Among various kinds of periodicals concerned with conbustion such as “Combustion & Flame” published quarterly by Butterworths, London and others, the volume of the contributed papers for the International Symposium on Combustion is the best one to learn the trends in the fundamental research on combustion. The basis of selection of the contributed papers for presentation is more or less affected by the special circumstances of the Symposium local sponsors, for instance, in the 10th Symposium (194), sessions were provided for combustion chemistry, flame spectroscopy (to include mass spectrometry), chemical reaction kinetics, detonation, combustion and flow, solid propellant combustion, etc. In addition, the discussion were organized on the following three topics: elementary combustion reactions. electrical properties of flame and aerodynamics in combustion. In the 11th Symposium, the sessions on flame structure and ionized species in flame were added besides the above, and the discussions on chemical kinetics and energy transfer in high temperature gases as well as heterogeneous combustion are to be given.
The points of interest in individual section are shifting, and especially the recent symposia have been centered on the ions in flame, which has possessed one field.
In writing the trends of fundamental research on combustion, following three parts were allotted to Tsuji, Akita and Asaba under the direction of Prof, Hikita (Tokyo Univ.), e. g., I) gas chemistry in combustion (combustion and flow) by Tsuji, II) flame structure by Akita and III) chemical reaction in combustion by Asaba. Of the above symposia items, descriptions of detonation and solid propellant combustion are Cack, and few are described on ions in flame. Moreover, these three papers are mostly served to the gas combustion but liquid, solid together with heterogeneous combustions are very scarce, ofwhich it is expected to pick up next time.
Studies on combustion have recently been made remarkable progress in many diver gences. Especially each field is expanding toward more fundamental area, thus those who have been working in combustion research have found it somewhat difficult to clearly understand the feature of development of study.
On the other hand among varions actual problems there are still many fields to be left unsolved for which fundamental studies are keenly required, Also the middle domain to connect fundamental research with practical problem seems not to have been studied.
As for the order of the chapters, contrary to the ordinary ones, this paper is made in the order of macro-to-micro fields. This is due to the authors' idea that such an order may be more understandable for the readers because the more micro the theme to be taken up is, the later its progress in the same time.

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Tests on using crude oil in power station boiler started nine years ago. Since then various investigations tests and researches had been accumulated for six years, so that practical application was established.
Some three years have already passed since crude oil was practically used in power station boilers based on the techniques developed so far .
During past several years, many papers were published on the results obtaining in the tests, operational experiences and safty procedures.
Among these reports some such as those compiled in our laboratory are not yet made public except to the quarters concerned . So, the whole situation on the subject is not sufficiently known.
In this paper, history of crude oil combustion which has investigated in the labor atory and performed at power stations is summarized .

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By way of the effective utilization of refuse dumps, the gasification combustion is considered, using low grade coal (its heating value is about 3, 500 kcal/kg) collected from refuse dumps, as the source of energy for sintering lightweight which is made of shale gathered from the same place at the same time.
Comparing the energy cost of gasification combustion with that of heavy oil com bustion, the former is ¥ 0.184 per 1, 000kcal cheaper than the later if the costs of 1 ton coal and a kiloliter heavy oil are ¥ 1, 200 and ¥ 8, 000, respectively, and if the efficiency of combustion by gasification is 70% and 80% operation are made. With the monthly 5, 000 ton plant, the allowance is ¥ 11, 180, 000 during a year, and even when the effici ency is 60% the allowance is ¥ 3, 280, 000 during a year.
It is shown that the gasification combustion has economical merits at the region of mines.

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Photographs, pressure changes and temperature changes in calo rimeter bomb during combustion of benzoic acid tablets, coals and heavy oils are described in this paper.
Those photographs are taken through transparent window installed in the calo rimeter bomb.
The pressure changes are observed by electromagnetic oscillograph with strain gauge pick-up.
It is obtained that the ratio of maximum pressure to initial pressure, P_m+1/P_i+1 is 1.73-1.86 with benzoic acid tablets 1.0g, 1 .60-2.41 with powdered coal samples, 1, 000g, 1.69-2.03 with wrapped powdered coals, 1.000g, by Ganpi paper and 1.87 with heavy oils.
The temperature changes during combustion of sample are observed oscillographcally by Pt/Pt·Rh thermocouples.

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The fireside deposits of furnace tubes in pulverized-coal-fired boilers installed in thermal power stations are classified, as previously reported, into the three main groups fly ash, sliiceous slag and ferruginous slag. Although, “the most inner layer” of these deposits, so named provisionally by us, bonded directly on the tube have not been studied in detail of its characters or origin.
Continuted studies of these deposits have developed additional data of the inner layer concerning its chemical composition and X-ray diffractive analyses. Consequently, the layer with 2 mm in average thickness shows a marked differences by an excessive concentration of SO₃ (about 35%) and is composed mainly of complex iron and or aluminum alkali sulfates. Jhus, the layer has been comcluded to be called the “sulfateous slag, ” which is formed on the first stage of fireside depositions. Further, the reaction of its slag with tube metal and its influence on the formation of other slags are discussed here.

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Yokkaichi district as petrochemical industry center has become famous for the source emission of air pollution. Chubu Electric Co. which has two power stations in Mie and Yokkaichi districts is taking various countermeasure and carrying out research for controlling air pollution. This paper describes the effective stack structure which the Company has adopted in Yokkaichi for making satisfactory diffusion of stack gases; sulfur oxides which is main source for air pollution and the research on the dryprocess of SO₂ removal; i.e, DAP-Mn process.

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