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Article type: Cover
1993 Volume 451 Pages
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Published: September 30, 1993
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Article type: Cover
1993 Volume 451 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1993 Volume 451 Pages
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Article type: Index
1993 Volume 451 Pages
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Article type: Index
1993 Volume 451 Pages
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Article type: Index
1993 Volume 451 Pages
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Yuko MAKITA, Sho KIMURA
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 451 Pages
1-8
Published: September 30, 1993
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This paper deals with the development of methods of displaying visually and in manner allowing more pertinent comprehension that data which is necessary in earring out acoustic design and in grasping in greater detail the sound fields of room configurations. As a result, we have developed a method of furnishing sound sources with directional characteristics through the ray tracing method, a method which takes into consideration the sound absorption of reflecting wall surfaces, a display method in which sounds having differing directional characteristics are projected from multiple sound sources, a display method which makes it possible to grasp successively the advance of the wave front and conditions of reflection over the passage of time, etc. Applying these methods to the examination of fundamental concert hall room configuration, it is showing to be able to appropriately display the influences of room shapes, diffusers, floating reflectors, etc. Furthermore, the sound fields of existing concert halls can be visualized and the characteristics of their sound fields can be displayed in an easily understood manner.
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Toshio YAMASHITA, Takashi YANO, Kiyoto IZUMI, Kazutaka KUROSAWA
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 451 Pages
9-18
Published: September 30, 1993
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Multivariate analysis such as Hayashi's quantification method and a path analysis was applied to the data of the social surveys on community response to road traffic noise carried out in Hokkaido and Kyushu. Discussion was focused on the degree of contribution of various factors to annoyance, the quantification of the effects of non-physical factors, the structure of annoyance and the cross-regional differences. It shows the importance of not only physical factors but also non-physical factors such as evaluation of natural environment and sensitivity to noise. TV/radio disturbance and awakening strongly affect annoyance directly, whereas Leq does so indirectly. The window type has little effect on the community response to road traffic noise.
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Takehito SANO
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 451 Pages
19-27
Published: September 30, 1993
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The purpose of this study is to obtain the luminous and thermal characteristics of membrane materials used for large membrane structures. This experiment was carried out on transparent or colored membranes of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polytetra fluorine ethylene (PTFE). From the results of this experiment, the regression curves are presented to express the luminous and thermal characteristics aspolynominal functions of the color value. The membranes-whose luminous-thermal ratio is between 0. 26 and 0. 66 are considered appropriate as materials of higher sunlight gain and lower solar heat gain.
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Takuzo INAGAKI
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 451 Pages
29-39
Published: September 30, 1993
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This study is an attempt to propose both fundamental data for color guidance of townscape ordinance and guidelines for color design of architecture. Psychological experiments were carried out for gathering data on evaluations of exterior colors of buildings and those of billboard towers ; a scale-model of street view being utilized, the above townscape elements were judged as the mode of surface color. The ranges on acceptable chroma of the townscape elements were shown by using these data as a basis. As the ranges are considerably influenced by hue and chroma, careful steps should be taken.
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Akihito OZAKI, Takashi SUGAI, Toshiyuki WATANABE, Yuji RYU, Ryuichi IN ...
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 451 Pages
41-54
Published: September 30, 1993
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This paper reports on fundamental heat and water transfer through an exterior wall. The numerical simulation of heat and water transfer in the case of high water content were compared with the model experiments of the evaporative process from a water-saturated ALC board to an air-dried one to examine the accuracy of the simulation model. A long time model room experiments were conducted to discuss the effects of precipitation and moisture behavior of walls on room air temperature and humidity and their fluctuation by season, by direction and by specification of exterior wall. Moreover, the propriety of the simulation model in which the effects of the precipitation are concidered is comfirmed through the comparison with the experimental results. The results of the numerical simulation indicate the effects of precipitation on sensible and latent heat load in rooms located in the middle layer of a multi-rise building with various exterior walls.
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Yoshihiro ISHIDA, Shuzo MURAKAMI, Shinsuke KATO, Akasi MOCHIDA
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 451 Pages
55-66
Published: September 30, 1993
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A new efficient method for conducting 3-D numerical simulations of turbulent airflow in and around buildings has been developed using composite grid system. The method can be applied to flow fields around buildings for any wind directions. The method uses the κ-εmodel as the turbulence model and the governing equations are discretized using a semi-staggaerd scheme on a semi:structured grid arrangement. The composite grid technique, which connects two or more grids in any overlapping style, is adopted here. A fortified solution algorithm, which connects dependent variables smoothly on each connecting region, was adopted in order to connect the coarse and fine grids. The coarse grid covers the whole computational domain while the fine grids recover important sub-domains on the coarse grid. This paper presents the numerical formulation and the connection methods of the composite grid system for the numerical simulations of airflow. In terms of applicability, the method promisses to be a useful and. accurate numerical simulations tool in the field of building aerodynamics and environmental-control engineering.
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Hisaya ISHINO, Kimiko KOHRI, Yutaka SATO
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 451 Pages
67-74
Published: September 30, 1993
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The rate of sensible and latent heat radiated from the human body to the environment is one of factors that affect air conditioning load and the surrounding temperatures. This paper discusses characteristics of the heat radiated from the human body using the computer simulation applying Gagge's Two-Node Model, and examines a simplified estimation method concerning the sensible and the latent heat rates from the human body. This simplified method enables us to consider the effects of all six factors, namely the intrinsic insulation of clothing and the metabolic rates as human factors, and air temperature, humidity, air movement and MRT (Mean Radiant Temperature) as environmental factors. In this paper, the authers propose the data for estimation of air conditioning design load caused by the human body.
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Jaeseong NAM, Toshiyuki WATANABE, Yuji RYU, Yasuyoshi AKASHI
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 451 Pages
75-83
Published: September 30, 1993
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We proposed a simulation model for the floor heating-cooling system combined with air source heat pump and carried out some calculations to clarify the effects of various factors on thermal environment and energy consumption. As a result of simulations, we note that the ratio of PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) from -0.5 to + 0.5 is mainly effected by operating time and temperature of slab surface. As for full day operation, it is effective that the slab is thin and the water pipe is buried shallowly in the slab, and it is proper in Fukuoka to control the slab surface temperature at 32°C in winter and 24°C in summer.
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Ryuzo OHNO
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 451 Pages
85-92
Published: September 30, 1993
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The nature and role of ambient vision in environmental perception, as opposed to focal vision, is discussed based on recent findings in physiology and psychology, and a method which describes ambient visual information is proposed and tested by applying it to assess outdoor spaces of housing neighborhoods. The information obtained by ambient vision is hypothetically defined as a statistical measure of an array of visual surfaces which surround an observer. A personal, computer program was developed to measure the solid angles of visible area of the surfaces and the volume of visible space around a given point in a proposed environment.
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Takahiro NOGUCHI, Fujio ADACHI
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 451 Pages
93-103
Published: September 30, 1993
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We can find the remarkable characteristics in the house and urban form of snowy regions. There is a typical style of house which has the unique footway system of "GANGI" in Takada, Joetsu. "GANGI" is a kind of covered alley for passing in winter. The snow is 2〜3m deep on average in this region. The object of this paper is to clarify the characteristics and some problems of the house peculiar to the region, and to develop the new method of housing design for snowy urban area. It is necessary to consider the typical planning system suitable for the high-density dwelling in snowy regions like Hokkaido, Tohoku and Hokuriku.
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Nobuaki MORIMOTO
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 451 Pages
105-113
Published: September 30, 1993
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Composition of housing plan types in each prefecture is one of interesting topics in the field of Locality Problem. This report is 'to present basic data for this discussion based on the surveys implemented by Housing Loan Corporation. 1) Orders of percentage of house with Japanese connecting rooms, house with LD. K, house with DK and house with LD. K among prefectures are relatively stable from 1987 to 1990 when the surveys were done. 2) Ratio of each factor such as total floor area, lot size, construction type and household type which were selected to explain the difference of composition of housing plan in each prefecture are also stable during same period. 3) The ratio of large lot size, over 250m^2, and wide floor area, over 150m^2, can explain about half of the difference of house with connecting rooms' ratio and house with L. DK and connecting rooms' ratio in each prefecture based on correlation analysis. Also the ratio of small lot size, under 180 m^2, and small housing construction system explain half of the difference of percentage of house with LD. K and no connecting rooms in each prefecture.
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Takao MORITA
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 451 Pages
115-125
Published: September 30, 1993
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the monthly and daily fluctuation of the number of pedestrians in Shijo shopping street on Central Kyoto and to find the factors influencing the fluctuation by the multiple regression analysis. One of the operable physical factors extracted for planners is sales floor area of department stores. By the model predicting the number of pedestrians, we calculate its number when the sales floor area of department stores in Kyoto Station and around the suburbs will increase. Though the market share of the department stores in Shijo shopping street may decrease and become about eighty percent of today's share, the number of pedestrians there may hardly decrease.
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Katsuhiro TANIGUCHI
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 451 Pages
127-136
Published: September 30, 1993
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The purpose of this study is to establish a process of in-facility layout by applying the concept of functional component grouping. In this paper, the focus is on the three-dimensional plotting step of the functional components- one of the critical steps in the process. That is, the series of procedures, each based on multi-dimensional scaling, leads to a final three-dimensional plot of the functional components. This multi-dimensional scaling, an improvement on M-D-SCAL-5M by Kruskal, is based on the assumption that some of the layout objects (functional components or groups of functional components) are fixed within the spatial domain in which all the objects are to be laid out. In addition, since this is the first paper of the series, important features of each step in the study are clarified and the way in which this work differs from conventional studies is explained. This is done by focusing on the following issues : (1) the constitution of layout factors; (2) the method of calculating affinity; (3) the grouping structure; (4) the layout method; (5) the synchronization of evaluation and improvement processes. Further, this paper clarifies the relationship between the main theme of this paper and the overall study, as well as the concept of functional component grouping.
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Hideaki KATSUMATA, Kenji HIROSE
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 451 Pages
137-144
Published: September 30, 1993
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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the relation between the rates of replacement and positions in the rafters of pagodas registered as cultural properties. This study is based on the reports of maintenance of old wooden architectures in Japan and field surveys. The contents of this paper are as follows. 1. The rates of replacements on the third story is higher than the rates on either stories in the three-stories pagodas. 2. The rates of replacements on the rafters on the upper story is higher than the rates on the lower rafters on the lower stories. 3. The rates of replacements on the upper rafters is higher than the rates on the lower rafters. 4. It is difficult to estimate the influence of the direction upon the rates of replacements. 5. The rates of replacement of rafters in the central part and both ends is higher.
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Hiroshi TSUMITA
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 451 Pages
145-154
Published: September 30, 1993
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This study is to explicate objectively Space-consciousness of Urban open spaces (Psychological-analysis), to develop a method how to describe the Urban open spaces quantitatively (Physical-analysis) and more over to obtain relation formulas between the result of Psychological-analysis and physical-analysis (Correlation-analysis). As the result, 1) The .Psychological analysis showed that the most important factor is Amenity-factor, the-second is Design-factor and the third is Three-dimensional effect-factor among eleven psychological factors. 2) The Physical-analysis proved that the urban open spaces could be described quantitatively by the analytical model consisting of 28 space elements. 3) The Correlation-analysis relations between 11 psychological factors and 28 space elements on the urban open spaces can be explicated qualitatively and quantitatively.
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Hirokuni TANIGUCHI, Fumihito MIYAMOTO, Hiroshi KANNO
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 451 Pages
155-165
Published: September 30, 1993
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The purpose of this study is to grasp the relationships between perceived meaning and physical characteristics in the outdoor space enclosed by buildings on university campuses. In the experiment subjects rated 91 video pictures of enclosed space on bi-polar adjective scales. The consequences of analysis were as follows : At first, three circular structures of adjectives were ascertained again through MDS analysis. Secondly, the adjective scores about Density/Scale highly correlated with some physical variables. Especially, our feelings'about density increased and the increasing rate gradually diminished as the space is more enclosed by buildings.
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Juichi YAMAZAKI, Tsutomu SHIGEMURA
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 451 Pages
167-176
Published: September 30, 1993
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Rural community residents name places in daily life which is passed down from the past. The purposes of this study mainly (1) to introduce new concept and method of analysis in naming places on spatial structure, (2) to define spatial mental image in Nakakubo hamlet using the above new method. The naming of place derives from the spatial image of natural features, mental spot and development potential of the area. Using spatial features in naming places, this paper defines the spatial mental image of Nakakubo hamlet ranges in step-like manner and the boundary between each step has distintive features and place spot.
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Naofumi ODA, Shingo TAMAKI
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 451 Pages
177-186
Published: September 30, 1993
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This paper analyzes the process how the various views among the interested parties for the First Lake Biwa Drainage Project had been coordinated. The conclusion are as follows, 1) Shiga Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture, or johannis de Rijke and the others concerned stood against this project. 2) Kyoto Prefecture could not coordinate the interested parties, because they had not the know-how of water control, and the environment and economical assessment for the project. 3) However, Meiji Government and Kyoto Prefecture carried out the project into execution, because Meiji Government of the day was eager for the modernization of the State, so that the interested parties were finaly forced to accept this project.
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Toshio TAGUCHI
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 451 Pages
187-195
Published: September 30, 1993
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Cable Television (CATV) has become a necessity for urban dwellers who suffer from complex television signal reception problems. The Collective Compensation Method covering the limited affected area with CATV systems has demonstrated its feasibility and effectiveness by the previous studies. However, the municipal-wide application of this method still needs to be scrutinized. To this end a case study was carried out for which Yokohama City was chosen as the study area. The mathematical model together with a comparative analysis on the Pollution Hazard Protection Act proved to be feasible. This study shows that CATV is likely to. become, a new type of social over-head capital for urban areas.
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Yoshiro YAMANO
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 451 Pages
197-206
Published: September 30, 1993
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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the role of the ancient Japanese Government in the shrines' maintenance system. According to the statutes before the nine century, the Shinto priests had to keep up their shrine. The Government commanded that the Kokushis (国司), the provincial governors, should control the priests and render the expenses. But these commands weren't always obeyed. What has caused this ? The present writer assumes as follows. These maintenances were profitless duties for the Kokushis. And the Government couldn't finance the maintenances by the lack of tax yields. In the policy toward shrines, the Government attached importance to the dedication of Heihaku (幣帛), the offering, rather than the maintenance of buildings.
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Article type: Appendix
1993 Volume 451 Pages
207-
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Article type: Cover
1993 Volume 451 Pages
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