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Article type: Cover
1990 Volume 418 Pages
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Published: December 30, 1990
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Article type: Cover
1990 Volume 418 Pages
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Published: December 30, 1990
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Article type: Index
1990 Volume 418 Pages
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Published: December 30, 1990
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Article type: Index
1990 Volume 418 Pages
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Article type: Index
1990 Volume 418 Pages
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Tadahisa KATAYAMA, Akio ISHII, Masaru NISHIDA, Tetsuo HAYASHI, Jun-ich ...
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 418 Pages
1-9
Published: December 30, 1990
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Three kinds of field observation of urban thermal environment were carried out to examine the cooling effects of a river. One is the measurement on four streets across the river. Three measurement points are set on each street, one is on the bridge and the others are in the area of about 100m from the river. These streets are selected along the river within 7km upstream from the coast. This is called Obs.1. Another is the measurement along a river and an avenue which go in the direction of the sea-land breeze. They are nealy parallel in the dountown with the distance of about 400m and cross each other at 7km upstream from the coast. Measurement points are set on the coast and the cross point. Moreover, there are four measurement points each on the river and on the avenue scattered between the coast and the cross point. This is called Obs.2. Another is the measurement along a street nealy perpendicular to the river. There are also ten points in the area of about 800m from the river. This is called Obs.3. The measurement points of Obs.1 and Obs.3 are grouped into 3 types, one is above the river, another is at the cross point with the other paths and another is in the cavity of buildings. The air temperature above the river is the lowest and next at the cross point where the wind direction is close to that of the sea breeze. It indicates that even small paths have ventilation effect on urban thermal environment. The results of Obs.2 show that the air temperature above the rever is clealy lower than that above the avenue when the sea breeze blows. The air temperature difference between them falls smaller in the downstream of the sea breeze. It is possible that the sea breeze mitigates the heat in the urban area, if it is well designed to utilize the sea breeze.
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Masaaki OHBA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 418 Pages
11-19
Published: December 30, 1990
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This paper describes the new digital image processing techniques for measuring pollutant diffusion around buildings. Calibrations of the image processor are performed for the linearity and stability of video signals, and for the shading of video images, using standard gray scale cards. Wind tunnel experiments are also conducted to investigate the averaging time of video image signals and the accuracy of these experiments. The vaporized oil is emitted into the wind tunnel flow from a stack. The smoke flow is visualized clearly by rapidly sweeping laser light sheet through the flow. The image pictures are sampled at intervals of 30 Hz. The following conclusions are confirmed. The averaging time for turbulent video image signals shows that 8 seconds is seen to be long enough for the running average to stabilize. For the accuracy of the experimental reproductivity, the difference error is obtained less than 18 %, which is considered to be accurate enough to measure the flow characteristics. Time-averaged tracer concentrations are compared with those for the video images. They are relatively similar with those for the video images. Consequently, the video image technology is demonstrated to be applicable to predict the pollutant diffusion around buildings, especially the temporal-spatial distribution, which is very much difficult to obtain from traditional point tracer measurements.
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Shuji FUJII, Guoping XIE, Shisei WARAGAI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 418 Pages
21-27
Published: December 30, 1990
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A laser remote detection technique is applied to measurement of low airflow velocity. Detection of tracer particles, analysis for air flow velocity and application of the detection system are described in this paper. For the detection of tracer particles, a remote laser detection system is used. It consists of a He-Ne laser, a TV system with an image intensifier, a VTR, etc. The laser beam is scanned through the measuring space, and the scattered lights of the tracer particles are detected by an image intensifier and TV system. The image data are analyzed by following procedures : 1) digitization of the visualized image, 2) labeling of tracer particles, 3) tracing of particle image, 4) determination of the air flow direction, 5) calculation of airflow velocity. Comparison experiment of the system with a ultrasonic anemometer is conducted. There is a good correlation between the air velocity values obtained by the two instruments. Furthermore, the detection system is applied to measurement of air velocity near surfaces.
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Tadashi DOI, Michiko IWATA, Yoshikazu NAKANE
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 418 Pages
29-40
Published: December 30, 1990
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To control artificial lighting by utilizing daylight is one of the important methods to save lighting energy. In this paper, we employed a model of an office room with light-diffusing-fixed slats blind attached on a window face, and discussed, among various electric lighting controls, the controlling condition of turning on-off control system introduced comparatively with ease. The problem with on-off lighting is its complicatedness and unpleasantness due to utilizing efficiency and illuminance change caused by on-off turning of artificial lighting for change of daylight. To solve the problem, the following two controlling conditions were considered : 1) to provide the wider range with the set-up illuminance to control, 2) to place regular time intervals between turning on and off. Hereafter, by providing the set-up point with each controlling condition, we attained to the favorable controlling method from four points of views, that is to say, daylight utilizing efficiency, frequency of on-off turning, fault turning-off ratio and surplus turning-on ratio. Our observation obtained the following results : 1) When illuminance value was set-up at the turning-off level ranging from 10 % to 30 % in-crease, the utilizing efficiency and the frequency of on-off turning decreased. However, when the illuminance level difference between turning-on and turning-off was made bigger, the surplus turning-on ratio in-creased. 2) When time intervals of operation between turning-on and turning-off and vice versa are set wider, although the utilizing efficiency did not differ so much, the frequency of on-off turning decreased ; in particular, at in-tervals less than ten minutes, the frequency of on-off turning decreased sufficiently. 3) In the same manner, when on-off turning control is carried out at twenty minutes intervals, both surplus turning-on ratio and fault turning-off ratio increased, which is not the favorable controlling condition. Our observation showed that what is essential to decrease the frequency of on-off turning with-out causing inefficiency is to place wider time intervals, rather than to set up the illuminance level for turning-off. Moreover, when stepped light control, the method to control each row one after another, is carried out, although the on-off turning must be made more frequently, the utilizing efficiency is enhanced. By this method, because of the stepped on-off turning, the change of the illuminance bacomes smaller and its psychological effect is notable.
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Yoshitsugu AOKI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 418 Pages
41-50
Published: December 30, 1990
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The utilization of computer technology in architectural design has enormous potentials to enable the designer to put more time in thinking creative thoughts. The aim of this study is to enhance the potentials by developing language system which supports the designer to express his idea of architectural form. Fundamental requirements for the language system to denote architectural form are outlined through categolyzing the vocabularies collecting from architectural literatures and as results of experiments; a) denoting the form of FARNSWORTH HOUSE by language expression and b) remaking a plan and elevation of FARNSWORTH HOUSE only from the language expression. A basic model which is based on the above requirements is proposed as a language system denoting architectural form. This model is implemented as a part of CAD system and is tested its efficiency in utilization.
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Kenji TATEBE, Hajimu NAKAJIMA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 418 Pages
51-57
Published: December 30, 1990
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In this paper the characteristics of avoidance behavior against an obstacle under free walking conditions are discussed, based on the premise that the pedestrians generally change their routes to avoid an obstacle. Here the following model is assumed. The distance (y) from pedestrians to an obstacle at the beginning of avoidance behavior is determined by the sum of three distance factors : distance to keep Personal Space (B_f), distance caused by the pedestrian's foward movement (T_p), and distance exerted by the forecasted movement of an obstacle (T_m), as follows y=B_f+T_p+T_m In order to determine the distances of each factor quantitatively, y was measured under the condition avoiding a stationary obstacle (an object or a human being) on a sidewalk. The behavior model results agree with empirical facts, as follows 1) The size of B_f is about 1.8m. 2) The size of T_p is about 3.4m. 3) T_m is determined by the characteristics of the obstacle. If the obstacle is a human being, the size of T_m is determined by the direction of the human being.
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Takashi IWASAKI, Yuzumi TAKAHASHI, Shinya NISHIMURA, Susumu SUGIURA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 418 Pages
59-69
Published: December 30, 1990
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The paper reports the present state of the detached houses space in 6 Cities, which are those in the snowy districts. This study were based on two different points of view. One is the living behavior, the other is the construction of detached houses space. The results of this paper may be summarized as follows ; 1. The living behavior is divided into 4 types. This living behavior in Akita are similar to that in Kanazawa, where reception space is prepared. The houses in Sapporo have multi-used space where eating, reception and the other family activity are held. 2. The detached houses in Sapporo consist of closed spaces mainly, but those in Akita, Kanazawa, Niigata, Nagaoka, Johetu have traditional spaces e.g. "Tuzuki ma".
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Sotoshi TUCHIYA, Yuzumi TAKAHASHI, Shinya NISHIMURA, Susumu SUGIURA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 418 Pages
71-81
Published: December 30, 1990
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This paper reports the actual condition of children's activity at the snowy districts Niigata City. These activities seems to be influenced by the enviroment, specially fallen snow. In this study, the seasonal change of these activities, the number of children playing in one group, the playgrounds and the play-time are analyzed. The results of this paper may be summarized as follows ; 1. The number of children playing outdoors decrease at snowy period to half, but it indicates that some number of children stay and play in the open at snowy period. 2. The children's activity is divided into 4 types, the dispersive-activity type is distinctive in female. 3. Two types out of four, which are effected by snow fall, have law activity in winter but the others do not.
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Yukinobu WADA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 418 Pages
83-93
Published: December 30, 1990
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This paper makes clear the characteristics of industrial population of small cities in a provincial area (SCP) which are classified to the merged city and existing city. Conclusions are as follows. (1) A percentage of the industrial population to the population (PIP) in the merged city is 2 % higher than that of the existing city. But PIP of both types of SCP has been changing in a allmost same way. (2) In 1960, the existing city was industrialized than the merged city. However both types of SCP have been industrialized, and there is not so much difference between them. (3) By analyzing SCP utilizing Hayashi's Third Method of Quantification, SCP are characterized by two facters, namely the industrialisation accompanied by the concentration of population and the tendency to the secondary or third industry. (4) The industrialization of SCP is regulated by a form of organization of SCP, namely whether SCP is the merged city or the existing city, and numbers of old administrial areas (kyusons) of which SCP is consist. (5) Hitherto the population is a only notion to examin SCP. In a plan of SCP we must pay attention to the form of organization and the numbers of kyusons which regulate the characteristics of industrial population of SCP.
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Shinya KATAGATA, Yoshizumi YAMAMOTO
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 418 Pages
95-102
Published: December 30, 1990
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The Nishijin area of Kyoto City sampled for this study has shifted with little changes of characteristics of miscellaneous landuses for dwelling, repeating the generation and extinction of small textile industries in its traditional streets pattern in which inhabitants have inherited the conventional subdivision of lot. But in recent years, the industrial spaces which once disappeared can be hardly relocated in the Nishijin area. In this meaning, the transformation of the whole Nishijin area occurred by dropping out of small industries seems irreversible. This study aims to investigate problems existing herein a changing process of the landuse in the Nishijin area from a viewpoint with an emphasis on the recent difficulties of regeneration lying in location problems of small industries and to consider about themes of planning on mixed landuse. This study offers some findings and proposals as follows. (1) The landuse of the Nishijin is characterized by the traditional complex of textile industries which has formed the central district based on concentrating locations of public and communal facilities. But the recent change of landuse in the central district has become disadvantageous to textile industries which try to locate in the Nishijin area. (2) When textile industies move their locations from the central district toward the periphery, they are apt to subcontract works to smaller industries located in other areas including out of kyoto City. On the contrary, industries which want to keep present locations have maintained the historic interdependence orienting to the peculiar landuse of the central district. (3) The landuse planning for the Nishijin area should protect spaces for weaving and other allied industries and inherit stocks beeing generated by the historic locations of communal bases and the original townscape.
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Yoshiko FUJIMOTO
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 418 Pages
103-113
Published: December 30, 1990
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The accounting systems in practice of home owners' associations are not functionally arranged to the purpose. In this paper are given the survey results carried out to find out the relevant problems and some guide lines to be followed for improvement. Main Points : 1. In general, in-practice rules of home owners' associations are not adequate to the effective maintenance and management of condominiums. 2. Especially, the accounting systems stipulated in the rules are often too complex and arbitarary by chiefly depending on individual management bodies, the competency of the board of directors and the styles of management. 3. At least, maintenance and repair reserve funds ought to belong to independent accounts, seperate from each other. 4. Accounting systems for repair reserve fund are not adequately ruled. 5. The long-range plan for repair work and necessary reserve fund is not prepared, which results in many cases in the inconsistent ways of fund raising.
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Kimiya MURAKAMI, Toshio OJIMA, Yoshihisa TAKEBAYASHI, Motoyuki TAKABU
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 418 Pages
115-124
Published: December 30, 1990
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The first purpose of this paper is to quantify the variation of physical deterioration of components of a building on the basis of the maintenance cost and to make the pattern of deterioration curves by the combinations of simple maintenance models. The second is to grasp the characters of deterioration of components by the three patterns of deterioration curves, which we make on the basis of the maintenance cost data of one building. The results are summarized as follows : (1) We quantified the variation of physical deterioration of components of a building on the basis of the maintenance cost. (2) We classified the maintenance type into three types, which are a regular maintenance, a small scale repair and a large scale repair. (Fig.4) And we made the three patterns of deterioration curves by seven combinations of simple maintenance models. Three patterns are a straight motion type, an accelerated motion type and a negative accelerated motion type. (Fig. 5) (3) On a system and a subsystem level, we made deterioration curves of many components on the basis of the maintenance cost data of one building. (Fig.6) And we made a graph of regression curves (y=a・t^m). (4) On a subsystem level, almost patterns of deterioration curves belonged to an accelerated motion type. On a system level except the external and internal finishing materials which didn't have a regular maintenance, almost patterns belonged to a straight motion type or an accelerated motion type which was akin to a straight motion type. The latter examples are those of the drainage and private generator system. Only the pattern of the inner ceiling belonged to a negative accelerated motion type. (Table 3〜5) (5) The mark (Fig.8) indicates the characters of deterioration and the maintenance type of each components. (Table 6. 7)
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Osamu NAKAGAWA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 418 Pages
125-134
Published: December 30, 1990
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In Tokyo, The urban areas rapidly stretched out of the city limits after the end of the Meiji era. This paper reveals the immediate cause, that is, the fact that many salaried workers moved to surrounding towns and villages because of the gap in house rent caused by the imbalance in "KAOKU-ZEI" (the rates on the owners of houses) payment in and out Tokyo City
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Kazuhiko NIWA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 418 Pages
135-145
Published: December 30, 1990
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This paper attempts to make clear the theory of Durand's architectural education through the analysis of his typical teaching programmes at the Ecole polytechnique on 1800, 1811 and 1832. These programmes show the progress of his ideal architectural education for all engineering students. He systematized the architectural education step by step according to the practical building construction, which emphasized the elements, parties and ensemble rather than the order, the form and the proportion etc. in the former teaching methods. His efforts to accomplish this educational system developed the different point of view which was accounted much of building composition.
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Hiroyasu FUJIOKA, Tatsuya SUZUKI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 418 Pages
147-153
Published: December 30, 1990
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Around in 1925 Mies became known to Japanese architects and in the 1950s information from the United States made Japanese architects think he was a great master of modern architecture, especially on the point of applying steel structure and technology. In the 1960s "space" was the keyword when talking his architectural ideas. Most Japanese architects objected to his concept of "universal space." This implies they believed in multiplicity in space design related to specific function. It is safe to say that the Japanese architects' estimates on Mies reflected their thoughts in the 1950s and the 1960s.
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Tuguto EZURA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 418 Pages
155-167
Published: December 30, 1990
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Town houses in early showa period (1926-1936) were built, not only in the traditional style of DASIGETA ZUKURI, but in the new styles. In one of the new styles, the facade of houses were made flat and covered with copperplates. I intend to describe the changes of town houses and the reasons for these changes by conducting an investigation of the houses in Chuo Ward and by checking the records and statistics of houses and the building code in that period. Through these analysis, I make it clear that Urban Building Code (SIGAICHI KENCHIKUBUTU HO) stated in 1919 influenced the lack of development of the third floor and the increase of the number of town house with flat facad.
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Yoshiki TSUDA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 418 Pages
169-177
Published: December 30, 1990
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The object of this paper is to consider the relation between the scale of the farm houses or the planning form and hierarchy or the family insutitution from the record with Ezucho. On the Kami-Kanai village in the Meiwa-ki (1764-1772) and Kami-Yokota or Yaita village in the Tenpo-ki (1830-1844), the scale of these farm houses was tended to enlarge with the increase of the Mochidaka. By the relation between hierarchy and the planning form, during from the Kyoho-ki (1716-1736) to the Tempo-ki, the type of Hiromagata was distributed from low level to high level. The type of Yomadori was found in the high level of the Kami-Yokota and Yaita village in the Tempo-ki. There is not any relations between the members of the family and the scale of the farm houses.
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Article type: Appendix
1990 Volume 418 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1990 Volume 418 Pages
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