemical properties in coal with heat treatment. Consequently, the cooperative research for chemical structure and properties of heat treated coal in the early stage of carbonization is now planning under the cooperation of Resources Research Institute, Waseda University and Coal Mining Research Centre.

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DTA of three deashed coals ranged from 74.6% to 85.6% C on the d.a.f. basis were studied under normal or reduced pressure up to 550°C, at the rate of 5°C/min.
An endothermic change up to about 150°C at normal pressure was ascribed to the evaporation of water, but this endothermic change varied by packing method of sample into cell.
The desorption of moisture occurred considerably below 100°c, and terminated at about 150°C.
In the case of DTA up to 550°C at reduced pressure (2mmHg), coal was mixed with quartz glass powder at various ratio and this mixture was packed into cell at the state of sandwich by quartz glass powder in order that thermal diffusibility of sample might be similar to that of reference (quartz glass powder).
The DTA of these samples indicated endothermic character, occurring endothermic peak between 400° and 500°C without fine structure, and endothermic peak shifted to higher temperature with increasing rank.
A prime cause of this endothermic change seemed to be volatilization of volatile matter and predominant decomposition of coal was considered at the neighbouring peak temperature.
The impossibility of quantitative estimation of heat change from DTA of coal showed that the utilization of DTA in the research of coal pyrolysis was rather limited.

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The eleven Japanese coals over the range from lignite to authracite and five foreign caking or coking coals were elected as coal samples. The coal specimen was pulverized to pass through a 28 and stand on a 60 Tyler mesh sieve. The bright coal of specific gravity less than 1.30, was isolated by the float-and-sink method using mixture of benzene and carbontetrachloride. The petrographic, proximate and ultimate analyses of bright coal were done. Japanese coal has a little inertinite, many exinite, and many mineral. The basic material of durite in Japanese coal is degradinite and that in foreign coal is inertinite. The value of H/C in Japanese coal is larger than that in foreign coal over the range from about C 70% to about C 90%. The moisture content of Japanese coal is smaller below about C 88% and is larger above about C 90% than that of foreign coal. The volatile matter content of Japanese coal is larger than that of foreign coal below about C 88%. The calorific value of Japanese coal shows a maximum at C 85-86% and that of foreign coal shows a maximum at about C 90%. The aromaticity, f_α, increases suddenly above about C 85% in Japanese coal and above about C 90% in foreign coal. The aromaticity of Japanese coal is smaller than that of foreign coal below about C 90%.

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