Journal of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ)

[title in Japanese]

Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 384 Pages Cover1-
Published: February 28, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.384.0_Cover1

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 384 Pages Cover2-
Published: February 28, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.384.0_Cover2

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Index
1988 Volume 384 Pages Toc1-
Published: February 28, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.384.0_Toc1

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Index
1988 Volume 384 Pages Toc2-
Published: February 28, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.384.0_Toc2

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Index
1988 Volume 384 Pages Toc3-
Published: February 28, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.384.0_Toc3

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BASED ON INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM DWELLERS, ON-SITE INSPECTIONS AND COLOUR SLIDES : A study on techniques for evaluating river environment Part 2

SABURO MURAKAWA, DAISAKU NISHINA

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 384 Pages 1-11
Published: February 28, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.384.0_1

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the techniques for evaluating river environment. We selected the three techniques; (1) by dweller's evaluation, (2) by subject's evaluation at river areas, (3) by subject's evaluation with colour slides. The Part 1 of this study analysed dweller's evaluation at 21 districts around the Ota river in Hiroshima City. As the Part 2, this paper analyses the results of river evaluation with (2) and (3) techniques above-mentioned, and compares to the characteristics of the three techniques. The contents of this paper are as follows. We show the results of synthetical evaluation of river environment at 22 points around the Ota in Hiroshima City. Using the factor analysis, we select the 2 factors from conservative evaluation and 3 factors from imaginary evaluation as the common factor. These factors have the same meaning with the results of dweller's evaluation, But the numbers of selected factor are not the same. Using the multiple regression analysis, we show the relation between evaluation and indexes composing the river environment on each factor. We clarify that the selected explanatory variables in each regression equation have the different influence on the evaluation between these techniques, and describe that one of the reason of these differences depends on the degree of consciousness for environment around the river areas. From these results, we clarify that the technique by subject's evaluation with colour slides is restricted for evaluating river environment synthetically.

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EVALUATION OF THE ROOM TEMPERATURE IN HEATING BASED ON THERMAL SENSATION OF BARE HANDS AND FINGERS

HIDEKI KUBOTA, YUJI ISHIDOYA, KAZUO ISHIO, ISAO IGE

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 384 Pages 12-19
Published: February 28, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.384.0_12

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In order to evaluate ambient temperature for office and house heating, experiments on thermal sensation of bare hands and fingers, and impression of freshness were conducted under the two kinds of clothing condition. Test A: six male subjects selected clothing ensemble to keep thermally neutral sensation. Test B: the subjects wore normal winter clothing. The subjects were exposed for three hours to four ambient temperature conditions of 7°, 10°, 14° and 18℃ for test A and 10°, 14°, 18° and 22℃ for test B. The following results were obtained I the subjects felt their hands and fingers thermally neutral at the ambient temperature of 21℃, which is the lowest ambient temperature for eliminating discomfort due to coolness of bare hands. The subjects felt fresh below the ambient temperture of 20℃, and the authors found that the optimum ambient temperature for freshness was 18℃, accepting slight discomfort of cold hands.

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DIE BESCHLAGDICHT DER LUFTSCHICHT ZWISCHEN DEN ZWEI SCHEIBENFENSTEE DUECH DIE WINO-UNRUHE

TAKASHI SASAKI, MOTOYA HAYASHI, NOBORU ARATANI

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 384 Pages 20-26
Published: February 28, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.384.0_20

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Diese Abhandlung wird tlber die Beschlagdicht der Luftschicht zwischen den zwei Scheibenfenster bes-chrieben. Der Schllisse sind wie das Folgende; 1) Die AuBenluft flieBt in die Luftschicht gegen der Windrichtung des Gebaudes ein. 2) Das Verhaltnis des Einflusses von AuBenluft in die Luftschicht nimmt zu, wenn der Schwingungsweite groB ist und die Frequenz hoch ist. 3) Filr die Beschlagdicht der Luftschicht soil die auBeren Llicke etwa 1/50 gegen der inneren Lucke als die DurchlaBigkeit brauchen.

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A EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF COMPLEXITY AND ORDER OF STREET-VISTA A study of the relations between structure and evaluation of visual environments Part 1

RYOICHI YAMAGISHI, SHIGERU UCHIDA, SHIN-ICHI KUGA

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 384 Pages 27-35
Published: February 28, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.384.0_27

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We examined 1) relations between complexity-order and subjects' evaluation of visual environments, and 2) physical causes of complexity and order by different 3 stages of experiment. In 1st experiment, we employed semantic differential method using 30 color-slide pictures of residential environment in order to examine the 1st purpose. In 2nd experiment, we used 30 pieces of abstract pictures. In 3rd experiment we used 27 series of VTR pictures of abstract models of street environments. Both 2nd and 3rd experiments aimed to obtain the physical causes of complexity and order. As the result of these experiments we found; 1) An orderly and complex environment obtained higher evaluation in a residential environment; 2) The measurement of complexity and order is relative to the measurement of information theory.

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LUMINANCE DISTRIBUTION IN NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL LANDSCAPES

MASAO INUI, YOSHIKI NAKAMURA

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 384 Pages 36-43
Published: February 28, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.384.0_36

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A photograph of exterior environment encompassing 120° was taken by an orthographic projection camera, and was converted into the picture of a luminance pattern using colour image processor. In this way the data of luminance in twenty-two natural and artificial landscapes were obtained. Dividing a picture into small areas (about 0.6°) luminance distribution for each scene was plotted as histograms. Based on the shape of histograms, the type of luminance distribution can be classified into four, that is, a natural landscape,, an artificial distant view, an artificial close view and an artificial view with an open plane. Luminance ratios between the adjacent two small areas were then plotted as histograms. This histogram indicates the steepness (or the gentleness) of the slope of brightness, and shows the difference between natural and artificial scenes more clearly. Most luminance ratios for a natural scene are comparatively small, while luminance ratios for an artificial view are either comparatively greater or 1.0 (no contrast). The average of all the luminance ratios between the adjacent two small areas in a picture indicates the harshness (or the flatness) of the total brightness pattern, and differs between natural and artificial scenes. The aver-age of luminance ratios for a natural scene is small, while the average for an artificial view is generally great, with the exception of an artificial view with an open plane. In conclusion, based on the two indices, that is, the steepness of the slope of brightness and the harshness of the total brightness pattern, characteristics of luminance in the exterior environment are satisfactorily explained.

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DEW CONDENSATION AND LEAKING OF RAIN OCCURRING ON SURRUNDING WALLS : A research survey on performance of surrounding walls (2)

TSUNEHIRO MANABE, YUKIO KOMATSU, ICHIRO NAKAJIMA, YOSHIYUKI NUMATA

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 384 Pages 44-52
Published: February 28, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.384.0_44

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From the result of research which we showed in former report, we analyzed the relation of dew condensation and leaking of rain to various conditions. Dew condensation seems to relate to the usage of the room (mainly manned or unmanned), rather than the design of buildings or meteorological conditions. But this relation seems not to be so obvious. Leaking of rain can be reduced by the projections from surrounding walls, such as eaves or balconies. But various phenomena occurring on surrounding walls of actual buildings can not be fully explained with such commonly considered conditions. These phenomena seems to be influenced by various conditions which are not considered in the stage of design of buildings.

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A STUDY OF PARTITIVE POINTS-ANALYSES AND PHYSICAL-ANALYSIS ON APPROACH SPACES OF SHINTO SHRINES : Study on approach spaces of SHINTO Shrines (Part I)

TOHRU FUNAKOSHI, HIROSHI TSUMITA, MISAKO SHIMIZU

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 384 Pages 53-62
Published: February 28, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.384.0_53

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This study is one of a series of studies to explicate objectively the sequence seemed in the spaces of SHINTO Shrines, which are very interesting from a physical point of view, as well as from the religious one, and examine in the techniques used there. In this paper (Part I), we present the results of Partitive analysis and Physical analysis as the first step of the study. First: We had experimented on several testes at five Shrines selected in advance. In consequence of these experiments, we verified the existance of some particular point. From these points, atmospheres of each space seemed distinctly to get changed. These points are named "PARTITIVE POINTS". And each part of spaces which is parted with suchlike points is named "PARTED SPACES". We applied this conception of "PARTITIVE POINTS" to other seven shrines to observe the spaces in PARTED SPACES. Next, we analyzed each PARTITIVE POINT to indicate the mutual relations between the length of an approach and the number of points, or the length between two points Second: We settled twelve constituent elements of PARTITIVE POINTS: for example, the change on the level or on the width of an approch. Then we described the correlation with matrix figures and Cluster analysis. Third: We have taken numerous photographs of those approaches, and made a survey of those, to draw figures of both side of an approach (named "Symbolic elevation"). Suchlike figures were made for physical and quantitive analyses of the sequence seemed in approach spaces. Finally: Forty-eight factors which determine characterisitic of approaches were fixed and their values were caluculated par every 20 m to be graphed. As the result of all those analyses, following facts are made clear. 1) "PARTITIVE POINTS" are correlative with the length of an approach in which they are included. And generally, the length between two Partitive Points tends to decrease toward the end of an approach. 2) "PARTITIVE POINTS" are consist of many factors belong to the variations in levels, trees and shrubberies, and bents of an approach. At the same time. "Torii" (symbolic gate of SHINTO Shrine) is one of the most important factor forms Partitive Points. 3) The angle and the number of approach's bents are increasing toward the end of it. The level index mount to the maximum value at some points near the end. On the contrary the width of an approach become mini-mum at that point. 4) The sequences of physical quantities are two types. They are discriminated by the pattern of the curve which indicates the rise and fall of physical quantities. One type has a gentle change toward the end, Kasuga-Taisha is representative of this type. Another type shows a sudden change at every Partitive Points such as Kotohira-Gu.

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THE EVALUATION OF TREE GRAPH IN REGIONAL NETWORK

MASAO FURUYAMA

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 384 Pages 63-71
Published: February 28, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.384.0_63

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We define the index JJ, to evaluate the inter-city network. The definition of U is given by (Total Sum of the Gravity on a Network)/(Total Length of a Network). The numerator of U implies the utility of a network and the denominator implies the construction cost of a network. From this point of view, JJ is the expression for the economical effect of a network. By index U, we compare the different types of networks on regional science, and the superiority of tree graph is proved. In addition, we analyze the tree chromatic number of a plane graph and JR railway network in Kinki region. Together with these informations, we can conclude that the role of tree graph in regional network cannot be under-estimated.

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THE HISTORICAL PROCESS OF "TSUGITE-SHIKUCHI-HINAGATA" A study on the architectural manuals "tsugite-shikuchi-hinagata" Part 3

AKIRA NAITO, MARIKO OKAMOTO, KATSUHIKO WATANABE, SHIGERU WAKAYAMA

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 384 Pages 72-79
Published: February 28, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.384.0_72

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"Tsugite-shikuchi" is the joint technology in Japanese wooden structural building system. There remain 21 manuals about "tsugite-shikuchi" written in around edo period. Those manuals explain the level and the standard of the timber joint system at that age in Japanese traditional history. We reported the bibliography of manuals "tsugite-shikuchi-hinagata", and the technical characters of each 129 types of tsugite-shikuchi listed in manuals in former reports. In this report we analyze tsugite-shikuchi at each component in building system, and study variation and change of names of them. Further we study genealogy and historical process of formation, development, utilization and decline of manuals overall these reports.

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UBER DIE ENTSTEHUNGSGESCHICHTE BER HALBEUROPAISCHEN ENTWURFE FUR JAPANISCHE REGIERUNGSGEBAUBE VON ENDE UNO BOCKHANN

MASAAKI HORIUCHI

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 384 Pages 80-86
Published: February 28, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.384.0_80

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1887 batten Ende und Bockmann zunachst japanische Regierungsgebaude im europaischen Stil entworfen, aber als zweites batten sie halbeuropaische Entwiirfe aufgestellt. Der Aufsatz verdeutlicht die Entstehungsgeschichte dieser zweiten Entwiirfe. Zuerst gab es die ausseren Umstande, die auf die Architekten Einflilsse ausgetibt hatten, wie Veranderung des Baumaterials von Werkstein zu Granit und Holz, politischer Nationalismus, und Geistesstromungen, die sich unter dem Einfluss der in Japan lebenden Europaer und Amerikaner im Anschluss an die japanischen traditionellen Architekturformen entwickelt hatten. Darunter war Veranderung des Baumaterials als Hintergrund schwacher als andere Griinde, weil es moglich gewesen ware, Werkstein durch Backstein zu ersetzen. Zweitens gab es die innere Veranlassung der Architekten selbst, in Japan mit eigenem Stil GebSude zu entwerfen. In den 1870 er Jahren nahmen Ende und Bockmann fiir die Gestaltung der ausseren Architektur des Zoolo-gischen Gartens in Berlin Rilcksicht auf die Heimat der eingehegten Tiere. Um Bauten in Neu-Guinea zu planen, hatten sie auch die dortigen Bauformen angewendet. Die halbeuropaischen Entwiirfe wurden unter den ausseren und inneren Faktoren, die die Architekten umgaben, aufgestellt. Jedenfalls waren sie kein kompromissvorschlag, sondern wurden von Ende und Bockmann (hauptsachlich von Ende) aus eigenem Antrieb geplant.

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L.B. ALBERTI'S THOUGHT OF BEAUTTIIN THE "DE RE AEOIFICATORIA" : Alberti's theory of architectural constitution (2)

HIROSHI AIKAWA

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 384 Pages 87-96
Published: February 28, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.384.0_87

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Relating to the thought of beauty conceived in Alberti, I have compared two definitions of architectural beauty in the "De re aedificatoria", namely following two summary quotations are. "I shall define beauty to be 'concinnitas' of all the parts, ・・・with 'ratio'・・・ of the parts nothing could be added diminished or moved, but for the worse." (L. VI, c. 2) "We may conclude beauty to be ・・・ made by means of 'numerus, finitio et collocatio', which include all reasonable methods. " (L. JX, c. 5) In these sentences, he wrote "define" and "conclude", but as a matter of fact he didn't say what beauty is, but he said a condition of beautiful formation. I would rather say that he had insisted a condition. Referring to all other beauty explained in the original text, I found two phrases in that definitions showing the same substance of condition, I think that addition and diminution relating to the parts, correspond to 'numerus' (special symbolic numbers) and 'finitio' (special proportions), likewise moving to 'collocatio' (transposition). Therefore these methods of formation are necessary and enough to create architectural beauty. And these methods are characterized by the quantitative operations. In other words, the beauty of architecture should be made by a condition bringing only with special and limited numbers, proportions and transpositions of all parts. And finally, when the condition gains parfection, he says, suddenly quantitative operations make up another quality of beauty. This is a new classical proposal in early-renaissance.

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"RO-HAIDEN" IN THE SHRINE OF YAMAGUCHI AREA AND THEIR CEREMONIAL PLACTICES

AKIRA FUJISAWA

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 384 Pages 97-107
Published: February 28, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.384.0_97

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A sanctuary has allways an entrance : a gate. Sometimes these gates are built with wooden stage. They are called "Ro-Haiden" in Yamaguchi area. This paper will clarify that the "Ro-Haiden" of Yamaguchi area was built and spread under the influence of Todaiji-Hachimanga Shrine and Hofu-TemmangU Shrine. The "Ro-Haiden" was used not only as a passage but also as a ritual place. The content 1. Introduction 2. The style and its' distribution of the "Ro-Haiden" in the area of Yamaguchi 3. Ceremonial practices at the "Ro-Haiden" (1) In Hofu-Temmangu Shrine (2) In Aiosho-Hachimangn Shrine 4. The formation of the "Ro-Haiden" and its' distribution. (1) A review of hitherto published theories about the "Ro-Haiden" (2) The relation between Todaiji-Hachimanga Shrine and Hofu-TemmangQ Shrine in the Kamakura era (3) The area formed by the "Kechienshn" of Hofu-TemmangQ Shrine (4) The distribution of the "Kechiensha" group [Hofu-Temmanga Shrine] and the distribution of the "Ro-Haiden" 5. Conclusion

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STUDIES ON TAI-NO-YA

SHIGEO KAWAMOTO

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 384 Pages 108-118
Published: February 28, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.384.0_108

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In this paper I attempt to trace the history of the Shinden style residence, pivoting my discussion on the rela-tionships between the housing style and the social organization. Contents are as follows. Preface. Chap. 1 Tai-no-ya, Tai-dai, Tai-dai-ro. 1. The plan of Tai-dai-ro. 2. The plans of Tai-dai and Tai-no-ya. 3. The differences of Tai-no-ya, Tai-dai and Tai-dai-ro. Chap. 2 On Tai-no-ya. 1. The history of the New Year Ceremony in view of social order. 2. The history of the Shinden style residence in view of social order. 3. The typical Shinden style residence in the middle Heian period. Summary.

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ARCHITECTURAL COMPOSITION ON THE INTERIOR ELEVATION OF CENTRALIZED BAPTISTERIES FROM THE EARLY CHRISTIAN PERIOD

SHIRO SASANO

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 384 Pages 119-130
Published: February 28, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.384.0_119

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In the early Christian period, two types of structural system, the basilican and the centralized types, were employed in ecclesiastical architecture. These, it is said, eventually produced the domed basilica. With regard to the history of Western architecture, centralized ecclesiastical architecture plays an important role in the development of style. However, this building type has not been thoroughly elucidated except for the symbolic meaning of the dome. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to clarify the present state of research by examining existing remains in terms of hypothetically possible reconstructions. The author's point of view is expressed in accordance with the notion in the existence of various enonces deducible from the remains as an archive. The idea of the architecture as originally set forth would thus be thought of as hidden, or covered, by the remains themselves. First of all, the literal concept of the "centralized" type of structure must be defined in clear terms. The author, first of all, defined constituent elements after examining various texts (Table 1) on the history of the architecture of this period. The nave forms considered are either polygons or circles excluding aside the case of the square which is difficult to distinguish from the longitudinal form. The distribution of remains is shown for the entire territory of the Empire in the Early Christian Period (Table 2). Significantly, neither type is restricted to a particular district. Instead, each must have been employed as an universal form of architecture in the Empire. Through further typological examination (Table 2), the architectural composition may be distinguished in several ways. From the previous distinction, we may isolate a binary contrast between octagonal and circular nave plans. Other such contrastive pairs include employment or absence of the nave columns, pillars, pilasters as well as the presence or absence of an apse toward the east. These typical configuration suggests an architectural principle inclined to reduce the difference between the remains in unity and simplicity of composition. The binary categories referred to above regard the interior nave elevation. In term of composition (Table 3) hypothetical reconstructions yield the following generalizations about architectural compositions. The interior elevation is divided into three tiers, one third of which corresponds to the dome; the interior is lighted mainly from the upper part of the exterior wall; finishing materials are differentiated in each tier. The elevation is synthesized, so to speak, from the system of linear composition, which corresponds to the system of column arrangement, and the planar composition, which corresponds to the walling system. As regards linear composition, a structural-type composition is replaced by a decorative-type composition. That is, the structural system is disguised as a decorative composition and might not function as the load-bearing system. Therefore, the linear composition indicates an ambivalent system in baptisteries. This visual system which controls the total composition functions as the chief architectural principle in the centralized baptisteries of the Early Christian Period.

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 384 Pages App1-
Published: February 28, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.384.0_App1

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 384 Pages Cover3-
Published: February 28, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.384.0_Cover3

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