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Article type: Cover
1986 Volume 359 Pages
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Published: January 30, 1986
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Article type: Cover
1986 Volume 359 Pages
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Published: January 30, 1986
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Article type: Index
1986 Volume 359 Pages
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Published: January 30, 1986
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Article type: Index
1986 Volume 359 Pages
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Article type: Index
1986 Volume 359 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1986 Volume 359 Pages
_1_-_2_
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Article type: Appendix
1986 Volume 359 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1986 Volume 359 Pages
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Published: January 30, 1986
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YUTAKA TONOOKA, TOSHIO OJIMA
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 359 Pages
1-9
Published: January 30, 1986
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Air pollution can be an unfavorable product raised by modern industrial civilization. There has been an increasing argument that establishment of urban environmental planning with emphasis on air pollutant emission process is essential to abate air pollution in urban life. To obtain fundamental informations for basis of urban environmental planning, we discussed emission of NO_x yielded by urban activity and thermal consumption of it, which will make causal chain pollution process shown in Fig. 1. Amount of NO* emission from various artificial sources in Japan and these thermal consumption were estimated (see Fig. 2), And emission structure which consists of combination ; emission, thermal consumption, and urban activity, was analyzed from the view point of four main factors ; furnace type, fuel and material type, type of emission source activity (for example, industry type of factory), and regional variance. The present study provided following conclusions. * Emission state from each type of source activity can be explained by component of mean emission factor and thermal comsumption (see Fig. 3). *Thermal consumption state of urban activity is determined by its activity amount (for example, monetary product output) and degree of dependency on thermal consumption (see Fig. 4). *There is a definite relationship between types of emission source activity and using furnaces, which is not influenced by regional variance, and a particular combination is seen in furnace type and using fuel and material type (see Fig.5-8). In this present study we showed that type of emission source activity is the comprehensive factor in determina-tion of emission state through the combination of furnace type and fuel and material type, and proposed the idea of classification of emission source activities (see Table 1). In our study, Part 2, we will discuss regional characteristics of emission, which is determined by compound location of emission source activity reflecting land use pattern.
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KUNIO MATSUURA, HWAY SUH KIM, HISATOMI TANAKA
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 359 Pages
10-16
Published: January 30, 1986
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The purpose of this paper is to give a general calculation method of illuminance on the working plane in interior from a two-dimentional window with a Venetian blind system, and to get the available data for the average luminances of slats and the transmittances of blind system. In this paper, Part l, it is assumed that the slats are of negligible thickness, uniformly diffusing surfaces and part of circle on the two-dimentional cross section. In Part I the blind system is illuminated by diffuse light from the sky and ground with uniform luminance. Reduction ratio of direct transmittance of blind system due to the slatcurvature is investigated with relation to t:be slat angle of inclination and the incident angle of daylight to blind system. Next, integral equations for interreflection in unit-cell of curved slats are developed to obtain illuminance distributions on the slats, and the numerical solution of these equations gives the average luminances of slat surfaces and the transmittances of downward and upward fluxes to interior. These results are examined as compared with values on the same louver system except that slats are flat. It is concluded that the formula for louver system with flat slats can be available to calculation of direct illuminance on the working plane from Venetian blind in normal case of the slat angle of inclination and the formula of split-flux at the working plane by MATSUURA is useful in practice to calculate the indirect illuminance using data of the above-mentioned transmittances of blind system.
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TATSUO OKA
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 359 Pages
17-23
Published: January 30, 1986
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Basic sector classification and regional input output tables were applied to analyze investments in construction and operation of an energy conserving office building (3 776 m^2) and a conventional office building, in order to obtain influences upon various industrial sectors and final consumption of raw materials. Consumption of raw materials for construction of an energy conserving building is same as that of a conventional office building, however the final demand for secondary product sectors is larger. Investment in energy sectors due to operation of the energy conserving building is 33 % compared with the conventional office building and the final consumption of raw materials, 45 % , because of influences due to investment in service sectors for building maintenance. Regional input output tables estimate the influences upon various industrial sectors in various areas. Assuming that construction site is Kanto, Chubu or Kinki area, 60-70 % of the final demand due to the construction is supplied in the construction site, however Hokkaido, Shikoku or Okinawa, between 30 and 50 %. The energy conserving building which is provided with higher technology facilities tends to concentrate the final demand in Kanto area, especially concerning sectors of metal and electrical products.
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FUMITOSHI KIYA, NORIYOSHI ICHIKAWA
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 359 Pages
24-30
Published: January 30, 1986
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Many research works were carried out for the estimation of the number of fixtures. However, the method on t:he layout of the sanitary fixtures have not been clear theoretically. The results of the investigations for 6 buildings have shown that the frequency of usage of the sanitary fixtures were changed by the types of the layout. The results are shown as follows ; 1. There are many cases that the water closet and urinals are installed in the depth direction from the entrance. And the fixtures being near the entrance are generally used more than the others. 2. There are few difference of the frequency of usage for the fixtures being same distance from the entrance. 3. The case of the wash basin are installed in the same plane with the water closet and urinals, the wash basin being near those fixtures are used more than the others. 4. The case of the wash basin are installed in the rectangular or counter position of the water closet and urinals, there are a few difference of the frequency of usage, and the fixtures being near the exit are used some more than the others. Finally the authors discussed that those results infulenced for not only the layout of the fixtures but also planning of piping and maintenance.
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TOTA NOMURA, KAZUOKI OHARA, TOSHIAKI MUSASHI
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 359 Pages
31-38
Published: January 30, 1986
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The objective of this study is to acquire the index for planning of mental facilities. The contents of this paper are as follows. 1) Introduction. 2) Outline of the investigations. 3) The characteristics of inpatients. 4) The consideration about the existing organization of nursing unit and the prospective mixed unit. 5) The subject in the future.
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RUMIKO NOGUCHI, HIROKUNI TANIGUCHI
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 359 Pages
39-48
Published: January 30, 1986
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In this paper, the effects of neighborhood planning on inhabitants are viewed in the light of the daily behavior and feelings of inhabitants, neighborhood cohesion and the social relationships with their neighbors, using survey data in multiple dwelling house estates. In its analysis, the relationships between the perception of territory on the one hand, and the housing type, the number of grouped dwelling units, the way of approach to individual dwelling unit, the human contact with neighbors, the united activities among neighbors and the like on the other are examined. As a result, the neighborhood was classifyed into two or three divisions in terms of the perception of territory, in the case of surveyed housing estates. In addition, It was realized that the physical and social thresholds and nuclear spaces in neighborhood played an important part, whenever inhabitants perceived a certain territory. In other words, the possible interaction effects among the perception of territory, threshold and nuclear space in neighborhood were suggested.
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HIROKI KAKUTANI, MOTOO ANDO
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 359 Pages
49-61
Published: January 30, 1986
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This reserches has purpose to make clear the way that purchase facilities should be in new town, especially, necessity of neighborhood-center and its conditions. In this paper, we studied the structure of use with purchase facilities and necessity of neighborhood-center through the investigation with residents (housewives) at KOYO NEW TOWN in HIROSHIMA pref. The results of analysis are summarized as follows. 1) The daily purchase demand of housewives is filled largely at purchase facilities in new town as compared with out of new town. Each residential section has its own rate of dependence to purchase facilities in new town, and this rate is large in A1 and A2 residential section which is near Area-center relatively. 2) It is feature of form with use to neighborhood-center and Area-center that the rate with use in one side is few, and many use property to both sides at a fixed rate of frequency in use. 3) A frequency in use with neighborhood-center is higher at course 「1」 in conditon of course, and 「inside ・ inside」 in condition of distance than the others. This fact shows that user takes a serious view of "nearness" to purchase facilities when using to them, in short, the neighborhood-center is used at a fixed rate in compliance with spatial conditions and even in this conditions that neighborhood-center is scanty compared with Area-center. 4) 2 steps-compositions of purchase facilities in KOYO NEW TOWN doesn't function necessary well by one center system was taken.
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LIANG CHUN CHEN
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 359 Pages
62-73
Published: January 30, 1986
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Outdoor common space in appartment houses, which are built in urban districts and supplied by private enterprises, is important for the residents who live there and also for the surrounding environment. However, this outdoor common space is not well organized nowadays. This paper deals with structure of the outdoor common space by the form and area, and the correlation between the structure and the residents' utilization. The results of those analyzes are as follows : 1) Outdoor common spaces' form can be classified into 15 types by means of site plan and access type, and its area varies according to those types. 2) The factors which influence those oudoor common spaces' form differences are shown by the size and shape of the site, the number of roads faced by the site, and the orientation of the road which connects to the main entrance. Also the area is influenced by the size of the site. 3) The frequency of residents' utilization of outdoor common space is related to this space's location, area, type of use and access.
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KOJI YAGI
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 359 Pages
74-82
Published: January 30, 1986
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HIROSHI SUZUKI, SHINGO TAMAKI
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 359 Pages
83-94
Published: January 30, 1986
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The first purpose of this report is to modelize the process of housing improvement behaviors through residential mobility. A second purpose is to examine the relative importance of various factors which are concerned with housing improvement behaviors. Path analysis was employed to the data of 1978 and 1981 Housing Survey on Nagoya to achive the purpose of this study. Analysis showed that determinants of housing improvement behaviors are different among housing tenures, and are different between the analysis on the desire for housing improvement and the analysis on the result of some housing improvement on each housing tenure.
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KATSUYO UENO, SHOJI YOSHINO
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 359 Pages
95-104
Published: January 30, 1986
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An analytical survey was made in 90 houses with heavy and average defects with a view to elucidate the actual state and characteristics of sufferings from defective houses. The results revealed the following : There are not only physical and financial damages but also large living and mental damages which can be regarded as characteristic of the suffering in living space. It was also revealed that the above damages, as they spread over, lead to damage to health, destruction of living and changes in personality : this problem, which reprepresents originally damages at the level of individual family, involve even those at the regional level.
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NARUO KANO
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 359 Pages
105-114
Published: January 30, 1986
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This study presents the rational approaches to the process planning and scheduling for a building construction with computer systems. In the paper, the author put the focus on the methodology for planning and scheduling of ,an outline of construction process, using the mathematical models which are based on goal programming, In the models, the precedences among activities were represented by network notations with time lags. The author modified the specified time lags among activities in order to meet the mandatory date for completion and to balance the process according to the precedences relationships to be specified. The method developed here were applied to planning of an office building construction, then the author concluded that the method developed will be a useful tool for planning stage of building construction, and will generate promptly the rational alternatives for construction engineers.
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YOSHIYUKI KAWAHIGASHI
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 359 Pages
115-123
Published: January 30, 1986
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Josiah Conder was an English architect who first taught the orthodox European archiecture to Japanese as a foreign employee in Japanese Government, and he left all his works in Japan. The pupose of this study is to make the method of his design clear by his extant drawings. In this paper, as the first step, the dimensional system of planning was examined. Conclusions are as follows : 1) The dimension in the plans and the foundation plans etc Is based on "inside measurement", "outside measurement" and "center to center measurement" Besides, "inside measurement" dimension is used in many of his plans, while "center to center measurement" in most of his foundation plans. 2) We are able to infer the dimensional system of planning by examining each dimensions and the thickness of wall. The consequence was that all drawings were designed on the basis of "inside mesurement" with a few exceptions. 3) We find 13 works with matted room. Many of the matted room was designed in itself on the basis of "center to center" by 3.0 (shaku) of mesurement unit.
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TATSUI SATO
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 359 Pages
124-134
Published: January 30, 1986
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In this paper the author examine the possibility that the alternate piers of early gothic sexpartite vaulting churchese inherited those of othere regions, or that the former was brought into existence under the influence of the latter. First the author present the system of classification of the form of pier, and then based on this make clear the features of the alternate piers of all regions (Rheinlande, Lombardy, Normandy etc.). Compared these features with that of early gothic sexpartite vaulting churches, the relation between the two can hardly be observable except some square quadripartite vaulting churches in Ile-de. France, all of witch are before early gothic. Taking also the distribution of the alternate piers before early gothic into consideration, there is very little possibility mentioned in the opening sentence.
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MICHIO MAEKAWA
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 359 Pages
135-144
Published: January 30, 1986
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I have carefully scrutinized literary works of the 12th and 13th century hilosophers-DIDASCALICON by Hugh of St. -Victor, DE ANIMAE EXSILIO ET PATRIA by Honorius of Autun, DE REDUCTIONE ARTlUM AD THEOLOGIAM by St. Bonaventure, and DE DIVISIONE PHILOSOPHIAE by Dominicus Gundissalinus-in view of the classification of philosophy, science or discipline, and the orientation of MECHANICA and ARCHITECTONICA therein. In Hugh's work, MECHANICA which includes ARCHITECTONICA and six other sciences, is classified as one of four main disciplines (three others are THEORICA, PRACTICA and LOGICA) which contain traditional seven liberal arts. On the other hand, Honorius considered MECHANICA as one of ten liberal arts, which means that MECHANICA is nothing but a discipline (Wissenschaft). Thus, from 12 th century on, which is the end of Romanesque Era and the dawn of Gothic, MECHANICA and ARCHITECTONICA recovered, it seems, the ancient Greek and Roman significance of RATIOCINATIO as compared with FABLICA. 13th century, which is a century of splendid Gothic cathedrals, is also a century of preeminent architect-mastermasons. They are sometimes compared to and with high clergies and scholastic masters, as were Pierre de Montreuil and Hugh Libergier done. The fact that Gothic architects are a sort of scholars who had mastered the discipline-science which is now called architecture, is ascertained by these works of eminent philosophers in the Middle Ages.
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Article type: Appendix
1986 Volume 359 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1986 Volume 359 Pages
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