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Article type: Cover
1986 Volume 366 Pages
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Published: August 30, 1986
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Article type: Cover
1986 Volume 366 Pages
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Published: August 30, 1986
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Article type: Index
1986 Volume 366 Pages
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Published: August 30, 1986
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Article type: Index
1986 Volume 366 Pages
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Published: August 30, 1986
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Article type: Index
1986 Volume 366 Pages
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Published: August 30, 1986
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KEN-ICHI NARITA, TAKESHI SEKINE, TOSHIKAZU TOKUOKA
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 366 Pages
1-11
Published: August 30, 1986
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The distribution of mass transfer coefficient (k) around two dimensional models was discussed in the preceding paper. This time, the effects of air flow around cuboid model and regularly arranged city-block models on the ground evaporation are investigated in the same manner (using the salinity change technique). Many model experiments on air flow in built-up area have been made previously, but none of the reports clarified its effect on surface flux, especially latent heat flux at all. The distribution of k around cuboid model shows complex pattern in accord with air flow, and cannot be explained well by only mean and turbulent velocities near the surface (Fig. 3 and 6). When cuboid models are arranged continuously in the direction of stream, the conspicuous variation of k is restricted within first three array and seems to be constant after that (Fig. 8). Regarding city-block models, the local distribution of k on the street is more complex, but some systematic tendencies are revealed (Fig. 10). As a genenal, k is large in peripheral part of built-up area, especially wind-ward, and decreases gradually to the center of it. However, in detail, k is larger at cross-street than other part of street (Fig. 10 and 11). Averaging over the lot, k is proportional to mean and turbulent velocities near the surface in spite of the differences of model height, model size, and arrangement pattern (Fig. 21). In the case of equal height, the building coverage dose not affect on averaged k value seriously, within limits of this experiment (Fig. 19). On the contrary, the change of k is remarkable when city-block consists of the models unequal height (Fig. 23). Therefor, the vertical variation of surface component have a large effect on the turbulent diffusivity in urban area compared to its horizontal density.
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HIDEKI SHIBAIKE, MAMORU MATSUMOTO
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 366 Pages
12-21
Published: August 30, 1986
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The present paper develops a direct boundary element formulation for coupled heat and moisture transfer of 1-dimensional multi-layered walls. The coupled boundary integral equations are derived, and the fundamental solutions are obtained as linear combinations of the solutions for 1-dimensional simple diffusions. Using constant boundary elements in time and linear cells in space, the boundary integral equations are descretized into the simultaneous algebraic equations. Then the coefficients of the system matrices are evaluated analytically. Based on the algebraic equations for a single layer, coupled heat and moisture transfer in multi-layered walls is formulated with unknown potentials of internal boundaries. Simple examples, that is, thermal and hygroscopic responses of a concrete wall subject to step excitations on direchlet boundaries, are computed and they illustrate the numerical efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method.
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HIDEKI SHIBAIKE, MAMORU MATSUMOTO
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 366 Pages
22-32
Published: August 30, 1986
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The present paper describes linear and quasilinear boundary element solutions for coupled heat and moisture transfer of multi-layered slabs in hygroscopic regions. The purpose of this paper is to know the transient thermal and hygroscopic performances of building walls which can be used as a passive technique to control temperature and humidity within buildings. We have already proposed a boundaty element formulation for 1-dimensional transient problems of coupled heat and moisture transfer in multi-layered slabs. In this paper, we choose two typical wall constructions, and analyze thermal and hygroscopic responses of the walls caused by the step excitations of air temperature and/or humudity within the room using the proposed formulation. Linear step responses which have constant material properties are computed. Comparisons between the B. E. and analytical solutions illustrate the numerical accuracy of the results obtained by the proposed B. E. formulation We discuss the transient behaviors of walls with and without the porous insulation. Then quasilinear responses as more practical transient bihaviors, of which material properties are depend on the mean values of temperature and humidity in subdomains of the materials, are computed. We discuss the discrepancy between the linear and quasilimear responses with attension on the thermal and hygroscopic effect of the porous insulation. These results also demonstrate the flexibility and the numerical efficiency of using our proposed B. E. formulation.
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FUSAO HASEGAWA, KEN-ICHI KIMURA, HIROSHI YOSHINO, YOSHIMI ISHIKAWA, HI ...
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 366 Pages
33-41
Published: August 30, 1986
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This paper describes the experimental results on the performance evaluation of the thermal storage floor system using a tandem-type test house. For the purpose of examining the performance of the thermal storage floor, one test room (Room A) is furnished with a brick floor 30 cm in depth and the other one (Room B) has a wooden floor, the crawl space of which is ventilated naturally. The effect of thermal storage floor is evaluated by comparing the indoor temperature profiles of the two rooms. Secondly, this paper also shows the amount of heat absorbed and released by the brick floor as estimated using the measured temperature of several points in the room. The results of the experiments are shown as follows. (1) The air temperature of the Room A with a brick floor is about 15℃ lower at the maximum during the day and 7℃ higher at the maximum during the night than that of Room B with a wooden floor. But there is no difference in the peak time of the room temperature between the two room. (2) The daily air temperature swing of Room A is about 1/2 times smaller all the year round than that of Room B. (3) The brick floor is absorbing the solar radiation while the sun is shining and releases the heat to the room air during the night and during the sunless days. The rate of heat transferred in the night is estimated to be about 300-400 kcal/h (20-30 kcal/m^2h) if it is sunny day. (4) The effective thermal capacity of Room A with a brick floor is calculated to be about 830 kcal/℃. This value is 5 times larger than that of Room B with a wooden floor and corresponds to 56 % that of the gross thermal capacity of a brick.
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SABURO MURAKAWA, DAISAKU NISHINA
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 366 Pages
42-52
Published: August 30, 1986
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the techniques for evaluating river environment. Therefore, this paper is presented a technique based on people's opinions and sense as the first installment of this study. The questionnaires on living and river environment were executed to the dwellers at the 21 districts in Hiroshima City, the lower reach in the Ota. On these results, the structures of evaluation on living and river environment are clarified by using the factor analysis, and the 21 districts and river spaces are classified on the properties of evaluation of environment. Analysing the relation between the comprehensive and the conservative evaluation on living and river environment, the importance of the existence of river environment, especially as scenic and natural resources, is pointed out for the amenity of living environment in urban areas. As to the relation between evaluation and indexes composing the environment, the multiple regression models are described, and we find that the properties of evaluation are affected by the surrounding environment indexes.
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KEIKO KODAMA
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 366 Pages
53-60
Published: August 30, 1986
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The purpose of this paper is twofold : one is to develope a rating scale for measurement of environmental features at residential facilities for the aged, and the other is to evaluate the effectiveness of this scale. The scale developed here is made up of two types of checklist. The Revised Architectural Features Checklist has 159 items which are categorized into the folloing nine dimensions : physical amenity, social-recreational aids, prosthetic aids, informational aids, safty features, architectural individuality, space availability, staff facility and community accessibility. Likewise, the Revised Policy and Service Features Checklist consists of 112 items which are also categorized into the following eight dimensions : flexibility in personal living, provision for privacy, expectation for functioning, availability of health services, availability of daily living assistance, resident participation, availability of recreational activities and provision for community services. The item selection in each checklist and dimentional categorization of appropriate items were done on the basis of a psychometric criteria which includes internal consistency in each dimension, independence among the dimensions and test-retest reliability in each dimension. The data from 44 residential facilities for the aged in the Tokyo Metropolitan area were used for this purpose. Then, three facilities were selected from the data and their sample profiles were graphically presented. These three represented most different types of facilities. It was found that the scale is highly effective in discriminating environmental features not only in each facility but also among the three facilities.
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SHIGERU KAMIWADA, MASAO AOKI
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 366 Pages
61-70
Published: August 30, 1986
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The purpose of this study is to make clear the way of openness of community gymnasium and the planning principle of court side space. Accordingly, in this paper the authors annalyze appearance and find it's factors of "the play attendent behavior" at court side space. The main results are as follows ; 1. "The play attendent behavior" that come into question are next two point. (1) Carrying baggege into sports hall. (2) Rest and same kind behavior that arise frequently during play. 2. The former caused by decreasing of use of locker room, eventually caused by increasing of community use. It's degree is changed by "hours of use", "type of user", "standing place of gymnasium" and by "sports item". 3. The latter caused by increasing sports for recreation in place of sports for training. It's degree is changed by "sports item", "the number of players per one court" and "distribution of play contents".
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TADAO KOGA
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 366 Pages
71-81
Published: August 30, 1986
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The aim of this research is to find out of the effects of space planning for housing on load of assist work with activity of daily living (ADL) for the severely handicapped. Items of research and it's results are as a follows ; The items are face-finding on ADL for the cervical injury persons, their assistants and measurement of load of assist work of bathing activities with heart rate and electromyogram for assistants. For the face-finding of ADL for the cervical injury persons, No.5 cervical cord (C5) injury persons showed 67 %, (C6) injury persons showed 46 %, (C7) injury persons showed 30 % and (C8) injury persons showed 7 % with rate of all assist of ADL. All assist work in ADL were bathing, excred and dressed or undressed activities. The load of assist work of bathing activities showed 100 beets to 130 beets per minute on heart rate and more than 50 % of maximal voluntary contraction on electromyogram with assistants. These load of living body were caused by squatting, forward bending and deeply half rising with knee extended posture at assist work and height of work level. At space planning for housing, it became clear that considerable of suitable height of work level of vertical like plan is very important.
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KINSAKU MIURA
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 366 Pages
82-94
Published: August 30, 1986
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This research analyses 50 representative italian "PIAZZA". There are three main objectives of this study : A) To consider the utilization of space and the relation of the "PIAZZA" to its surrounding buildings. B) To define the spatial relationships between the facades comprising the "PIAZZA" C) To determine the daily activities and important roles of the "PIAZZA". The three main conclusions of this research are ; A) The spatial elements of the italian "PIAZZA" are mostly related to the three activities of religion, public administration and commerce. B) The commerce surrounding the italian "PIAZZA" have similiar commercial features with unique spatial characteristics. C) Regarding the usage of the italian "PIAZZA" we can divide it into five categories. 1) The religious "PIAZZA" 2) The civic "PIAZZA" 3) The commercial "PIAZZA" 4) The complex "PIAZZA" 5) The others
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YASUHIRO WATANABE
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 366 Pages
95-105
Published: August 30, 1986
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This kiwari Text (architectual reference book) "DAIKU-MASUZUMI-KANAJAKU-NO-SHIDAI" was introduced by the late Mr. Inui in 1961 in the Book written about Japanese technology of pre Meiji period. From the contents itself this Text was determind to be of Middle Ages (written before Edo period). Recently studies of kiwari texts especially of Middle Ages are making progress. This kiwari Text is used as one of the important indexes. However introduced contents of the Text by Mr. Inui was not original (original is missing), but seems to be selected and translated into modern expressions. Besides this translation is based on the knowledge of kiwari system of Edo era, so it is quite natural we find some contradictions and questions. Therefore there are many difficulties when we take this Text as original. From this point of view this paper examines the Text comparing with that of the same age and tries to restore the missing original One, as well as examines kiwari system of Middle Ages.
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AKIRA SATO
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 366 Pages
106-115
Published: August 30, 1986
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Gui-derricks and stiff-leg-derricks were contrived or improved mainly in north country. On the other hand, in south country, travelling cranes were devised with whole timber scaffold. In large building sites, these new equipments became popular gradually from 1840 s, and steam began to be utilized as motive power. As the summary of this series of papers, the following are concluded. Mechanization took place in stoneworking, wood-working and brick manufacturing, and the spread of wood-working machinery was conspicuous. With construction equipments, improvements in lifting machinery were efficient. In the industry under discussion, these improvements were employed principally by big general builders. To treat the technical advance in building industry, increasing difference of the scale among buisinesses should be borne in mind.
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KAZUYOSHI FUMOTO, KATSUHIKO WATANABE, AKIRA NAITO
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 366 Pages
116-123
Published: August 30, 1986
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The "Gushikenki" written in the Edo period appears to be known as the only architectural reference book dealing with architectural quantitative survey by the mean of mathematical knowledge. However, a few early Japanese mathematical books written before the "Gushikenki" contain knowleges relative to mathematical means of architechtural quantitative survey. We intend to examine the contents of the "Gushikenki" in comparison with those of the early mathematical books and to clarify the mathematical background of the "Gushikenki".
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SHUJI HANYU
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 366 Pages
124-131
Published: August 30, 1986
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SHIGERU WAKAYAMA, TATSUO OKAJIMA, KATSUHIKO WATANABE, AKIRA NAITO
Article type: Article
1986 Volume 366 Pages
132-139
Published: August 30, 1986
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This is a study of optical image of modern architecture according to the semantic differential method. 16 architectures. 32 scenes (in and ex-teria) of wellknown architectures in 20th century are selected as the sumples of the analysis. There are found 4 axes of semantic factor from the experiment The 4th axis named humanelymechanic is the typical factor of modern architecture. The material condition has much relation to this axis, the form condition has much relation to hard-soft axis, and the building system condition has relation to these 2 axes. Even modern architecture is said universal or inter-nathional, there are found some locational climatic characters on loud-guiet axis in this analysis.
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Article type: Appendix
1986 Volume 366 Pages
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Published: August 30, 1986
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Article type: Cover
1986 Volume 366 Pages
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