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Volume 60, Issue 12
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[in Japanese]1981 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 951
Published: December 20, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (247K) -
Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Process SystemMasaru ISHIDA, Naonori NISHIDA1981 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 952-959
Published: December 20, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe Concept of enthalpy, heat, entropy, free energy, and exergy is explained and the thermodynamics for a substance, a process, and a process system is summarized to be effectively applied to energy analyses of process systems.Especially, new diagrams called thermodynamic compass and SPEED (Structured;Process Energy-Exergy-flow Diagram) are introduced.The former is used to represent thermodynamic characteristics of a process as a vector, and the latter to disclose the hierarchy structure of a process system.By these new tools, the energy and exergy analysis of a process system can be performed following to a simple algorithm.View full abstractDownload PDF (1144K) -
Ryoichi YOSHIDA1981 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 960-967
Published: December 20, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAsphaltene is an intermediate product in coal hydroliquefaction.The properties of asphaltene exert a considerable influence on the various aspects of the primary coal hydroliquefaction products and on the reactivity of the primary product in further processing.In Part I the definition of asphaltene and methods for its separation are reviewed.In the two subsequent parts, the chemical structure and the reactivity of asphaltene will be reviewed.View full abstractDownload PDF (915K) -
Fractionation of n-hexane Soluble Portion from Methylated Product by Gel Permeation ChromatographyTsutomu KATO, Takayuki HARAMIISHI, Kiyoto WADA, Tsuyoshi YAMASHITA, Hi ...1981 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 968-975
Published: December 20, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this work is to obtain additional information about molecular structure and solubilization of coal.Two reductive methylation products, one Yubari and the other Taiheiyo, were highly soluble in benzene, and contained n-hexane soluble portion (about 25%)
These n-hexane soluble portions were fractionated by the preparative GPC procedure into six fractions raccording to their molecular size, respectively.The GPC fractions obtained were examined by nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy.Fraction mean molecular weights and elementary composition were also measured.
From the results of the structural analyses of the fractions, average molecular stru-ctures of fractions showed the gradually decreasing tendency of the numbers of condensed rings and the degree of substitution, and then also the shortening tendency of aliphatic side chains with the increase of fraction number.Structural unit weight of these fractions ranged from 124 to 315 for Yubari, and from 121 to 208 for Taiheiyo. These observa-tions were in agreement with results of petroleum ether soluble portion from original Akabi-ra coal.
It has been revealed for Akabira coal that structural unit itself of each fraction which had average molecular weight less than 400, formed one molecule, but as for Yubari and Taiheiyo coals, each fraction molecule less than 400 (Fr.no.4 to 6) consisted of appro-ximately dimer of structural unit.Average molecular weights of n-hexane soluble portions prepared from Yubari and Taiheiyo coals by reductive methylation were similar to those of the oils by hydrogenation using red mud catalyst, nevertheless n-hexane soluble portions from Yubari and Taiheiyo coals had smaller structural units and more high polymerization degree than the oils.
Moreover differences in chemical structure between two n-hexane soluble portions were discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1079K) -
Reiji FUKAZAWA, Kiyoshi MASHIMO, Tohru WAINAI1981 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 976-982
Published: December 20, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe structural analyses of pyridine extracts of Australian Moura Coal and Chinese Tatung Coal were carried out from the quantitative 13C-, 1H-NMR and IR spectra.Each pyridine extract was separated into two fractions of petroleum ether soluble part (γ1), and petroleum insoluble and chloroform soluble part (γ2).Each of fractions γ1 was further fractionated into four fractions (Fr.γ1-A to γ1-D) by column chromatography of alumina.
Both Fr.γ1-A were found to be composed of unbranched C18-C34 alkanes by gas chromatography.From the average molecular structure parameters, it may be concluded that Fr.γ1-B to γ1-D in both coals consist of aromatic systems with diaromatics to tet-raaromatics (pyrenes), fractions Ti of Tatung and Moura coals have hydroaromatic structures consisting of di-and triaromatics, and three mono-and one diaromatics with heterocyclic systems, respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (996K) -
Yasuo OHTSUKA, Nobuyuki IWAI, Akira TOMITA, Yasukatsu TAMAI1981 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 983-986
Published: December 20, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 23, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPrevious works showed that liquid ammonia treatment of coal formed cracks on the surface and pulverized the particle. However, it is vague whether the ammonia treated coal is chemically modified or not.In order to clarify this point, we treated fine coal powders with liquid ammonia, in place of coarse coal particles used in the previous works.We used Shin-Yubari, Taiheiyo, and Yallourn coal.No significant chemical modification was observed for.Shin-Yubari coal.For other two coals with lower rank, the ammonia treatment increased the nitrogen content in coal and decreased the content of oxygen-containing functional groups.The infrared spectrum of Yallourn coal showed that, by the treatment, the intensity of the carbonyl absorption decreased and the absorption band assigned to amide group newly appeared.The ammonia treatment decreased the wettability of Taiheiyo and Yallourn coal by water.It is evident from these results that, for Taiheiyo and Yallourn coal, the oxygen-containing groups react with ammonia to form nitrogen-containing groups and thus the ammonia-treated coal is chemically modified.View full abstractDownload PDF (619K) -
Masato SHIMOMURA, Eiichiro MAKINO, Yuzo SANADA1981 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 987-993
Published: December 20, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 23, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe treatment of coal with 1-decene has been carried out in the pre-sence of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid at 150°C under atmospheric pressure.A considerable portion of the organic material in coal was converted into pyridine-soluble product at an extremely early stage of the reaction.Subbituminous coals having 75-80% of carbon con-tent show a maximum solubility in the case of the treatment for 120 min.
Chemical structure of the solubilized product was analyzed by using 1H-NMR spectroscopy on the basis of Brown-Ladner method.Furthermore, the treatment of pyridine-extract from parent coal was also carried out under the same condition as the treatment of the parent coal, and structural change in the coal extract was investigated.
It was confirmed from the structural analysis that alkyl groups were introduced into coal by the treatment.Increased solubility of the treated coal was attributed to the role of these alkyl groups to weaken cohesive force in coal.The alkylation mechanism that long alkyl groups were introduced initially and then rearranged into many short alkyl groups was proposed according to the analytical data.Elucidation of structural change in coal extract by the treatment allowed the consideration that some cross-linking reactions, which are regarded to decrease solubility of coal, occurred competing with the alkylation reaction.View full abstractDownload PDF (1052K) -
Conversion of Coal to AsphalteneTsuyoshi SAKAKI, Yoshio ADACHI, Masao SHIBATA, Seiji ARITA, Hitoo KAKI ...1981 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 994-1000
Published: December 20, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSConversion of coal to asphaltene by solvolysis reaction has been studied using petroleum vacuum residue or hydrogenated solvolysis pitch as solvent.
The fragments formed by thermal decomposition of coal at elevated temperature were stabilized with petroleum vacuum residue through its proton donating ability during solvo-lysis reaction, and coal becomes soluble in petroleum vacuum residue as asphaltene.When a part of Miike coal was heat-treated with two parts of Khafji asphalt under suitable solvolysis conditions (for example 390°C, 30min.), about 38% of coal was converted to asphaltene, oil and gas.On the other hand, using a large amount of asphalt (over 5 times), about 60% of Miike coal was disolved in petroleum vacuum residue by converting to aspha-ltene.
When bituminous coal which is fusible at high temperature was heat treated with a large amount of petroleum vacuum residue, 40-60% of coal was converted to asphaltene, oil and gas.In the case of non-fusible coal, however, the convertion of coal to asphaltene was very low.From these result, it is clear that the ability of petroleum vacuum residue converting coal to asphaltene is not so high.
In order to improve the ability of solvent, hydrogenated solvolysis pitch was used as solvent for solvolysis of coal.When a part of Miike coal was heat-treated with two parts of hydrogenated solvolysis pitch, about 45% of coal was converted to asphaltene, oil and gas.Therefore, it was found that the use of hydrogenated solvent for solvolysis of coal is very effective on the convertion of coal to asphaltene.View full abstractDownload PDF (1056K) -
Combustion Characteristics of Coal-Wood BriquettesShigeki MORIMOTO, Toshihiko MARUYAMA, Yasuhiko ENOMOTO, Tasturo FUZIWA ...1981 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 1001-1007
Published: December 20, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSome combustion properties of coal-Wood briquettes were investigated in relation to the production of domestic fuel.The pulverized coals with different rank and the various powdered woods were used as the raw materials.Coal-wood briquettes were prepared under the pressure of 300kg/cm2 and at 200°C without using other binder material.The combustion tests were carried out using the combustion apparatus simulating the burning condition for domestic appliances.View full abstractDownload PDF (1332K) -
The Sound Pressure Distribution in LiquidChikashi CHIBA1981 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 1008-1016
Published: December 20, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is one of the most influential methods for the resolution of mechanism of atomization in Lthe case of high frequency ultrasonics to obtain the sound pressure in liquid.The sound pressure in liquid was precisely measured with hydrophone.The sound pressure distribution, density wave, instantaneous photoes, and the sound pressure in the swell and etc.were obtained.The sound pressure in the vicinity of center of curvature and the interior of swell are the largest.The cavitation air bubbles in the swell are corroborated and the relation to mechanism of atomization was introduced.View full abstractDownload PDF (2100K)
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