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Volume 69, Issue 12
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
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[in Japanese]1990 Volume 69 Issue 12 Pages 1085
Published: December 20, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (1426K) -
Kenji YAMAJI1990 Volume 69 Issue 12 Pages 1086-1094
Published: December 20, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGlobal warming caused by greenhouse effect proves to be a serious threat to sustainable development of mankind. Since the carbon dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels is a dominant source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, world energy outlook should change significantly to cope with global warming problem. Phased and flexible response strategies are required to manage the underlying scientific uncertainties on the global warming. Along with development of non-fossil energy sources, it is important to promote energy conservation through accelerating the diffusion of efficient energy end-use technologies. Since technical performances differ among countries, international cooperation and technology transfer could provide globally efficient countermeasures to prevent global warming.View full abstractDownload PDF (1363K) -
Akira SANADA1990 Volume 69 Issue 12 Pages 1095-1101
Published: December 20, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe recent trend of the demand and supply of energy in Japan has been reviewed, and its long-term outlook has also been presented.
The recent energy consumption in Japan has been increasing steadily since 1986, which reflects economic activities. Such increment in our energy demands has been supplied only by oil. It does not seem that the supply of the other energy sources can be variable flexibly.
According to a long-term energy outlook by Advisory Committee for Energy expected energy demands in the fiscal years of 2000 and 2010 are 597 and 666 million kl, respectively. To attain this, the increasing rate should be suppressed to 1.8%per year until 2000, and to 1.1% thereafter by means of cogeneration, recycling of resources, and utilization of effluent heat and energies of water resources. Tosuppress the amount of CO2 discharged, considerable amounts of coal and oil should be replaced by natural gas, nuclear power, and new energy sources.View full abstractDownload PDF (976K) -
Kiyoshi MARUI, Akira MIYAMOTO1990 Volume 69 Issue 12 Pages 1102-1112
Published: December 20, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper discusses present energy situations in the Soviet Union and East European countries, and also foresees their future.
Confronted with various issues, such as growing development cost, unreliable transport system, labor problems, environmental pollution, nuclear problems and insufficient conservation efforts, the Soviet energy situations are not good at all. But, as energy plays crucial roles to the Soviet economy, the Soviet energy trends can be the key to its economic restoration, while having massive impacts on the international energy markets.
East European countries, on their part, are falling in economically very difficult situations, not only because they are facing surging energy prices, which results from introduction of the market economy, and nuclear power generation in an impasse due to anti-nuclear moves, etc. but also because they heavily depend on outside sources to cover their energy needs, with low-grade coal as the only exception. They are now helpless against the Soviet oil supply cuts and the urged shift to hard currency deals at market price. To make it worse, skyrocketting oil prices triggered by the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, among others, so severely hit the East European countries that their governments could be toppled. The future of energy reforms in East Europe is very much gloomy.View full abstractDownload PDF (1671K) -
Yutaka NAGATA1990 Volume 69 Issue 12 Pages 1113-1121
Published: December 20, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAccording to the recently published papers, the energy situation in China is presented. The following points must be noticed.
1) Most of the sectoral energy intensities based on physical output in China are lower than those in India. However, the low commodity prices in China and ex-change rate make GDP smaller. This is one of the reasons why the energy in-tensity based on GDP in China is relatively high.
2) The energy conservation in China during the 80's was remarkable: more than 20% of energy was saved. Moreover, the general recognition of the significance of energy conservation and the establishment of an administrative network for it are important.
3) In the long-term energy supply plan, the role of energy conservation is signifi-cant: energy intensity per GDP must be cut to one-fifth its present value to meet the explosively increasing energy demands in the next few decades.View full abstractDownload PDF (1201K) -
1990 Volume 69 Issue 12 Pages 1121
Published: December 20, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (153K) -
Specific Behavior of Various Catalysts in the Hydrogenolysis of a Solvent-Refined LigniteNaoki IKENAGA, Hirokazu ODA, Chikao YOKOKAWA1990 Volume 69 Issue 12 Pages 1122-1129
Published: December 20, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe hydrogenolysis of Solvent-Refined Lignite (SRL) obtained from Morwell coal was conducted in the presence of four kinds of catalysts with tetra-lin or creosote oil as solvent at 693 K. The products were separated into five compo-nents and each of them was analyzed by 1H-NMR. With Adkins' catalyst, hydrogena-tion of aromatic nuclei predominates over cleaving linkages between the structural units. The catalysis of Fe2O3+ S is similar to that of Adkins' catalyst but the former is less active. MoO3-TiO2 is the most powerful catalyst for the hydrogenolysis of SRL among the catalysts employed here and it seems to contribute to cleaving linkages be-tween the structural units. The catalysis of MoS3-Al2O3 is similar to that of MoO3-TiO2 in the presence of solvent. Asphaltenes and Insolubles decrease with reaction time. However, after a certain composition of the products reaches, decom-position of naphthenic structures seems to occur accompanied by its dehydrogenation. It was concluded that the specific behavior of each catalyst for the hydrogenolysis of the SRL agrees with that for the reactions of the model compounds.View full abstractDownload PDF (911K) -
Takatoshi YOSHIDA, Hiroshi OHTA, Kimihiko SUGIMOTO, Katsumi KUWABARA, ...1990 Volume 69 Issue 12 Pages 1130-1138
Published: December 20, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe have determined that Na2O2 solution is very effective as an absorption solution for NOx removal at extremely low concentrations of NOx. In order to attain Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) for NOx by regulating only NOx from stationary and mobile emmission sources the regulation must be very severe.
The regulation will be desirable when, in addition to the emission source regula-tion, one removes NOx only in areas having very high concentrations locally higher than the EQS.
The absorption efficiency of NOx depends on the concentration of both H2O2 and NaOH in the solution.
Concentrations higher than 2g H2O2/l and 8g NaOH 1/l were needed.
We conducted experiments using a small apparatus, which had absorption units with glass fiber cloths set up parallel to the sample gas flow and in which the Na2O2 solution was circulated and sprinkled over the units. The Na2O2 solution containing H2O2 higher than 5g/l abruptly lowered the absorption efficiency when the NaOH concentration became lower than 12g/l NaOH was consumed by reaction with CO2 to form Na2O2 and NaHCO3 and the absorption efficiency gradually decreased. The absorption power significantly by using two units, one for CO2 absorption and the other for NOx.View full abstractDownload PDF (1447K) -
Hiroshi NAGAISHI, Tadasu MATSUO, Takuji NAKAHATA, Hiroaki KONISHI, Hir ...1990 Volume 69 Issue 12 Pages 1139-1145
Published: December 20, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSReaction mechanism, hydrogen transfer and consumption of asphaltene hydrogenation were examined at 723K and 10.1MPa of nitrogen or hyd-rogen with or without solvent and catalyst. The asphaltene was prepared by hyd-rogenating Akabira coal at 723K and 10.1MPa of hydrogen. The oil products, i.e. the hexane solubles, were fractionated by gas chromatography into four oil compo-nents, O1 to O4, having different boiling-point temperature ranges and aromatic ring numbers.
On the basis of the time profiles of the asphaltene conversion and the yields of oil fractions and gas, it was shown that the rate for formation of oil components from the heavier ones was negligibly small so that they could be assumed to be formed indepen-dently each other from asphaltene. Asphaltene was easily hydrogenated to oil compo-nents by tetralin. In the presence of Co-Mo-Al2O3, only the rate for formation of the heaviest oil component, O4, was accelerated by hydrogen transfer from the gas phase. The hydrogen consumption per unit mass of asphaltene was found to increase in prop-ortion to the asphaltene conversion, implying that reactivity of asphaltene was almost invariable during initial stage of hydrogenation.View full abstractDownload PDF (924K) -
Yoshizo SUZUKI, Hiroshi MORITOMI1990 Volume 69 Issue 12 Pages 1146-1151
Published: December 20, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSParametric study was made on emission of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from a bench scale circulating fluidized bed combustor (CFBC) of coal. It was found that significant amount of N2O was emitted from the CFBC. N2O emission levels were dependent on the bed temperature and coal types, and were parti cularly sensitive to former. Under the condition of lower bed temperature and/or low volatile coals, the N2O emission increased. The dependency of N2O emission on the bed temperature and the coal types was opposite to that of NO.The total amount of NO and N2O was rather independent of the operating conditions except for the coal types and became large for low volatile coals.View full abstractDownload PDF (876K) -
Shohei TAKEDA, Kunihiro KITANO, Senji HONMA, Yoneshiro TAZAKI, Midori ...1990 Volume 69 Issue 12 Pages 1152-1159
Published: December 20, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGasification experiments of four different kinds of coal chars by air-steam or air-oxygen-steam mixture gases were carried out in a 1t/d continuous pressurized fluidized-bed gasifier in a range of temperature of 1150 to 1320K and total pressure of 0.6 to 1.9MPa. From observed exit gas composition, gasification characteristics were evaluated in terms of the carbon conversion, carbon and cold gasification efficiencies and the steam conversion as well as the char conversion. The surface area and the demineralized carbon structure of particles discharged through the overflow pipe and collected by the cyclone were analyzed at different char conversion levels and were compared with those reported in our previous paper of batch experiments.
Though all above gasification characteristics depended on the char reactivity, a certain relationship was found between the gasification efficiency, HC, and the carbon conversion, CC. The former increased in proportion to CC and reached about 0.75 at complete carbon gasification, i.e. CC=1, and this result was affected neither by the nature of char nor the gasification temperature. For all chars, gasification was fairly rapid during the initial stage of gasification, giving a rate greater than that of batch steam gasification due to contribution of the char combustion in the former. The rate decreased with the mean residence time of char particles for the char conversions higher than 0.8 to 0.9.
For each char, the surface area depended on the char conversion and its variation was shown to be identical to those observed in our previous batch steam gasification. The (002) peak due to graphite structure was observed to grow in the X-ray diffraction spectra of overflow particles, corresponding well to the decrease of the gasification rate towards completion of gasification.View full abstractDownload PDF (979K) -
[in Japanese]1990 Volume 69 Issue 12 Pages 1160-1168
Published: December 20, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (1336K) -
[in Japanese], [in Japanese]1990 Volume 69 Issue 12 Pages 1171
Published: December 20, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (1576K) -
[in Japanese]1990 Volume 69 Issue 12 Pages 1172
Published: December 20, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (1465K)
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