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Volume 63, Issue 10
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[in Japanese]1984 Volume 63 Issue 10 Pages 817
Published: October 20, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (231K) -
Osamu HIRAO1984 Volume 63 Issue 10 Pages 818-824
Published: October 20, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOne half of the total energy consumed in Japan is used for heating in industry and people's livelihood, etc.
Another one third is used to generate electric power for sell.
And remaining one sixth is used as engine fuel for transportation vehicles, firm equipments, earth moving machines and fishing boats, etc.
Considerable amount of alternative energy resources, such as coal, LNG, uranium, are introduced for heating and generation of selling electric power, under the governmental leadership, since the first oil crisis.
But concerning on energy resource of engine fuel, at present, it is still left behind to depend upon oil entirely.
Naturally it should be vulnerable in case of future oil crises.
Methanol implementation, as an alternative fuel for engines, must be push forward without delay in order to hold the total energy security of Japan.View full abstractDownload PDF (1047K) -
Akio KUSAMA1984 Volume 63 Issue 10 Pages 825-833
Published: October 20, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBesides some historical achievements in the field of gas combustion technology, current topics such as high intensity combustion, thermal NOx reduction, improved heat transfer by luminous gas flames, atmospheric heat treatment, cogeneration and fuel cell are described.
Electronics has been rapidly applied to combustion technology. Effective utilization of lean gas and biochemical methane utilization will be also of great importance in near future.View full abstractDownload PDF (1610K) -
Mitsumasa HIJIRIYAMA, Akira KITAHARA, Seiji NISHIDA1984 Volume 63 Issue 10 Pages 834-842
Published: October 20, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 23, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHeat consumption for carbonization of coking coals is based on sensible heat for coking products and heat of reaction. The heat of reaction is calculated from the difference of heat of combustion between coal and its products. In commercial coke oven, heat for water gas reaction is also necessary to be added to heat consumption because water generated from coal contacts in coke zone during carbonization.
In the present report, the total heat consumption described above (Net-HC) was investigated with 26 coking coals.
The following results were found.
(1) The values of Net-HC were in the range from 280 to 460 kcal/kg of dry coal.
(2) Net-HC is decreased with developing coal rank and can be estimated efficiently from volatile matter, atomic ratio H/C and O/C of coal as described below.
Net-HC (kcal/kg) =22.8 (VM)-548 (H/C) +320 (O/C) +808View full abstractDownload PDF (906K) -
Yasuo MIKI, Yoshikazu SUGIMOTO1984 Volume 63 Issue 10 Pages 843-852
Published: October 20, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSStudies have been carried out to examine the relationship between recycle solvent composition and process performance in two-stage liquefaction with recycle solvent including heavy fraction. The proposed two-stage operation consists of a primary liquefaction using a red-mud catalyst, liquid-solid separation by Soxhlet-Extraction with THE and secondary hydrogenation of THF-soluble oil from primary liquefaction over a Ni-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst. A batch autoclave system has been used.
In the primary liquefaction, 80g (maf) of Taiheiyo-Coal, 100/150g of solvent and 3.5g of red-mud were heated at 450&C for one hour under hydrogen pressure of 150kg/cm2. A part of the product oil was recycled as vehicle for continuous operation after secondary hydrogenation which was carried out at 425/450&C under hydrogen pressure of 250kg/cm2 over a Ni-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst. The starting solvent consisted of 65% of distillate, 32% of oil, 2% of asphaltene and 1% of preasphaltene.
The composition of recycle solvent depended mainly on the temperature of secondary hydrogenation. In the case when the secondary hydrogenation was carried out at 425&C, the concentration of asphaltene and preasphaltene fraction was observed to be in increase in recycle solvent and the conversion decreased with an increase in the number of recycle passes. In the case when the secondary hydrogenation was performed at 450&C, cracking of heavy fractions, especially of preasphaltene fraction, proceeded predominantly and the coal conversion increased.
The content of straight paraffins in the distillate fraction of two-stage liquefaction solvent was rather lower (15%) as compared with that of a single-stage liquefaction solvent (30%), which indicates that heavy fractions in the recycle solvent are easily cracked to distillable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in two-stage liquefaction process.View full abstractDownload PDF (988K) -
Catalytic Activities of Laterite OresToshihiko OKADA, Tatsuo FUKUYAMA, Tohmei TAKEKAWA, Kenji MATSUBARA1984 Volume 63 Issue 10 Pages 853-860
Published: October 20, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCatalytic activities of various iron ores were investigated to develop a high activity catalyst in a direct coal liquefaction. Following results were obtained.
(1) Laterite ores were found to have a high activity in catalysis for the coal liquefaction.
(2) The liquefaction with various iron catalysts suggested that the ratio of Al2O3/Fe2O3, transition metals (Ni, Co, Cr) and surface area of the ore played an importantrole.
(3) In the absence of elementary sulfur, the liquefaction afforded low sulfur products along with high yield.
(4) Comparision of the are with red mud in the hydrocracking of 1-methylnaphthalene showed that the are had higher activities in hydrogenation of aromatic rings and in hydrocracking of alkylaromatics.View full abstractDownload PDF (805K) -
Shigeaki KASAOKA, Yusaku SAKATA, Masaki SHIMADA1984 Volume 63 Issue 10 Pages 861-870
Published: October 20, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAs a fundamental investigation to develop catalytic coal gasification process, the quantitative evaluation was carried out on the catalytic activities of sea water and chemical compounds of Na, Ba, Fe and Ni, which were reported to be promising in many previous papers, added over porous pure carbon prepared by thermal decomposition of copolymer of PVDC (70%) and PVC (30%), and over the five kinds of chars prepared from lignite and sub-bituminous coals.
Another subject was to examine the poisonous tolerance of these catalysts for low level (100-400ppm) H2S and COS, which were generally produced from sulfur compounds in coal matrix, mixed with gasifying agent of H2O (24%)-N2, H2O (24%)-H2 (5-50%)-N2 and CO2 (24%)-N2 mixtures.
Thermogravimetry was applied for the gasification runs at 850°C and 900°C at an atmospheric pressure to give the fractional gasification (f [-])-time (θ [min]) curves; which were available for determination of parameters, a and b, in our modified volume reaction model equation, f=1-exp (-aθb), to calculate the specific rate of gasification k=a (1/b) . b (-1n (1-f)) (b-1) /b, [g/g (daf) ·Emin] and an average rate constant, k=∫10 kdf_??_∫0.990.01kdf_??_k (f=0.5), [1/min] useful as a numerical index of representative reactivity of the f-θ curve.
Principal conclusions were as follows:
1) Porous pure carbon and Taiheiyo coal char catalyzed with Fe and Ni: coexisting of H2S in gasifying agent had almost no effect on the rate of gasification with steam, but it lost the catalytic rate promotion effect on the gasification with steam-hydrogen mixture. The deactivation of catalyst with H2S were reversible, and owed to blocking of the catalytic reaction cycle between metal (Fe, Ni) and metal oxide (Fe1-yO, NiO) by sulfidation of the metal. The deactivation potential of COS was close to that of H2S.
2) Porous pure carbon catalyzed with Ba and pretreated with sea water and NaC1 aq. solution: no significant influence was found on the rate of gasification with steam and steam-hydrogen mixture by coexisting of H2S in the gasifying agent.
3) The rate promotion found in the gasification of coal char catalyzed with Ba with steam-hydrogen mixture depended on the parent coal. The rate depression by coexisting of H2S in this gasification system was also strongly dependent on the parent coal, and seemed to be related with total iron content of the sample char.View full abstractDownload PDF (1393K) -
A Consideration on the Method for Proximate Analysis of CoalsRyoichi YOSHIDA, Makoto MIYAZAWA, Hideo NARITA, Yosuke MAEKAWA1984 Volume 63 Issue 10 Pages 871-876
Published: October 20, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSReaction characteristics in liquefaction of Japanese and foreign coals are studying as part of the study program of coal liquefaction at Government Industrial Development Laboratory, Hokkaido. The volatile matter of these coals was determined by the method based on JIS M 8812 as one of their basic properties, and many of lower rank coals produced from Australia, Canada and China showed the so-called sparking phenomena and it necessitated pretreatment.
The method of proximate analysis by using thermogravimetry (TG method) was examined in the present paper. Selecting the suitable conditions set up in the present work, the TG method was found to be applicable to a wide range of coals of brown coals and lignites to bituminous coals without showing sparking phenomena. Moreover, the TG method allowed for rapid measurement, simple operation, analysis using a small amount of sample and the direct determination of fixed carbon.View full abstractDownload PDF (700K) -
Atsushi INABA, Keiji MIKI, Yoshiki SATO, Toshio YAMAKAWA1984 Volume 63 Issue 10 Pages 877-881
Published: October 20, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGenerally, liquefaction rate of coal is expressed as a function of insoluble matter in organic solvent. On this report, disappearing rate of each insoluble matter in hexane, benzene and pyridine, which had been observed in liquefaction of Taiheiyo-coal in a tubular reactor without catalyst, were analyzed by taking account of temperature distribution of the reactor.
The caluculation, assuming that some part of coal was liquefied more rapidly at the inlet of the reactor, and that the disappearing rate of insoluble matter was first order with respect to it, gave a good agreement with the experimental results . 44.3, 20.8 and 12.2 wt% of daf-coal at the inlet of the reactor were estimated to be soluble in pyridine, benzene and hexane respectively.
The conversion of insoluble matter at the outlet of the reactor which had such temperature distribution as our experimental reactor, were succesfully simulated by making use of these analyzed values in a plug-flow-reactor model.View full abstractDownload PDF (627K) -
Yoshiaki MIURA1984 Volume 63 Issue 10 Pages 882-892
Published: October 20, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe formation process of lump coke in the coke oven chamber is explained from macroscopic phenomena such as fissure formation. Many problems still remain unsolved and one particular point at issue in the slot-type coke ovens is wide variations in coke quality in the oven chamber. Then, the essential operatingconditions in practice for the chamber oven process are described; for example, blending of coals, pretreating of the charge coal and the procedure for heating ovens. Lastly, a survey of dissected blast furnaces is reviewed to extract information on the behavior of coke in the blast furnace.View full abstractDownload PDF (1509K)
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