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Article type: Cover
1987 Volume 382 Pages
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Published: December 30, 1987
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Article type: Cover
1987 Volume 382 Pages
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Article type: Index
1987 Volume 382 Pages
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Article type: Index
1987 Volume 382 Pages
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Article type: Index
1987 Volume 382 Pages
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KATSUO INOUE, SHO KIMURA, HIROSHI MIYAZAKI
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 382 Pages
1-9
Published: December 30, 1987
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The floor impact sound insulation grade of the general wooden frame structure against the heavy impact source is between L-75 and L-80. In terms of the sound environment for multiple dwellings, it is a problem which the wooden frame structure has. We examined in various and experimental ways with a wooden model of the real size for the purpose of improving the floor impact sound insulation grade. As a way to improve the grade, we do not take any way into consideration which requires change of the conventional methods of construction, we instead fixed eyes on the high stiffenss of each section of struture. As a result, we obtained the floor impact sound insulation grade of L-55, which is equivalent to that of the 150 mm-thick concrete floor, by employing improvements of each specific section mentioned belows ; (1) 220 mm-thick panels, to which high-stiffness is added, should be used as a floor construction. (2) Adhesives and nails should be used together for installment of wall materials in a room below the floor construction. (3) For a room below the floor construction, a vibration-proof, independent and sound isolated ceiling should be installed.
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MASAAKI OHBA, NOBUYUKI KOBAYASHI, SHOZOU MURAKAMI
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 382 Pages
10-19
Published: December 30, 1987
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The actual environmental wind conditions at ground level around a redevelopment area in Tokyo were observed by using 3-cup anemometers for a 3-year period from the start of construction work to completion of the high-rise buildings in the area. The 17 points in this area are assessed as to whether the wind conditions are acceptable or not for outdoor human activities, based on the three published criteria by S. Murakami et al., W. H. Melbourne, A. G. Davenport et al., The following concluding remarks are achieved. 1. According to Murakami et al.'s criteria, only three of the 17 points are unacceptable for outdoor restaurants because the exceedance probability of the daily maximum instantaneous wind velocity exceeds class 1. Class 1 means that a gust wind velocity of 10 m/s occurs on less than 37 days each year. Therefore, it is considered that the wind environment around the site remains acceptable for ordinary activities. 2. According to Melbourne's criteria, thirteen points are unacceptable for long exposure stationary activities. In addition, four points are unacceptable for short exposure stationary activities. In comparison to Murakami et al. 's criteria, his assessment results in a severe evaluation. 3. According to Davenport et al. 's criteria, using the hourly mean wind velocity, all 17 points are acceptable for long exposure activities. Therefore, Davenport et al. 's criteria provide the least severe evaluation among the three criteria. 4. Consequently, Murakami et al. 's criteria are confirmed to be midway between those of Melbourne and Davenport et al.. Also, judging from the wind environmental experiences obtained through our actual measurements around the site, we consider Murakami et al. 's criteria exactly correspond with the effect of wind on outdoor human activities. 5. If reference wind directions during the measurement of wind velocity at ground level are considered, large velocity ratios occur mostly due to the flow separation by the high-rise buildings, the flow through the narrow arcade, the downwash from the large buildings and the flow along the wide street. 6. The gust factor and turbulence intensity at ground level become 2.47 and 0.40 for U = 4 m/s, respectively.
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SHIN-ICHI TANABE, KEN-ICHI KIMURA, TOSHIHIRO HARA, TAKASHI AKIMOTO
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 382 Pages
20-30
Published: December 30, 1987
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HARUHISA YAMAGUCHI, YOSIKAZU NAKANE, HIROO KAMBAYASI
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 382 Pages
31-36
Published: December 30, 1987
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Thermal boundary layer in the corner of wall should be taken into account for the accurate calculation of heat transmission through the corner of the wall. However, most studies on thermal boundary layer have treated with flat wall, whether horizontal, vertical, or, oblique. Thus, little research has been conducted concerning thermal boundary layer in the corner of wall. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the thermal boundary layer in the corner of two vertical external-angled wall in free convection. Here, thermometry and formulation method of the shape of the thermal boundary layer in the external-angled corner of wall are discussed. Experiment of measuring the temperature of the wall surface by Thermo-Viewer, and the numerical analysis (Finite Element Method) on the same thermal condition as the experiment are conducted to find the empical formula of the thermal boundary layer in the corner of two vertical external-angled wall in free convection. And, the empirical formula of thermal boundary layer in it is proposed. The results confirms that this empirical formula can be applied to the cases where the difference of temperature between wall surface (flat area) and the air is 5℃-15℃.
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HISAHIRO ITO, MUTSUMI YOKOI, NOBUO NAKAHARA
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 382 Pages
37-47
Published: December 30, 1987
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The purposes of this study are to clarify properties of air temperature distribution and supply heat energy during heating in air-conditioned space and establish the methods for evaluation of them. We firstly proposed five in dices which evaluated the effects of the temperature distribution on the room heat load and the thermal comfort of occupant etc. and a index which was defined as a ratio of the amount of heat energy supplied by the airconditioning system to one calculated by the heat load estimation. We carried out many kinds of heating experiments at the full scale test room where the various types of air diffusion systems were applied. The results are summarized as follows : 1) Large temperature gradients tend to be generated in vertical direction of the room, while temperature variation in horizontal one are small. 2) Archimedean number of discharged warm air has great influence on the space air temperature distribution. The vertical temperature gradient becomes large as the Archimedean number increases. 3) The multidimensional equations to calculate the above-stated indices were derived by using the multiple regression analyses of all experimental data. These equations consist of many experimental variables such as type of supply outlet, air change rate of the room, temperature difference between supply outlet and return intake, depth of the room and location of thermostat.
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TAKAO SAWACHI, YOU MATSUO, KEN HATANO, HIROYUKI FUKUSHIMA
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 382 Pages
48-59
Published: December 30, 1987
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In this study, first, the relations between the ratio of subjects (housewives) who were using equipments for controlling indoor climate in living rooms and the temperature in living rooms where those equipments were not used, were tested using data recorded by the subjects at eight times of a day, namely every two hours from 8 a. m. to 10 p. m.. As for air conditioning and heating, for both a daytime and a nighttime, the linear relations between the above ratios and the temperature were significant at 0. 001 or 0. 005 level, and intercepts of obtained regression lines for two time periods were significantly different from each other at 0. 01 level. Second, we calculated the another ratio of the amount of time when the equipments had been used to the amount of time when a subject had stayed in each type of rooms doing each type of acts. For example, it was proved that the above ratio for air conditioning significantly depended on both the types of acts and rooms. Last, the temperature ranges, where at least 80 % and 50 % subjects did not use their equipments, were compared with the other ranges where 80 % and 50 % occupants feel acceptable, which had been proposed by Gagge et al., respectively. It can be seen that for a- nighttime, the former ranges, namely ranges based on behavior, corresponded to the latter ranges, namely ranges based on thermal sensation, to some extent, but that for a daytime, the former ranges were considerably wider than the latter ranges.
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MASARU NISHIDA, TADAHISA KATAYAMA, AKIO ISHII, JUN-ICHIRO TSUTSUMI, YO ...
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 382 Pages
60-66
Published: December 30, 1987
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The authors discribe a series of wind tunnel investigations on natural ventilation forces upon apartment houses which are arranged in a group in this paper. In this case, the group form is more important than the single model building form in influencing the drag forces experienced by each building. In these experiments, authors investigate the mean wind pressure difference between the windward and the leeward faces of a model building, varying the array pattern, the height of model buildings, the pitch of model buildings and the direction of the wind. Conclusions are summarized as follows : (1) Above two times as high as the building height, the profiles of mean wind speed and turbulence intensity over model buildings agree with those of the approaching wind. (2) The greater rate of building volume to lot, the smaller the mean wind pressure difference across the building. (3) In case of the Low-rise buildings, the mean pressure differences in the normal arrangement are greater than in the staggered. (4) The height of buildings and the incident angle of the approaching wind influence the natural ventilation forces.
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AKISHI HONDA, RYOJI YAMASHITA
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 382 Pages
67-76
Published: December 30, 1987
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In the preceding papre, the authors studied the historically changing process of housing for miners, then we made a chronological table, and we examined the origin and evolution of NAYA and KOFUSHATAKU that were built for coal miners between the 1880's and the 1920's. In this paper, we studied the evolutional process of planning for coal mine worker's houses between the 1930's and the 1950's. Our conclusions from the study are as follows : 1)Since programs for the increaced production of coal were framed by the goverment before and after World War II, many houses for mine worker were supplied between 1935 and 1950. 2) The standards of Public-housing established by Ministry of Welfare in 1941 and by Ministry of Construction in 1947, have influence on the planning of houses for mine workers. 3) Typical plans of dwelling-unit of this period were summarized as Fig. 1 and Fig. 4. 4) After the abrogation of NAYA system, the control system of houses for mine workers was improved by the institution for labour-management co-operation in the 1930's and the agreements were established as a result of the negotiation between capital and labour in the 1950's.
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HIROTOMO OHUCHI, TAKAMASA MIYAZAKI, TADATOSHI SOH
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 382 Pages
77-86
Published: December 30, 1987
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In this study, we intend to grasp the character of "the area with focus on a fishing village" and its metamorphosis under the successive relationship between a fishing village and it's surroundings, not only grasping the fishing village as an isolated unit, but also it's socioecological structures. 1. Analyzing the mutual relationship of the institutional area and the actual existing area. 2. Grasping the quantitatively analyzed type of area. 3. Presenting the phased composition in an extensive area. From the above mentioned result, we consider the metamorphosis about the actual existing area.
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MOTOHIRO KAMATA
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 382 Pages
87-96
Published: December 30, 1987
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Through the analysis of the inhabitants about attribute, community circul and intercourse by inhabitants types which were pull out from the study on the Rural-Urban fringe, I found out that each types have the characteristics. Second step is the making of RURBAN VILLAGE TYPES by inhabitants types and the quantitative degree of coexisting phenomena. This types consist of old-inhabitants type, blood relation and new-inhabitants type, and housing development type. Making use of 4 types, I analyzed the actual conditions of the community. In conclusion, I got the basic planning method to develop rurban villages from community viewpoint.
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MASAO NOGUCHI
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 382 Pages
97-109
Published: December 30, 1987
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Lo scopo della ricerca e verificare l'origine e il processo di formazione del centre storico del comune di Peccioli nella val d'Era in Toscana e anche scoprire la vera posizione della cinta muraria medioevale nel medesimo centre storico, chiarendo prima l'origine e la formazione del castello medioevale e il processo di trasformazione fino ad oggi del medesimo castello, e poi la posizione della porta, della torre e della cortina che racchiude il centre storico, in base all'indagine sulla letteratura storica di Peccioli e sul Campione del Catasto del 1834, alia Formazione degli Elenchi degli edifici di valore storico architettonico del 1982 e anche al nuovo rilievo che abbiamo fatto dal 1983 al 1985 per il Piano di Recupero del Patrimonio Edilizio nel Centre Storico di Peccioli che viene elaborate in attuazione delle legge regionale n. 59 del 21 maggio 1980. Si sono individuate le seguenti fasi del processo di formazione del castello. -L'origine del castello si puo far risalire alia costruzione della torre di vedetta dei Longobardi verso la fine del VII secolo. -La prima sistemazione del castello avviene con la prima cinta muraria che racchiude il borgo (1000-1050). -II rafforzamento del castello in occasione della formazione del Comune (circa 1130). -L'ampliamento e il rafforzamento del castello per ordine del Signore di Pisa in occasione del conflitto contro Firenze (1300-1320). E poi, le seguenti fasi di trasformazione del castello medioevale. -Lo smantellamento del castello da parte dei Fiorentini (1531). -La costruzione di nuovi edifici religiosi nel XVI e XVII secolo. -II rialzamento degli edifici di abitazione e il rifacimento delle facciate nel XVIII e XIX secolo. -La costruzione di edifici pubblici e la distruzione di alcune parti della fortificazione medioevale nel XIX secolo. -L'espansione della zona edificata al di fuori del centre storico a partire dalla fine del XIX secolo. si e potuto inoltre individuare qualche parte della cinta muraria, ad esempio, nel settore a nerd e nord-est del centre storico, dove la cortina muraria con le due torri e nascosta dalla successiva edificazione (Fig. 9). Viene indicata anche l'estensione del castello medioevale in base alia distribuzione degli edifici che hanno origine prima del XIV secolo, e in base alia posizione della cinta muraria che e verificata nella ricerca (Fig. 4, Fig. 11).
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OSAMU NAKAGAWA
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 382 Pages
110-119
Published: December 30, 1987
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In Kyoto, The urban areas rapidly stretched out of the city limits after the end of the Meiji era. This paper reveals the immediate cause, that is, the fact that many lower-class wageworkers moved out of town because of the imbalance in tax payment in and out of Kyoto City. The outline of this paper is as follows : 1) extension of the urban areas beyond the limits of Kyoto City, 2) imbalance in tax payment between in and out of Kyoto City, 3) 'Kosuu-wari' and 'Kaoku-zei' leading to the imbalance in tax payment, 4) implementation of 'Kaoku-zei' in the surrounding towns and villages, 5) rapid urbanization in the surrounding towns and villages, and 6) management of rented house owners in the surrounding towns and villages.
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HIROHISA ITO
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 382 Pages
120-129
Published: December 30, 1987
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This paper, taking Futsuka-machi, Tozan-Nakaokutama Village, Iwai District in the area of Sendai clan as an example, clarifies the historical process of the formation of the town belonging to the countryside in Tohoku area in the Edo period through an analysis of the town form and its historical materials. This town originated in a late medieval small castle town which had been founded under a fort, and this restricted its reconstruction in the early Edo period (about 1639). Features of this reconstruction are as follows ; (1) Machikonoshn who were the habitants of Machiyashiki (townhouse) established their own community, and reconstructed the town by themselves. Particularly they built a streight street which had a L-shaped bend at the south end of the town. This arrangement arised from their consciousness of the regularization of Mchinami (townscape on a street). (2) On the east side of the street lined Machiyashiki, and on the west was the huge farmhouse, originated in Zaike (a type of medieval farmhouses), which didn't belong to the town community. Such difference of dwelling places on each side of the street had been succeeded since the late medieval ages. (3) The area of Machiyashiki is of a small scale as compared with others in this village, and its frontage was divided almost equally. However the habitants had large differentials in landholding. This is one of the characteristics of the townplanning in Tohoku area in the early Edo period.
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MASAYA FUJITA
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 382 Pages
130-137
Published: December 30, 1987
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The Kaya-Gosho is the aristocratic residence which is characterized by its thatched roof. It is always private space and is also related to the Hiro-Gosho which is generally built as a place of amusement from the medieval times. The treatise is organized in the following manner : Introduction 1. A Thatched House in the Aristocratic Residences. 2. "Kayabuki-nagaya" in the Kujo-dono. 3. The Kaya-Gosho in the Period of ex-Emperor Goshirakawa. 4. The Relation between the Kaya-Gosho and the Hiro-Gosho. Conclusion
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 382 Pages
138-
Published: December 30, 1987
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 382 Pages
138-139
Published: December 30, 1987
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 382 Pages
140-141
Published: December 30, 1987
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1987 Volume 382 Pages
142-
Published: December 30, 1987
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Article type: Index
1987 Volume 382 Pages
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Published: December 30, 1987
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Article type: Cover
1987 Volume 382 Pages
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