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Article type: Cover
1987 Volume 380 Pages
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Published: October 30, 1987
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Article type: Cover
1987 Volume 380 Pages
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Published: October 30, 1987
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Article type: Index
1987 Volume 380 Pages
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Published: October 30, 1987
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Article type: Index
1987 Volume 380 Pages
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Article type: Index
1987 Volume 380 Pages
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NOBUYA MIWA
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 380 Pages
1-11
Published: October 30, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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In many developing countries, today, modern water works and sewage water works systems are constructed with technical and economical aids of advanced nations. In those countries, there are original and peculiar water use systems according to their own water environment, so that projects, that are not under such view points, bring important effects on the environment. It is necessary to understand the conditions of water and water use in such countries. Research was made in Yogyakarta in central Java Island in August 1985, from following three points ; (1) research on condition of water environment and water use in several communities in DIY, (2) condition of domestic water use in two areas, Perumnas and Kotagede nearby Yogyakarta city, and (3) condition and consciousness on common or communal water use. Results of this research are (1) domestic water use in communities in DIY is mainly depend on condition of water resources characterized by topographical and geologocal conditions, (2) in Perumans, communal water supply system runs insufficiently, so that people devise the system with using other water resources skillfuly, (3) average water consumption per capita per day in two areas is 125 liter, (4) to supplement for lack of water and home economy, not only communal wells but also private wells are used by every one, so that these wells alternate the public system. From these results, improvement of water system should be desired based on deep understanding of conditions of water resources system and actual water use.
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TETSUMI HORIKOSHI, YOTARO KOBAYASHI, TADAHIRO TUCHIKAWA, SHIGEHARU FUK ...
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 380 Pages
12-23
Published: October 30, 1987
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SUMIO YAGI, MASAO INUI
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 380 Pages
24-31
Published: October 30, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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The purpose of this study is to measure people's visual perception of the space size, particularly concerning to its relation to the surfaces constituting a space. In this paper the effects of the space continuity which is varied according to varity of partitions on the perception of volume were considered on the basis of supplemental experiments. And then the scales about the perception of volume were composed based on the results obtained by experiments. Finally, applicability of the scales to real space was investigated. The Summary of the results are as follows. (1) Divisional degree of visual space made by psartitions has high correlation with the extent of the partition, and that the part of the partition lower than eye level is more effective than the upper part. (2) Within the limits of this experiment, the degree of the division of visual space cannot be considered to have immediate effect on the perception of visual frameworks. (3) The scales about perception of volume were composed into a form of multiple regression equation. (4) According to the observation on people in walking, the direction of the visual line is not so frequently turned. (5) The field of vision in real spaces take various shapes according to the forms of visual composition of spaces, but the changes are not extreme.
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MASAKI KATAOKA, YUKIO ARITA, MAHITO NAKAZONO, SEIJI SATOH
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 380 Pages
32-45
Published: October 30, 1987
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Housing stock in our country consists of many small houses which are already built. In recent years residential alterations and additions show a tendency to increase remarkably. The purpose of this study is to clarify how the dwelling levels are improved by making additions to small houses for sale. The results are as follows : (1) Additions are effective for improving the dwelling levels. (2) Improvements by adding rooms are more effective in the SDK houses-type than in the 3LDK. Most of the 3LDK are improved to 4LDK〜5LDK, and most of the SDK to 5DK. (3) Additions are begun soon after moving in new houses, and sooner in the 3DK than in the 3LDK. (4) The rates of houses provided with all of the necessary rooms (bedroom, dinning room, living room and guest room) are limited to 20 percents before additions, but come up to 80 percents after. (5) The rates of houses with bedroom for children and master's bedroom are lower in the SDK than in the 3LDK before additions, but almost the same in both houses-type after additions. (6) The rooms added in the 3DK (with living room) are different from those in the 3DK (with guest room) at the beginning. So the rates of houses provided with guest room in the 3LDK and with bedroom in the 3DK are shown much higher after additions.
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NAOJI MATSUMOTO
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 380 Pages
46-55
Published: October 30, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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The purpose of this study is to provide a basic data on conservation planning of a traditional residential area by analysing the visual effects of townscapings. First, a certain residential area designated as a conservation area by Nagano City was considered. The characteristics of the area were analysed by the investigation of the scenes. Then the scenes were classified into eleven groups. And the physical elements which make up the visual environment were abstracted. Secondly, for drawing the perspectives, the width of the visual angle of field was investigated by making a comparison between the classifications on the scenes and those of five photographs groups taken on them by fisheye lens and lenses with focal lengths of 21 mm, 28 mm, 35 mm and 50 mm respectively. Judging from the degree of correspondence in the classifications, the 35 mm lens's width was found the most suitable to the visual field. Using this width, fifteen drawings of typical scenes of the area were made. Then sixty-five altered drawings were made, under the following four transfiguration measures : i) to remove the street installations such as road-signs and utility poles, ii) to remodel the walls, gates and house into traditinal style, iii) to reconstruct the water ways along the street, and iv) to transfigure i) to iii) simultaneously. Lastly, the changes of the visual effects of the scenes from the present to the altered were evaluated using the seven bipolar semantic scales. Through these processes, visual effects of each transfiguration in the traditional residential area were made clear.
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SATOSHI MATSUSHITA, SHIGEYUKI OKAZAKI, TSUYOSHI KUNIEDA
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 380 Pages
56-63
Published: October 30, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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This is a study of a model for sub-optimal linear ordering of rooms to be allocated along a linear communication path. The pattern of communication path, such as linear, loop, T-shape and cross, tends to be imaged as a basic form of architectural plan at the beginning of design. Criteria for the sub-optimum ordering of rooms are those that follow. 1) Maximizing or minimizing the maximum or minimum number of communication movements passing through between each possible subset of rooms and its complementary set of rooms. 2) Maximizing or minimizing the total length of communication movents between rooms. The study is also developed in this paper to deal with allocation when rooms are different in size and some rooms are fixed at the given place in advance. The problem to find the sub-optimum ordering turns out to be equivalent to find the shortest directed path from the start vertex to the goal vertex in a state-space graph. Each vertex of this graph consists of subsets of rooms. The start vertex and the end vertex consists of empty set and universal set respectively.
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TAKASHI TAKAMI
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 380 Pages
64-75
Published: October 30, 1987
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This paper aimes to make clear the techniques used on the plotting of residential area and the plotting a block in KOKURA castle town, and to elucidate what its character has had influence upon the present city area. The main results are as follows. 1) The principles of the planning had used the module of 35 KEN and the technique of the vista. 2) Its characters of the residential area have collapsed and have changed in quality. 3) The double lot plotting has changed into the plotting the four sides. 4) It has had the character which have not produced the back site that the blocks of checkerboard street system have used the module of 35 KEN.
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YASUHARU KAWANO, MASAO AOKI, TOSHIRO KITAOKA, TAKASHI NAKASHIMA
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 380 Pages
76-83
Published: October 30, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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The Basic Parks for Community Use are prescribed under the Law of City Parks by means of the standard area, the standard effective distance and the main users' age bracket, and are presently divided into three types, which are Children Parks, Neighborhood Parks and Community Parks. However, actually the Basic Parks for Cummunity Use are classified only by the area standard, and the clearly defined partition of the area for the three types are not decided in detail. On this paper, we classify the Basic Parks for Community Use under 2 ha. into five types by means of park area standard, and we analize not only the main users' age range but also the characteristic of the utilization forms of each type. We clearly explained the partitioned land of the parks under 2 ha. and also explained the characteristics of each classified type of the parks.
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TOSHIAKI OOKA, MASAO AOKI
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 380 Pages
84-99
Published: October 30, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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In this paper, it is our aim to show that there were regional differences in the farmhouse-plan of the late Edo Period by a territorry of a Fendal-clan. We primarily pusue the following points : As in the previous paper, we analyze the defference and special in the MAEDOMA farmhouse-plan by a territory of the TANABE, OBAMA, HUKUI-clan
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MICHIKO TSUDA, TAKATOSHI UENO, HARUO NAGAMINE
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 380 Pages
100-111
Published: October 30, 1987
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This paper analyses the physical features of the new housing which have been spontaneously replacing the old wooden apartments for last 10 years, by means of case studies in the high density wooden apartment areas in the periphery of the Osaka city. The conclusion of the studies are summerized as follows. Building activities replacing old wooden apartments became intensified in early 1980s when a conspicuous decrease in the number of households was taking place. The cases wherein previous apartments have been replaced by houses account for about 80% of all. Of which, 49.3% was rebuilt into detached houses, whereas the row houses newely provided through substantial remodelling (both internally and externally without demolition) account for 26.5%. Both the detached and row houses are for sale. On the other hand the rate of fireproof apartments constitutes only 10.2%. All of these renewed dwelling units are of considerable low-quality, presumably adding to the housing stock of smallest-size units in the metropolitan region. Owing to fragmented plot sizes, the site area of the detached and row houses average 62 m^2 and 39 m^2 respectively, or about 40% and 70% of the respective averages of those in the Osaka prefecture as a whole. Therefore the building-to-land ratios (BLR) or the building-volume-to-land ratios (BVR) are conspicuously high. For example, in case of a row house, BLR is as high as 96.8%, meaning a BVR of 179.7%. Even in case of a detached house, a BLR of 71.5% or BVR of 142.1% is observed. These figures indicate illegal building activities. Besides the replacement is undertaken mostly by way of site-by-site improvement of apartment buiding, meaning small-scale activities. The size of fireproof apartments are not significantly larger than the previous wooden apartments. The units constituted of 2 rooms are not appropriate to the needs of families who want to move out of the wooden apartments.
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SHINJI MATSUMOTO, NAOTO MINE, YOSHITSUGU UCHIYAMA
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 380 Pages
112-118
Published: October 30, 1987
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In comparison with the rapid development of many construction methods and equipment in building construction, efficient application methods have advanced more slowly. Since building construction involves numerous types of work, a comprehensive organizational and management method is very important. The aim of the present study is to establish a work scheduling method for optimum construction and practical use. The authors took part in a number of actual construction projects for this study and propose MAC (Multi-Activity Chart) as a tool for work scheduling and management. The fundamental concept of this method is to organize several work teams with fixed members and to repeat the same work cycle constantly with no idle time. The necessity and significance of work scheduling is clarified and the efficiency of MAC is demonstrated in relation to the learning theory.
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YOSHIRO YAMANO
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 380 Pages
119-124
Published: October 30, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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According to an old manuscript, "Sho-shinji-shidai-ki", it is found that in certain Shinto ceremonies the participants often held a feast "Kyozen" at various places in Sumiyoshi-sha Shrine in the late 13th or the early 14th century. The aim of this paper is to identify the places for Kyozen and to find the basic rules which determine Kyozen place in each of the ceremonies. First of all I have compared the manuscript of "Sho-shinji-shida-ki" with one of the oldest drawings of this shrine, "Settsu-sumiyoshi-ezu", painted in 1653. It is ascertained that this plan indicates several points consistent with some of the discriptions of the manuscript. Another problem is to find the rules of choice. Two ways of clarification have been attempted ; one is to analyze the order of each Shinto ceremony, another is to investigate the participants in each Kyozen feast. The results are as follows : (1) In many cases, a Kyozen feast before or after a Kami-matsuri ceremony was celebrated, both at the same place. (2) When the feast and the ceremony were cerebrated in different places, the place for the Kydzen feast was chosen according to the participants' status.
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TAKESHI ITO
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 380 Pages
125-134
Published: October 30, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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Tenma Honganji Jinaimachi was consisted of Honganji Temple (the Gobo) and its town. Hongariji Temple was considered to be located on the eastern part of the Jinaimachi, and the circumference around the Jinaimachi was not permitted to be fortified by Hideyoshi. Such a construction cannot be regarded as the regular style of Honganji and it symbolically shows the change in quality of Honganji Jinaimachi under the severe control of Hideyoshi. Honganji Jinaimachi was in turn compelled to remove to Kyoto in 1591. After the removal, Tenma district didnot go to ruin, but continued as the town. Tenma-kumi (one of the regional community of Osaka in the Edo era) came into being laying the foundation of Tenma Houganji Jinaimachi.
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KAZUO NISHI, ASAE ARAI
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 380 Pages
135-144
Published: October 30, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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The Katsura villa is very famous in Japan as one of the most excellent Sukiya architecture. It was the villa of Katsurano-miya Household. Katsurano-miya had four villas. One of them was of course the Katsura villa. Other three of them were the Takagamine villa (Kita-ku, Kyoto City), the Misasagi villa (Nishigyo-ku, Kyoto City), and the Kaiden villa (Nagaokakyo City). These three villas are now not in existence. This is the study on the Misasagi villa. It was called as Hirono villa too, because the Misasagi village was called as Hirono village. The Misasagi villa situated in Misasagi-Ikenotani Nishigyo-ku, There were Jizodo (Jizoson set in here), Shoin (forty tsubo), Gezin (ten tsubo) in the site. The 7th prince, Prince Yakahito went to Misasagi villa, went up the hill (Ochaya-yama, Mount of Villa), and took pleasure in a view. Jizodo was built in 1631, and others were also built in almost same time.
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TATUSO IWAOKA, KAZUNARI SAKAMOTO
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 380 Pages
145-155
Published: October 30, 1987
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The aim of this report is to clarify the imaginary system which can be seen in the outside form of 'SHOHINKA-JUTAKU' : prefabricated housing designed and built for sale by some housing manufacturers. Through this analysis parts of the iconological character which are contained in the outward form of architecture can be made clear. 'SHOHINKA-JUTAKU' is recently regarded as one of the most familiar and vernacular house-types in Japanese contemporary society. According to our previous reports, outward shapes of this type directly reflect the general public's desires relative to house-form more than other types such as those designed by some architects. The subject of this report is based on an opinion survey which we call 'Image-Research of Architecture 1985' and observes various images derived from the outward shape of some prefabricated houses. From the results of this survey, some basic stereotypical shapes were extracted using the factor analysis. Next, we clarify the characteristics of each type on several levels, for example, association of languages, sense perception images, impressive parts of form, and visual structure of outward form. And then, through a comparison of each type, we examine the relations between the meaning of stereotypes and these visual forms, and derive the common associative systems in those images from this analysis.
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Article type: Appendix
1987 Volume 380 Pages
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Published: October 30, 1987
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Article type: Cover
1987 Volume 380 Pages
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Published: October 30, 1987
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