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Article type: Cover
1990 Volume 410 Pages
Cover1-
Published: April 30, 1990
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Article type: Cover
1990 Volume 410 Pages
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Article type: Index
1990 Volume 410 Pages
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Article type: Bibliography
1990 Volume 410 Pages
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Article type: Bibliography
1990 Volume 410 Pages
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Article type: Bibliography
1990 Volume 410 Pages
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Norihisa HASHIMOTO, Mituhiro KATURA, Masahito YASUOKA, Hiroyosi HUJII
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 410 Pages
1-8
Published: April 30, 1990
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Through experiments concerned with the transmission of sound under conditions of normal incidence of plane wave, it has been confirmed that attaching weights on a membrane improves the sound insulation ability in a frequency range from natural frequency of the whole membrane to that of the partial area divided by the additional weights. This mechanism is as follows : The additional weights act on the membrane to form divided modal shapes with the same phase, and that modal shapes interfere with the normal mode of the whole membrane. As a secondary effect, the additional weights prevent high-order vibrations of the membrane. By these total effects, a great deal of attention of sound occurs and the transmission loss is over thirty or forty decibels in the most efficient case. This method is simple, light-weight, possible to tune, and effective in a lower frequency range and hence the authors think that this method has the possibility of developing into a useful one in the field of noise control.
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Go IWASHITA, Kenichi KIMURA, Shinichi TANABE, Susumu YOSHIZAWA, Koichi ...
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 410 Pages
9-19
Published: April 30, 1990
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the indoor air quality by making subjective assessment of perceived air pollution caused by human bioeffluents. One hundred and seven subjects were used as panel to report the odor intensities and acceptability of bioeffluents from fifty-four other subjects as occupants. It was found that 20% of judges described dissatisfaction caused by bioeffluents at 1.5 on the Yaglou's odor intensity scale. A ventilation rate around 7 liters per second per person was required to satisfy 80% of judges entering the chamber. In addition, the relationship between the ventilation rate per olf and the percentage of dissatisfied judges for Japanese subjects was investigated.
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Tatehisa IRIE, Susumu YOSHIZAWA, Katsuichiro WATANABE, Kohei YAMAGISHI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 410 Pages
21-27
Published: April 30, 1990
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In order to predict and control asbestos concentration in rooms with asbestos-containing materials it is necessary to know its generation rate caused by direct or indirect disturbance of the sprayed asbestos surface. Various kinds of experiments were carried out in a room with a ceiling containing asbestos. Some disturbances occurred on the moistened floor expecting no redispersion of asbestos might occur from it. Main results obtained were as follows : 1. Hitting a ball to asbestos ceiling caused 1.4-2.1×10^4 fibers' dispersion in each trial. 2. Blowing by a fan caused 8.3-22×10^4 fibers per minute with its direct appliance to the ceiling and 1.2-23×10^5 f/min with one to the floor respectively. 3. Sweeping the ceiling by broom directly, the most violent disturbance, caused 1.4×10^7 f/min. 4. Moderate walking caused 1.2×10^5 f/min, but in case of wet floor asbestos generation decreased down to 3.5×10^4 f/min. 5. Not only asbestos generation from the sprayed surface, but its redispersion by disturbance from the floor should not be neglected. 6. Because of its airborne characteristics good ventilation may be effective to control indoor asbestos contamination, whether there is any disturbance or not.
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Shuji FUJII, Hiroo TARUMI, Taebin IM, Takeichi NIREI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 410 Pages
29-36
Published: April 30, 1990
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The maintenance of the air cleanliness is an important problem in surgical operating rooms of hospitals. Although the cleanliness is affected by air conditioning system as well as using conditions of the rooms, the engineering designers have few informations of the using conditions by nurses. The purpose of this study is to find the fact and problems in operating rooms and division in educational and semi-educational hospitals (400-1280 beds) with questionaires on nurses. This results will feed back to planners as well as engineering designers. The investigation was done in 1988 and 100 nurses in 55 hospitals made the answers. The following matters are investigated ; 1) the using condition of a operating room where a relatively long operation was done, and 2) problems of spaces and housekeepings in the division of operation. The results are as follows : (1) Under using condition, operating rooms have a great number of door opening/closing. Its rates (4.8 to 15.7 per hour) have tendencies of decreasing with operating time and increasing with numbers of occupant. (2) About the environmental problems in operation rooms, it is pointed that thermal problem is induced by the differrence of thermal balance among patient and doctors/nurses. (3) As to the spaces, almost all rooms have become small because of a lack of storage spaces for medical equipments. (4) Regarding to the housekeeping of operating rooms, it is desired that the better cleaning methods and systems will be developped.
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Hideyo TOTANI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 410 Pages
37-44
Published: April 30, 1990
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In order to solve the trade imbalancl between the USA and Japan, the USA governmeut proposed to hold the meeting of the MOSS (Market Oriented Sector Specific). Among them the forest products were pointed out as one of the main items of the MOSS conference. The USA government claimed that Japanese domestic codes, standards and regnlations were the main obstacles to prevent the free trade. Based on this understanding, both governments studied mutual building codes, but both sides faced to the big obstacles to understand them. Even if the technical standards are the same, the practical use of the building codes are diflerent. The reason of these diflerence has been caused not only by the history of each building codes but also by the social understanding for the building codes. In this paper, I discussed the difference of the practical use of the building codes among in Japan, in USA and in Canada, through various phases of actual usage of the building codes. The relation between building codes and fire insurance is the one of the big facters to made the difference of the practical use of the building codes. The fire insurance has influenced the positive effects to realize better quality buildings, in connection with the building codes in USA and in Canada.
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Hideyo TOTANI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 410 Pages
45-52
Published: April 30, 1990
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Hiroshi MORIYASU
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 410 Pages
53-63
Published: April 30, 1990
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This report is a study on eye fixation behavior and visual images on housing facade. Eye fixation behavior are analysed with fixation point and time be recorded by eye-mark-recorder (eye camera). Visual images are analysed with visual grouping images. I studied the relations between eye fixation patterns and visual images on housing facade models.
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Jun UENO, Yasushi NAGASAWA, Atuo KAKEHI, Naoki OGATA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 410 Pages
65-76
Published: April 30, 1990
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In designing and planning of hospital buildings, the dimension between beds in the sickroom is one of the crucial factors. Architectural issues on bed spacing can be dealt with three standpoints, i.e. nursing activities around bed, protection of cross infection and inpatients' psychology for the ward environment. This study deals with psychological aspect of inpatients in terms of bed spacing. An environmental psychological experiment was performed to examine the appropriate distance between beds in the hospital ward from the standpoint of the inpatients' living environment. Through the experimentation with the simulated sickrooms, the conclusion that a spacing of approximately 150 cm is considered most comfortable and convenient by inpatients.
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Tota NOMURA, Kazuoki OHARA, Toshiaki MUSASHI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 410 Pages
77-85
Published: April 30, 1990
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The objective of this study is to acquire the conditions for rehabilitation of the mental illness. The contents of this paper are as follows ; 1. Introduction. 2. Outline of the investigations. 3. The physical environments, the causes and the other conditions of the patients when leaving hospital. 4. The comparison between the patients having leaved mental hospital and the ones not. 5. Some problems to leave mental hospital and some concerning the living conditions in the community. 6. conclusion.
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Sachiko WAKASUGI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 410 Pages
87-97
Published: April 30, 1990
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The objectives of this study are to make clear the background and changing in the practice of residents participation under Federal Grants Programs, and grass-roots movements by nonprofit neighborhood development organizations in the United States, and to extract the useful implications for Japan in housing and neighborhood-community planning by residents. The summary is as follows ; 1. In the United States, residents could obtain residents participation through several experience of citizen participation and an advisory role in planning, developing, implementing and assessing. And neighborhood development organizations were widely effective in promoting self-help, that is, in promoting direct residents participation in planning and they carried out revital action work, and they could obtain in access to competent technical assistance in a specific field. 2. Regarding to the housing and neighborhood-community planning by residents in Japan, this study indicates that we should make clear what residents determine or choose, and how they participate in it. The authority and responsibility in planning process, the procedure of decision-making, the method of value formation through demands or needs by residents, and technical assistance by professional planners were picked up as critical points.
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Hirozo UNO, Fujio ADACHI, Jiro MAJIMA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 410 Pages
99-104
Published: April 30, 1990
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In 1975, we investigated detached houses and households in Hokkaido. We investigated again in 1984 the same detached houses and households that were the object of investigation in 1975. The purpose of this paper is to make clear a growth in household and renovation of a detached house in Hokkaido based on the results of these two investigations. We obtained the following results ; 1. a growth in household is regulated by the primary conditions, 2. most of the houses were renovated for about ten years, 3. there has been a large increase in floor space after the renovation, and so on.
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Shih-yeh WANG, Toshio OJIMA, Masao MIURA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 410 Pages
105-112
Published: April 30, 1990
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Because of the rise in land prices of big cities in Japan, it has been becoming desperately difficult to Keep up enough space for living. The present idea of a plane planning and management of land use can no more stand for the needs of the time. Three-dimensional management of space like setting up flight routes of airplanes is absolutely necessary to maintain space for living. From this point of view, first of all, we classified space attribute and space use, and on its basis we made investigation and comparison. By dividing space attribute into three items (public and private space, over and under space, inner and outer space), space can be classified into 8 types. (1) public・Eover・Eouter space (2) public・Eover・Einner space (3) public・Eunder・Eouter space (4) public・Eunder・Einner space (5) private・Eover・Eouter space (6) private・Eover・Einner space (7) private・Eunder・Eouter space (8) private・Eunder・Einner space Space use is classified into 5 items from the point of city level (building floor, circulaion, greeneries, waters and void), and it is also classified into 10 items from the point of architectural level (facilities for residence, facilities for service, facilities for business, facilities for medical care, facilities for sleeping accommodaion, facilities for education, facilities for culture, facilities for amusement, facilities for industry and facilities for storage and garage). Applying the above classification of space attribute and space use, we investigated three areas in Tokyo (Ginza area, Kinshichou area and Saginomiya area). We used 5 m mesh method in 500m×500m zone from each area. We revealed the present situation of space use of each floor of buildings, and we made the chart of space attribute and space use of each area.
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Yoichi ITO
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 410 Pages
113-124
Published: April 30, 1990
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This paper's aim explains the Traditional Formation of Dwelling Space which is reflected on the Concern for Rural Community. Therefore, it was investigated on the traditional event "MUSHIOKURI", the recognition of dwelling space, the organization of residences and the fence for blizzard "KATCHO" at Aomori prefecture Tsugaru district "KAMITOYOOKA & SHIMOTOYOOKA". The results are as follows : 1. the rural community hold "MUSHIOKURI" in common 2. the rural community hold same recognition of dwelling space in common 3.organization of residential space is standard of the road & the river 4. the west "KATCHO" include all residential space
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Shiro SASANO
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 410 Pages
125-133
Published: April 30, 1990
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In the previous article, the architectural idea emphasized surface appearance in centralized ecclesiastical buildings of the Early Christian Period, indicating a sophisticated transformation from an "active [objective]" to a "passive [subjective]" architectural disposition of interior space. If the architectural idea reinforces the aesthetic principle in contemporary society, such interior composition should be a rational expression of man's apriori perception of beauty and holiness. This article, by examining the aesthetic principle accepted in ecclesiastical and building circles, clarifies both the concept and the structure of the aesthetic principle and, furthermore, the mutual relationship between the aesthetic principle and the architectural idea. In the Early Christian Period, the ecclesiastical body borrowed the logic of neoplatonism for integrating its theology. The representative philosopher was Plotinus. Compilations of his thought were held in many libraries of the empire in the fourth century. Therefore, the mexanikos must have learned Plotinus at an early stage, for rhetoric was necessarily taught as a part of fundamental education. Accordingly, Plotinus would be a point of contact for both the church and its builders, encouraged as a source of pragmatic philosophy for builders as well as priests, the composer and the interpreter. It follows that both employed Plotinus' aesthetic as a standard of architectural beauty. In the aesthetic principle of Plotinus, color is set above form as an aesthetic objective. The principle of interior composition as surface shown in the examination of ecclesiastical architecture of the period confirms this to be the case. Subordination of form to color is suggested by the appearance of reused elements and frequent divergence from regular composition in rebuilding operations even in ecclesiastical architecture where national prestige was significantly involved. Observation of surviving structures and remains allow us to assume that the plastic beauty discussed by Vitruvius had changed subtly in quality to a pictorial beauty. Moreover, reflection on Plotinus' thought must have caused, the architectural idea involved in construction to emerge from the "space", so to say, between architectural surfaces and the viewer. The aesthetic principle, which includes knowledge, "engineering" and the handling of light etc. in Plotinus thus functions as a mediator between man and his objective. Therefore, strictly speaking, the architectural idea makes its appearance in the architectural space, not on the architectural surface. This means, builder and priest transform the quantity of a space defined by a structural frame into a quality. That is, man in the Early Christian Period first recognized the ecclesiastical interior as an overflowing of color in space, and not as something restricted to the surface. In this sense, the aesthetic principle and architectural idea cause "space" in architecture to emerge in the Early Christian Period, a process in which the "idea" is reborn in the world of the holy. Likewise, the architectural idea changed from a consideration of proportion derived from Greek architecture to embrace a pictorialized beauty in the course of this period, from the fourth to the sixth centuries.
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Hideto KAWAKAMI, Mitsuyoshi TSUCHIDA, Michio MAEKAWA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 410 Pages
135-142
Published: April 30, 1990
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We studied the church building in and around Nagasaki Prefecture with reference to the change in the number of church buildings up to date and to the relationship between the building forms and materials. From this investigation, we attempted to classify the process of development of the church building into such four eras as Preparation (-1895), Development (1896-1909), Perfection (1910-1920) and Stagnation (1921-1931); and made it clear that the brick church building had performed an important role to lead the church building to perfection.
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Tosheo KIMURA, Kooichi YAMADA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 410 Pages
143-153
Published: April 30, 1990
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In the Omiya campus of the Ryukoku University, north and south school-houses were built in 1879. These buildings have many reconstructions and are considerably different from the aspect of the time they were established. This paper is considered according to data and the investigation of construction.
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Kazuhiko HOSHI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 410 Pages
155-164
Published: April 30, 1990
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Isaac Ware's (d. 1766) A Complete Body of Archtecture... of 1756 is not only the most important of his works but also one of the remarkable books during the Neo-classical period in Britain. As a result of looking it over, the present author has drawn has conclusions as follows : Ware's theory of the proportions of orders is not able to be understood simply in the context of the Renaissance tradition, and he has the different point of view of proportion from both that of the Renaissance and that of Perrault's, and therefore, his proposal of the proportions of orders should be regarded as typically English, since he maintains the plural systems of proportion on the basis of feasibility.
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Article type: Appendix
1990 Volume 410 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1990 Volume 410 Pages
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