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Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 383 Pages
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Published: January 30, 1988
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Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 383 Pages
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Article type: Index
1988 Volume 383 Pages
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Article type: Index
1988 Volume 383 Pages
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Article type: Index
1988 Volume 383 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 383 Pages
_1_-_2_
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Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 383 Pages
_3_-_5_
Published: January 30, 1988
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FUMIKO SUGAWARA, SUSUMU YOSHIZAWA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 383 Pages
1-7
Published: January 30, 1988
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For the purpose of deciding the temperature and length of time for the incubation of the airborne fungal particles collected by biological particle samplers, the hyphal growth of Cladosporium cladosporioides var. and radial growth rate of colonies of 12 genuses of fungi acutully collected in ordinal indoor environments were experimentally analyzed. The hyphal growth rate was determind under microscopical conditions at 25℃ and the colony growth rate was by the direct measurement, at the temperature conditions of 4℃, 10℃, 15℃, 20℃, 25℃, 30℃, and 37℃. The colony growth rate were high in the range of 20〜30℃ and hyphal and colony growth rate at 25℃ coincided for the Cladosporium species. The conclusion is that the incubation at 25℃ in temperature and 72 hour for length of time is desirable though proper judgement is required in growing state.
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FUSAO HASEGAWA, HIROSHI YOSHINO, YOSHIMI ISHIKAWA, HIROSHI MATSUMOTO
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 383 Pages
8-15
Published: January 30, 1988
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Various factors affecting passive solar heating as reflected by room temperature profile were systematically computed by a simulation program based on the response factor method under various standardized climatic conditions. A single room model with the same scale as the test room was used. Such factors include the thickness of thermal insulation of building envelope, the area of south-facing window and the depth of thermal storage material. An important aspect of this computerized calculation method is that it takes account of the solar radiation distributed to all inner surface sections as well as the heat transfer due to the radiation exchange of long wave from surface to surface. The main results of the simulations are shown as follows. (1) The condition of solar radiation has much influence on both the level of room temperature and the degree of temperature swing. (2) When the thickness of insulation increases, the average temperature level rises. But this effect decreases with an increase in thickness. (3) Increase of window area causes a rise in room temperature level, but the degree of temperature swing in-creases further. This effect is remarkable in the case of small room and that with thermally inferior windows. (4) Thermal storage material has the effect of decreasing the degree of room temperature swing. But this effect does not appear when the thicknees of that material is over 15cm to 20 cm. (5) In order to reduce the temperature swing, it is more effective to increase the surface area of thermal storage material rather than to increase its depth. (6) Thermal storage material has a cooling effect during the daytime and a heating effect during the night. (7) The heating effect of solar radiation on a room with high capacity is larger during the night or sunless days than that of a room with low capacity. But the amount of the effect is much smaller than that during the daytime or fine weather.
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YASUTO NAKAMURA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 383 Pages
16-23
Published: January 30, 1988
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In buildings and urban spaces, places relating to measure radiant heat are human body surface, building surface, and supposed boundary surface of a space. For human body surface it is necessary that the mean radiant temperature and the vector radiant temperature are measured. Including the measurement for them, the environmental radiant flux (ERF) detector is defined as a sensor for radiant flux density incident upon the surface from a hemispherical view angle without disturbing the surrounding radiation, temperature, and air flow as possible. A new instrument is proposed. In the light of the measurement principle, it holds three characteristics unable to be compared with the others already published: 1) it applies the property that the local heat transfer coefficients are not so much different in the center of a plate surface, 2) the sensor is composed of three kinds of elements which are heat flow meters with peculiar emissivity and solar absorptivity on the surface, and 3) the elements are attached on the plate having a large heat content. The peripheral part of the sensor elements is the protector. Also the instrument with two kinds of elements is proposed, which is said the two elements type of the ERF detector, measuring long wave radiation. On the other hand, the instrument with three elements is called the three elements type of the ERF detector, being able to separately measure long wave radiation and solar radiation.
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RUMIKO NOGUCHI, HIROKUNI TANIGUCHI
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 383 Pages
24-34
Published: January 30, 1988
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In the preceding paper (Part 2), we showed that the concept of the threshold and nucleus hypothesis in neighborhood was applicable to neighborhood planning from the territorialization point of view in a practical way. In this paper, we try to grasp the general ideas and methods of the neighborhood planning through analyzing various neighborhood planning samples of designed multi-dwelling housing developments including ones overseas on the basis of the above-mentioned concept. As a result, it is interesting to note certain basal ideas and methods of neighborhood plannings, particularly in overseas cases as follows: (1) the varied methods to establish identity of an individual dwelling unit; (2) additionally, the means to its positive participation with part of common space; (3) the establishment of the detailed thresholds around the dwelling unit; (4) the schemes to be positively willing to link dwelling units one another and to group them well; (5) the methods to subdivide the neighborhood into a smaller unit through making arrangements of the thresholds and unclei of territory; (6) the basal planning conditions concerning the mutual relationship among the common garden, space around it, communal facilities, and grouped dwelling units; (7) moreover, the fact that their planning methods are in succession to traditional ones.
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CHOICHI SHINYA, MASAO AOKI, YOSHIFUMI TAKASU, MASAHIRO KAGEYAMA, HIROT ...
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 383 Pages
35-50
Published: January 30, 1988
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The Medical Department of Tokyo University and an affiliated hospital was founded in 1877. The hospitals affiliated with medical schools was formed at that time, but actually after the Medical School Act in 1882. The Act prescribed that medical schools had to own their affiliated hospitals. The hospitals in the early ages of the Meiji Era were under influences of the Dutch medical science and the clinic systems were for general medical practices. The hospitals affiliated with medical schools after the Medical School Act was under the obligation to employ more than three Bachelors of Medicine, who graduated from Tokyo University, so the clinic systems were for separate medical practices under influences of the Dutch medical science. The Imperial University Act prescribed the lecture systems in 1893. The Layout and Floor Planning of the hospitals affiliated with medical schools were under the lecture systems and each clinic were independent. Tokyo Imperial University Hospital in 1896 was a typical example-educational, researches, treatment and hospitalization functions were gathered under the lecture systems. Kyoto Imperial University Hospital in 1899 was another typical example-educational, researches, treatment and outpatient functions were gathered under the lecture systems. After that other hospitals affiliated with medical schools were built under the influences of these two types.
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MASAKI KATAOKA, MAHITO NAKAZONO, YUKIO ARITA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 383 Pages
51-63
Published: January 30, 1988
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The purpose of this study is to determine whether it is possible to plan public housing with dwelling units common to both the handicapped and the non-handicapped. The main conbinations of dwelling unit type for the non-handicapped on down-stairs and that for the handicapped on up-stairs are three sets of 2DK-3DK, 2LDK-3DK and 3DK-3DK. We appraised each pair of dwelling unit plans on down-stairs and up-stairs in three unit type sets. The former was appraised from the perspective for both the handicapped and the non-handicapped, and the latter from the perspective for the non-handicapped. The results are as follows: (1) The pairs of dwelling unit plan selected are six samples in 2LDK-3DK, three samples in 3DK-3DK and nothing in 2DK-3DK which are common to both dwelling units remarkably and belong to the highest level rank appraised. (2) The floor area level of selected dwelling units and those each room in those units are higher in 2LDK-3DK than 3DK-3DK. So, it is now suitable to design as the set 2LDK on down-stairs and 3DK on up-stairs for continuity between a dwelling unit for the handicapped and that for the non-handicapped. (3) The dwelling unit plans of 2LDK selected for the handicapped are classified two types. On down-stairs dwelling unit, the living room needed to wheelchair user is formed by joining together dinning-kitchen and the next room on up-stairs unit. The one plan type, with living room back from entrance, have a bedroom for the handicapped which is joined to living room, easy to looded in and close by sanitary. (4) The other type, with living room beside entrance, have a bedroom for the handicapped which is facing the south and joined to living room. One of these plans is joined a bedroom to sanitary and suitable for the more severe handicapped. (5) If the floor area of dwelling unit 2LDK is extended a little more, the best plan of the dwelling unit for the handicapped is completed by designing a bedroom for the handicapped which is facing the south, joined to living room and sanitary.
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TOSHIE OKA, TERUKAZU TAKESHITA, MASAO AOKI
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 383 Pages
64-73
Published: January 30, 1988
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Plans of houses were collected across the country, most of them are ones of ready-built single-unit houses, for the survey of clarifying the actual contemporary middle-class housing plans in Japan. The conclusions of this survey are followings. 1) 86 percent of the collected plans have a guest-room, and 99 percent of them are a zashiki. 2) The ratio of the houses which have a zashiki goes high according to the scale of the houses, and a tsuzukima-zashiki is much supplied than a hitotsuma-zashiki. 3) The plans are mainly classified into 4 types, from a viewpoint of the space organization between a guest-room and living room. There is no regional difference of this tendency across the country. These 4 types of plans are thought to be the major types of the plans of Japanese contemporary middle-class housing.
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MASURO URAYAMA, KEIJI SATO, TOMOKAZU IZAWA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 383 Pages
74-85
Published: January 30, 1988
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This paper aims to analysis disorderly development and conversions of land use in the Urbanization Control Area (UCA) and recognize the influences of the designation of Urbanization Promotion Area (UPA) over the urban sprawl in UCA. The conclusions are as follows; 1) The urban sprawl in UCA is shown not in the three great metropolitan areas of Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya, but in the suburbs of many local cities. 2) Three features are pointed between the urban sprawl and the designation of UP A. First, if the capacity of the UPA is too small to accommodate the large demand for land and housing, then many developments and buildings are generated in UCA. Second, in almost the all UCA the scale or the capacity of UPA has no direct influence over increase or decrease of urbanization activities in UCA. Third, however, the large population designated outside UPA generates a large quantity of urban sprawl, because almost all of their urbanization activities in UCA are permitted as exceptions to the development control systems. 3) As the development control system has exceptions and loopholes in UCA, it is not effective in legally restraining urban sprawl. 4) As there is in general no land use planning in UCA, urbanization activities are not controlled or induced. Consequently permit on urban sprawl or scatteration results.
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MITSUO WATANABE
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 383 Pages
86-95
Published: January 30, 1988
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In my previous paper (part 1〜part 3), I mentioned the phenomena that the quantity of furniture in the house-hold has increased in recent years. In this report (part 4) I wish to make a close investiation on this them. Unoccupied space has become smaller and more irregular. The phenomena depends on three variables. The first is the size and the form of the room. The second is the function of the room (eg. Family room, kitichin, dining room, bed room, and gest room) and the type of the furniture in the room. The third is the vareity of actions performed in the room.
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AKISHI HONDA, TORU IHARA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 383 Pages
96-107
Published: January 30, 1988
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In the first paper, we considered how the old type of mine workers' housings were reduced, reorganized or improved after the coal mining industries declined. Then we applied Principal Component Analysis to a district classification of the old type of mine workers' housings. This paper is devided into three sections. In the first section, we cnsider conditions for reorganization of housing environment by field surveys of some typical housing sites for miners in TIKUHO region. In the second section, we examine the social stratum and housing level of dwellers. In the third section, we analize the consciousness of residents in regord to improvement of timeworn houses which were built for miners between the 1920's and the 1950's.
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RIHEE GOSHIMA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 383 Pages
108-120
Published: January 30, 1988
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This paper describes an experimental free-hand reconstruction of the domical vault of Saint-Serge et Saint-Bacchus, c. 1215-c. 1225. References to both domes and vaults that were constructed without formwork or centering can be seen from time to time. M. de Lassaux, architect to the king of Prussia, is the discover and restorer of this process. He described how to erect such structures almost entirely free-handedly in the Journal of the Royal Institution of Great Britain in 1831. Somewhat later, Porter claimed that the early Lombard vaults were build 'virtually without centering' in 1911. On the other hand, Viollet-le-Duc, an authority on Gothic theory, held to theory of cerce-mobil (i.e. Centering) construction and this opinion seems to be dominant in the academic world. Mr. Kishiro lida, professor of Nagoya University, has claimed that the cerce-mobile is only a guide line for construction, and that the cerce-mobile construction itself is actually the same as the free-hand construction. I made this experimental study under the guidance of Mr. Lida. Conditions of experimentation 1. Utilizing a full scale model of the domical vault of St. Serge (Picture 1) 2. Use of mortar mixed at the rate of 4 parts river sand to one part slaked lime on the commercial market). 3. Use of Ohya stone (density 1. 5, length 31. 2Xheight 26. 8X width 15. 3 cm) as the material for the vault, conclusion 1. The adhensive power of the mortar of slaked lime is sufficient within a few minutes to construct the vault by free-hand method until the bedding inclination of stones comes to 60 degrees. 2. We can construct the vault all the way to the top by using the illustrated stone-weighted-rope method. 3. It is advantageous to free-hand construction that the courses of the stone arches are laid as at St. Serge. 4. The stone-weighted-rope method is useful in free-hand construction for high level work, and would seem to be used at the same time with the cerce-mobile.
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KATSUHIRO KAWATA, KATSUHIKO WATANABE, AKIRA NAITO
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 383 Pages
121-133
Published: January 30, 1988
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We can find out sixteen architectural reference books which described the technics of the Edo-Kenninji school "Kora-ke". In this paper, we intend to clarify the bibliography and to analyze the contents of each book. As a result, we are able to draw out following conclusion; the original of "Kenninji-ha Kadensyo" were written in the mid of seventeenth century, and were completed at the beginning of eighteenth century.
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TATSUO OKAJIMA, KATSUHIKO WATANABE, HIROSHI KONISHI, SINJI KIKUCHI, KA ...
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 383 Pages
134-140
Published: January 30, 1988
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The object of the present paper is to study on the influence of constituent elements that characterize the space for Japanese traditional streets, by means of modifying the constituent elements on the CRT images. In consequence: 1) Signboards, shop curtains and trees influence the image of gaiety, liveliness ajid familiarity. 2) Glass doors and a stone pavement influence the image of gorgeousness. 3) The pattern of exterior walls is related to the good image of the space for Japanese traditional street. 4) The image of gorgeousness-calmness for the Japanese traditional street, at a long distance is influenced by the colors and texture of the surface of the exterior walls, while the image of hardness-softness, at a short distance, by the. Shapes of the constituent elements of the exterior walls.
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TATSUO IWAOKA, KAZUNARI SAKAMOTO, KIWAKO KAMO
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 383 Pages
141-149
Published: January 30, 1988
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'SHOHINKA-JYUTAKU' is recently regarded as one of the most familiar and common house-types in Japanese contemporary society, which is generally prefabricated as a commodity by some housing manufacturers. According to our previous reports, outward shapes of this type directly reflect the general public's desires relative to house form more than other types such as those designed by some architects. The subject of this report is based on an opininon-survey which we call' Image Research of Architecture 1986'. The aim of this reseach is to extract sensual meanings and various linguistic associations corresponding to the shape of commercialized houses. First, through the sum of individual sensual reactions to house-shape, we fixed some stereotypes of house-shape. Then we compared the meanings of each type by examining the associated words. Next, using the relations of each word, some unities of words were extracted. At last, through the analysis of the relationship between stereotypes of house-shape and lingustic unities, we clarified the system of meaning which overlapped house-shape's in our contemporary society.
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Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 383 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 383 Pages
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