Because of the recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of primary liver carcinoma, clinical assessment of gross pathology with respect to size, location and speed of expansion, and judgement of the presence or absence of cirrhosis are now mandatory. The gross anatomical classification of primary liver carcinoma in the past has been that of Eggel, which subdivides it into three groups of 1) the diffuse, 2) the nodular, and 3) the massive type. It is too illdefined and unsatisfactory in view of the varigated gross features of hepatoma. This study was undertaken to develop a more clearly defined classification with a view to serving in early selection of therapeutic measure.
The material for study consisted of 112 hepatoma livers that have been inspected with cut sections across the entire organ. Cholangiomas have been excluded. Our classification is more based on the status of boundary between parenchyma and tumor, and on the spread, rather than on the mass size, with clinical characteristics such as angiographic alterations in mind. In this classification, the diffuse type is further subdivided into the "diffuse" and "fine-nodular diffuse, " the nodular type into the "multinodular, " "cirrhotic oligo-nodular, " "encapsulated" and "massive nodular, " and the massive type into the "solitary massive" and "confluent massive". Thus, 8 distinctly different types have been proposed with illustrative photographs. It is suggested that the clinical characteristics be studied for each of these types to serve the purpose of early and prospective diagnosis.

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A specific lesion of the liver was observed in the rat fed on a basic diet for up to 82 weeks after a short term (1, 2, 4 weeks) administration of 3'-Me-DAB.
Proliferation of oval cells was seen in the periportal area shortly after the cessation of 3'-Me-DAB administration for 4 weeks. This proliferation at the same time, showed ducts formed by atypical epithelial cells.
Cholangiofibrosis, a proliferation of ducts with fibrous tissue, developed into nodules and continued to grow, while the oval cells gradually disappeared after the cessation of 3'-Me-DAB. There was found to be a close relationship in distribution among the proliferation of the oval cells, the appearance of atypical ducts, and the formation of nodules of cholangiofibrosis.
An active proliferation of epithelial lining cells was seen in cystic dilated ducts.
Cholangiocarcinoma occurred in one rat on a basic diet for 40 weeks, after the cessation of 3'-Me-DAB for 4 weeks.
The following three points have been discussed:
1. The relation among oval cells, atypical epithelial cells, and epithelial lining cells of the duct in cholangiofibrosis.
2. Irreversibility of the lesion of cholangiofibrosis.
3. Possibility of histopathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma arising from the epithelial lining cells of the duct in cholangiofibrosis.

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New methods for the determinations of monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities were presented using benzylamine (BZA-oxidase) or n-butylamine (NBA-oxidase) as substrates, in which the amounts of ammonia liberated by the enzyme actions were measured by means of the direct colorimetric method of Okuda and Fujii. BZA-oxidase was higher than NBA-oxidase in liver extract, but the relation was reversed in serum. It was felt that MAO found in liver and in serum might not be the same. Serum MAO activities increased more markedly in liver cirrhosis and hepatic cancer than in acute or chronic hepatitis. It was interesting enough that the increased serum MAO activities were closely related with the grades of fibrosis determined histologically. It was considered that the n-butylamine was the preferable substrates than the benzylamine for the determination of serum MAO activities, because NBA-oxidase activities were higher than those of BZA-oxidase in human serum.

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Streamlines in the human portal vein were studied in 10 patients with various disorders using scintiphotosplenoportography, which permits a clear visualization of portal venous system by injection of ^99mTcO₄^- into the spleen. As the thickness of the right and left lobes of the liver influences the radioactivity, scintiphotosplenoportograms were compared with liver scintigrams obtained by intravenous injection of ¹⁹⁸Au colloid.
In 2 subjects, RI bolus injected into the spleen reached the left lobe of the liver predominantly and in one of them repeat examination after 2 months revealed that RI bolus was chiefly directed to the right lobe. In 3 subjects the radioactivity of ^99mTc homogenously distributed in the two lobes as well as ¹⁹⁸Au. In 5 other subjects the marked distribution of ^99mTc was observed in the right lobe.
From this results, it seems unlikely that there exist constant streamlines in the human portal vein.

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Effect of Lactulose on hepatic encephalopathy was compared by the double blind method (cross-over system) with Fradiomycin. On EEG, neuro-pscychiatric states, tremor, writing and drawing abilities, blood ammonia level, and back ward digid span (WAIS) of 22 patients, individual and general improvements were compared on superiority with both the drugs, and computed statistical analysis by McNemar's method. The general improvement of Lactulose was superior in 7 patients, inferior in 8 patients, and equal in 5 patients to Fradiomycin, indicating to be almost equal to Fradiomycin. A significant difference between both the drugs was not noted in each test item. The improving rate of Lactulose on EEG, neuro-pscychiatric states, and hyperammonemia was approx.60%, while the one of back ward digid span (WAIS) was approx. 35%. Two patients had diarrhea as a side effect, but one of them was considered to be caused by Lactulose administration, and the other by Sorbitol. From these results Lactulose was concluded to have a1most the same effect with Fradiomycin.

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Two cases of acute yellow atrophy of the liver which developt during the course of antituberculosis drug medication were described. The first case: 61 years old male. Pulmonary tuberculosis. He was treated with a streptmycin, PAS, INAH, cycloserin and ethionamide for three years. He complained anorexia, abdominal distension and increasing jaundice, and died of hepatic coma 22 days after onset of jaundice. Autopsy revealed a severe massive hemorrhagic necrosis of the liver (540g) with a less extent of mesenchymal cell reaction in both the necrotic area and the Glisson's capsule. The remaining hepatic cell around the Glisson's capsule was Well preserved and sharply defined with the centrolobular necrosis. From the histological similarity with the case of ethionamide hepatic necrosis described in the literature, this case was considered to be the hepatic necrosis induced by ethionamide.
The second case: 32 years old female. Pleurisy. She was treated with a streptmycin, PAS and INAH for 3 months. She complained increasing jaundice, general fatigue, nausea and vomiting, and died of hepatic coma 15 days after onset of illness. At autopsy, the liver (480g) underwent to acute yellow atrophy with a severe hemorrhagic necrosis in the central zone of liver lobule. Mesenchymal cell reaction and degeneration of the remaining hepatic cell were much prominent than the case 1. The second case was indistinguishable from the acute fulminant viral hepatitis, though remaining the far less possibility of PAS hepatitis.

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