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Volume 66, Issue 1
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[in Japanese]1987 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 1
Published: January 20, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (1441K) -
Kaoru FUJIMOTO1987 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 2-12
Published: January 20, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: February 23, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA synthetic fuel plant which was built at Motunui (North Island, New Zealand) has began the commercial operation on March 1986 . The plant which has been constructed and operated by NZSFC (New Zealand Synthetic Fuels Corporation), produces 570, 000 tons of gasoline a year from 1 billion cubic meter of natural gas.
The process for producing gasoline from natural gas is as follows:
1. Natural gas is introduced with a pipe line from Maui which is one of the world largest off-shore gas field.
2. The natural gas is converted to methanol with two trains of conventional ICI methanol syn thesis process.
3. Crude methanol from the methanol plants is converted to gasoline with MTG (Methanol to Gasoline) process.
The MTG process, which is developed by Mobil Oil Corporation (USA), convert methanol to hydrocarbon mixture composed of the aromatic-rich hydrocarbon mixture at around 400°C and under pressure, using a special zeolite (ZSM-5) developed by Mobil Corporation . The process gives gasoline (97 RON) with about 85% selectivity accompanied by small amount of LPG (Liquified petroleum Gas). The product gasoline is supplied to other petroleum refinery as a gasoline base oil.
The conversion efficiency (energy base) of natural gas to synthetic fuel is estimated to be 56% (gasoline plus LPG) or 50% (gasoline only). The construction cost of the plant is estimated to be US $ 1, 218 million (on July 1985). The production cost of gasoline will be 56 (NZ¢/l) 2 in 1987 and 20 NZ¢/ l in 2000 .
The operation of the huge synthetic fuel plant will result in the self supply level of the trans portation fuels as high as 54% in 1987 and also result in the crude oil import of 1, 640 thousand tons which is only 38% of that in 1973.View full abstractDownload PDF (3543K) -
Masakazu OHORA1987 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 13-27
Published: January 20, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe development of oil shale projects in the world, instead of some government supported projects, is stagnant because of low crude oil price. Many technical subjects to produce shale oil have been being recognized. Most of the techical concerned subjects are discussed in the paper.
The higher oil content in the shale, the better economics being achieved, so the beneficiation technology to concentrate the oil content in the shale has been studied.
Regarding major retorting technologies, the demonstration stage development has been finished. However, each technology has its own technical subjects which should be resolved to install a commercial plant using those technologies.
Shale oil upgrading technology have been developed, principally the hydrodenitrogenation, similar to the conventional crude oil treatment in the refinery.
At the future commercialization of oil shale project, more reliable and economical process should be selected and especially, suitability of the process and characteristics of oil shale in each mine is anticipated.View full abstractDownload PDF (1291K) -
Total SulfurTatsuo KIMURA1987 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 28-34
Published: January 20, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCorrection for absorption is necessary for inorganic elements when X-ray fluorescence is applied to the determination of total sulfur in coal slab sample . The merit is that inorganic elements can also be determined at the same time . The correction procedure of X-ray fluorescence method developed by Berman and Ergun is simplified by calculation of absorption coefficients using temporary concentrations of sulfur and inorganic elements obtained from intensities and calibration lines, and the accuracy of the present X-ray results is discussed by comparing with the results by combustion-IR method . The coal in medium rank is used to prepare standard samples for calibration lines. The inorganic elements, Sr, Fe, Ti, Ca, K, Cl, P, Si, Al and Mg, are taken up for the absorption coefficient correction . Circular slab sample is made by pressing finely powdered sample of coal in aluminium ring.
Experiments were carried out with 26 coal samples of various ranks from lignite to low volatile bituminous by this proposed method and the combustion-IR method . The results of the analyses of total sulfur show that this method is useful to determine the total sulfur in coal and that the increase of the main inorganic element number adopted for absorption coefficient correction improves the precision to some extent. The limit of ash content for this method is found to be about 50%.View full abstractDownload PDF (816K) -
Change of Character for Solvent and Production of n-AlkanesKiyoshi MASHIMO, Takaaki NAGASHIMA, Tohru WAINAI1987 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 35-43
Published: January 20, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe recycle experiments of coal liquefaction-distillation-solvent hydrogenation have been carried out in a batchwise operation using Taiheiyo coal. The change on the hydrogen donor ability of hydrogenated solvent and the accumulation of alkanes in recycle solvent have been investigate
The anthracene oil freed from crystal, with a nominal boiling range of-310°C, was hydrogenated with sulfided Ni-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst as a starting solvent. The hydrogenation of each recycle solvent was also prepared by using the same catalyst. In the experiments of coal liquefaction, 20 g of the dried coal and 60 g of the hydrogenated solvent were charged into a 200 ml autoclave at 420°C for 2 h under an initial hydrogen pressure of 0.5 MPa and in the absence of catalyst.
The production of hydroaromatic compounds with the repeated solvent hydrogenation proceeded with the increase of recycle number. Therefore, the yield of light distillate (a nominal boiling range of-300°C) used as the recycle solvent in the liquefied products increased. However, the increase of the yield was slight for excessive hydrogenation of the hydrogenated solvent with the increase of recycle number. Accordingly, it can be considered that the increase of transferable hydrogen content is limited by the repeated hydrogenations of the recycle solvent.
Alkanes in the recycle solvent inceased with the recycle number, but the yield was less than 1 % (solvent basis) after four passes. Therefore, it has been understood that alkanes produced are removed by using the distillate of relatively low boiling range as the solvent.View full abstractDownload PDF (851K) -
Masatomi AKEZUMA, Sachie HASHIMOTO, Kunio ESUMI, Kenjiro MEGURO, Hidem ...1987 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 44-48
Published: January 20, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe sedimentation rates of benzene insoluble matter (BI) obtained from liquefaction of Taiheiyo and Moura coals were measured in benzene by adding n-alkanes (methane, ethane, propane and butane) as anti-solvent. The sedimentation rates for both BI were remarkably accelerated by adding propane and butane, but not by adding methane and ethane. The sedimentation rate for Moura BI was faster than that for Taiheiyo BI by adding n-alkanes.View full abstractDownload PDF (448K) -
Hironori ITOH, Masao KAROUJI, Kazuo MAKINO, Masataka MAKABE, Gen TAKEY ...1987 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 49-54
Published: January 20, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA specified small differential thermal analysis unit was applied to the studies on hydrogenation of aromatic compounds and hydrodesulfurization of sulfur compounds in order to reveal the relationship between the hydrogenation reactions and exothermic peaks on the DTA curves and also to understand the characteristics of hydrodesulfurization of some organic sulfur compounds.
The unit consists of two identical cylindrical cavities drilled symmetrically in a stainless steel block, which are available for above reactions.
Hydrogenation of benzene and naphthalene was carried out with stabilized nickel as catalyst under 100 kg/cm2 G of initial hydrogen pressure and with a heating rate of 12. 4°C/min. One exothermic peak was observed for benzene and two ones for naphthalene. Chemical analysis showed that the peaks were based on the hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane, and of naphthalene to tetralin or tetralin to decalin.
The DTA curves according to hydrodesulfurization of six sulfur compounds were also measured with molybdenum disulfide as catalyst under 100 kg/cm2 G of initial hydrogen pressure and with the same heating rate as the above. Exothermic peaks were observed for all sulfur compounds. These peaks were due to the hydrodesulfurization of them. The exothermic peak temperature shifted to higher temperatures in the order of thiol<diphenyldisulfide<phenylsulfide<thiophen <benzothiophen. This indicates that severer reaction conditions are required for the hydrodesulfurization of the above sulfur compounds in this order described.
It is concluded that the above analysis unit is available to check high pressure hydrogenation with ease using a very small charge (ca. 30 mg).View full abstractDownload PDF (560K) -
Minoru SHIRAISHI, Shinji HIGUCHT, Ryohei OTSUKA1987 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 55-64
Published: January 20, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRaw and deashed coals, phenol-folmaldehyde resin and petroleum pitch with and without ash components were heat-treated to 1200, 2000 and 2800°C. The heat-treated products were observed and examined by TEM and X-ray diffraction to clarify the graphitization of them and the effect of minerals on the one.
Taiheiyo coals have micropore phase in which carbon layers in 5-6 nm thick surround the pore less than 5-6 nm in diameter. The micropore phase is originally of no graphitization, however in favor of minerals for it. Taiheiyo coal heat-treated at 2800°C also has macropore, lamella and mesopore phases formed from the micropore phase by the catalysis of indigeneous mineral matters.
Microtextures of Yubari and Cerro coals are substantially lamella phase which shows the preferred orientation of carbon layer stacks, although Cerro coal is considerably higher degree of graphitization than Yubari one. Ash components locally interfered with the graphitization of both coals to produce small amount of macropore and mesopore phases.
Mesopore phase begins to appear at relatively temperatures lower than other phases when minerals are contained in coal. It is considered that the phase will be formed in the steps of solution-precipitation between carbon and minerals such as iron or iron carbide containd . And macropore and lamella phases might be formed at temperatures higher than 2000 t by the SiC formation and decomposition.View full abstractDownload PDF (7053K) -
Junkichiro DAI, Sadaichi OZAKI, Kin-ichi MOTOHASHI1987 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 65-72
Published: January 20, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this paper the theoretical cycle of OHV type single cylinder engine which carburetes hydrogen and methanol is compared with its actual cycle.
That the change in number of molecules in combustion is independent of the excess air ratio and the residual gas fraction. When hydrogen methanol feed ratio is equal to or less than 0.0625, the number of molecules in combustion is increased and it usually has beneficial effect on engine performance, which is not the case when hydrogen only is supplied.
Final temperature (or pressure) of compression and theoretical thermal efficiency increase progressively as hydrogen methanol ratio and excess air ratio increase.
The heating value and final temperature of combustion decrease gradually in proportion to the increase in excess air ratio and to the decrease in hydrogen methanol ratio.
However, when hydrogen methanol ratio is decreased rise of the final pressure of combustion is seen caused by the mole variation with combustion.
The temperature rise ratio for combustion is nearly independent of hydrogen methanol ratio, whereas at a relatively high excess air ratio, only small curve differences between hydrogen methanol ratio are found. In contrast, the effect of hydrogen methanol ratio on degree of explosion is larger at lower excess air ratio.
It is observed that the variation in actual engine brake horsepower by the increase in amount of hydrogen supplemented to methanol is almost the same, when it is compared with the results of the calculation method which was treated in this work.View full abstractDownload PDF (682K) -
[in Japanese], [in Japanese]1987 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 73-86
Published: January 20, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (1379K)
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