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Article type: Cover
1989 Volume 406 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1989 Volume 406 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1989 Volume 406 Pages
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Article type: Index
1989 Volume 406 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1989 Volume 406 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1989 Volume 406 Pages
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HISASHI HIRAOKA, TAKASHI MARUYAMA, YASUTO NAKAMURA, JUN-JI KATSURA
Article type: Article
1989 Volume 406 Pages
1-9
Published: December 30, 1989
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This paper formalizes the turbulece model for flows within plant and/or urban canopies. The time-averaging procedure followed by space-averaging was adopted in our model to define the statistical properties of flows. A filtering function was used for the space-averaging. This function enabled the treatment for the volume variation of solid bodies within a space-averaging region. The models were closed by the semi-experimental scheme of Launder etal (1975). The effects of a friction force were added to the equations of turbulent energy, Reynolds stresses and energy dissipation.
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AKIRA HOYANO, HE JIANG
Article type: Article
1989 Volume 406 Pages
11-19
Published: December 30, 1989
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An outdoor thermal environmental meter has been developed for measuring total environmental solar radiation, mean radiant temperature, ambient air temperature and wind velocity in outdoor environment. For the application of the meter, the followings are dealt with in this study. A radius of 2 cm is determined for the sphere which is the sensor of the meter. For this purpose, we make a simulation computation to estimate the fittest radius so that deviations of calculated values of the above elements are minimum. Meanwhile, the limitation of the meter is taken into account in the determination of the radius of the sphere used for the present meter. A method is described for obtaining the above four elements only by using each temperature at the centers of the four spheres. By simulation calculation, it can be realized that deviations of the four elements obtained with this method are larger than that with the previous method. Therefore, a new method can be approached by two following ways. I. e., the one is to measure the temperatures of the four spheres and ambient air temperature. The other is to measure temperatures of the four spheres and wind velocity. By comparing the above ways, it can be made clear that the latter has smaller deviations of the calculated values. Outdoor measurements were performed with the improved meter in the unsteady conditions. Precisions of the meter are 25 kcal/m^2h for the measurement of total solar radiation and 1.2℃ for the measurement of ambient air temperature. In addition, a response time to an extreme change of solar radiation has been identified to be about 2 minutes in the measurement of total solar radiation.
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MASAAKI OHBA
Article type: Article
1989 Volume 406 Pages
21-30
Published: December 30, 1989
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The flow separating on the upwind edges of the buildings affects strongly on the contaminant gas diffusion around the buildings. This paper describes the effects of the flow over the rooftops on gaseous diffusion around the models in connection with the flow conditions of the oncoming flow using by wind tunnel techniques. From the experiments, the following conclusions are confirmed. (1) The critical Reynolds number is determined to be equivalent to 10500 for the uniform flow, and 2100 for the boundary layer flow by considering the results of the flow patterns and the concentration distributions around two model buildings. (2) The height of the separated flow over the rooftops becomes lower as the turbulence intensity of the oncoming flow increases. (3) The length of cavity wake which stretches behind the high-rise model decreases as the turbulence intensity of the oncoming flow increases. It is approximately 5.8 H for √<u^2> / U_0 = 9.5 %. (4) Also, the length of cavity wake decreases as the power-law exponent of the wind velocity profile increases. It is approximately 5 H for α = 0.33. (5) The high concentration is found at the unwind rooftop position of the low-rise model because the tracer gas immediately reattaches on the rooftop by the eddy caused by the flow separating on the upwind edge of the low-rise model. The concentration decreases as the power-law exponent of the wind velocity profile increases. (6) For the small turbulent flow, the stream flowing downward along the leeward face of the high-rise model is generated because of the large eddy caused behind the model.
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HIDEYO TOTANI
Article type: Article
1989 Volume 406 Pages
31-38
Published: December 30, 1989
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The influence of internationalization has spread to building industries. Among all, forest products problem is one of the biggest issues among Japan, the USA and Canada. The USA and Canadian governments have pointed out that the main trade barrier to promote trade is domestic codes and standards in Japan which are concerned. But those domestic codes and standards have their own historces and social back grounds. It is very difficult work to understand those differences. What is more, the comparative studies don't have been done yet. Wood platform frame construction method has been introduced into Japan 1972, and legalized in 1974 in Japan. Almost all forest products which are utilized for this construction method have been imported from the USA and Canada. In the USA and Canada, people can build middle rise (4-5 stories) apartment houses using this construction method. This means they can build fire resistant building using this construction method. But in Japan, it has been probilited to build middle rise apartment using this construction method. This difference is one of the trade barrier to depress the consumption of forest products in Japan. Wood platform frame construction method was born in the USA and this mothod has introduced to Japan through Japanese understanding. In this paper, I discuss how introduced Japanese wood frame construction method has been varied from original method and how this variation has reflected to Japanese building codes.
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TOHRU FUNAKOSHI, HIROSHI TSUMITA, SYUNJI KAWASAKI
Article type: Article
1989 Volume 406 Pages
39-52
Published: December 30, 1989
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This study is to make clear how the residents behave in housing estates (Traces of Behaviour) and moreover to examine the relation between Traces of Behaviour and the spatial constitution of housing estates. First ; The methods of Routes of Behaviour and Frequency of Behaviour were thought out as the methods of the investigation that be able to obtain Traces of Behaviour of the residents. As the result of the investigation on the two methods in Mogusa Housing estate, the method of Frequency of Behaviour was selected for necessity to take the quantity and the extent of Traces of Behaviour even a few frequency. Second ; The residents of the six housing estates were selected for the object of this study, were investigated by the method of Frequency of Behaviour. In this paper (PART I), the result of investigation in Takahatadai and Yonamoto Housing estates, are presented as the first step of the study. The investigation is made up three items ; Utilization, Passage on foots, and Passage by automobiles. Utilization is the investigation how many days in a year the residents utilized the facilities (Shopping centers, Schools, Open spaces, Dwelling units, etc.) in the housing estate. Passage on foots and Passage by automobiles are the investigation how many days in a year the residents passed the point instituted beforehand in the housing estate. Third ; As the result of investigation, Utilization-rate, Passage-rate on foots, and Passage-rate by automobiles were calculated as the numerical value that represent the extent of Traces of Behaviour. Finally ; Utilization-maps analysis on the base of the Utilization-rate, Passage-maps analysis on the base of the Passage-rate on foots and automobiles were showed each dwelling unit. Moreover Principal compornent analysis and Cluster analysis were showed to obtain the tendency of Traces of Behaviour in the housing estates. In conclusion, their analysis are summarized as follows. 1) The arrangement of the public facilities on the Pedestrian-way, had better disperse than concentrate for the extent of Traces of Behaviour. 2) The extent of Traces of Behaviour is influenced the arrangement forms of dwelling units in housing estates. 3) The central place of the arrangement forms of the dwelling units is not always same as the mainplace of Traces of Behaviour. 4) The extent of Traces of Behaviour by automobiles depend upon the site relation between the own dwelling unit and Roadway. 5) The roadway divide the housing estate in two is undesirable. Because, Traces of Behaviour was limited by the roadway, and so on.
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SHIGEKI NAKAYAMA, MAKOTO ITOH
Article type: Article
1989 Volume 406 Pages
53-61
Published: December 30, 1989
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Emergency medical services are important for everybody in the common persuits of peaceful everyday life. Emergency facilities at present in Japan are classified into three grades, namely, first-aid, secondary and tertiary service. The purpose of this study is to obtain the basic information mainly on tertiary service facilities in order to improve the planning of facilities in future, by investigating and examining operational situation of the facilities and characteristics of patients who paid the visits to them. Four hospitals, each of which is introducing different operational policies, were selected and investigated. The results of analysis are summarized as follows: 1) The screening of the admitted patients is found to be very difficult even in tertiary hospitals. 2) Number of male patients exceeds female ones but there are no particular concentration in every age groups. Acute internal medical cases are shown more than 50 % of all cases, and traffic accident and injury cases are less than the former. 3) The number of patients -especially in the case of children- tends to be increased in the hospitals which are accepting cases with every grades of seriousness, much considerably than the specialized hospitals providing only tertiary service. 4) Only few cases are found who have refered from other medical facilities before reaching the final ones. 5) In tertiary hospitals, about a half of admitted patients are accommodated in ICU from the beginning. 6) When the patients recover from critical conditions, most of them are to be transfered to another hospital or ward. But it takes certain time to find appropriate accommodation for continuous treatment.
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KOYA SAKAHARA
Article type: Article
1989 Volume 406 Pages
63-71
Published: December 30, 1989
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This report define the utilization rate and the rate of users'requests. These are the important indexes of planning of the space and usage for mixed-used facilities. The two indexes calculated from research on the actual condition to users and facilities. The utilization rate and the users' requests and the extent completing facilities have various quantitative relationship. This is a supporting factor for planning of the space and the usage for mixed-used facilities.
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JUN UENO
Article type: Article
1989 Volume 406 Pages
73-85
Published: December 30, 1989
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I intended to point out the essentials for designing the open-space of elementary school through the investigation study works at the seven typical open-plan schools. In this paper I tried to extract and adduce the typical informal style of learning activities in open-space. These are classified as follows. 1) each class's independent usage of open-space as a media-center. 2) team-teaching activities undertaken as one body of whole of grade through the dissolution of classes. 3) individual learning activities by each pupil through the dissolution of grade or classes, that is to say, non-grade individual learning. I introduced these actual development of informal learning activities and mentioned about the methodology for the designing of open-space of elementary school through the analysis of these activities.
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YASUHIRO ENDOH, SHUNSUKE YOKOYAMA, TOMOHIRO FURUKAWA
Article type: Article
1989 Volume 406 Pages
87-99
Published: December 30, 1989
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Planning human living values is not "planning the types" which synthesizes the various users' requirements, but planning method which generates creatively the human values and the living goals of inhabitants by themselves. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the individually characterized dwelling unit plans in the U-court project, which is consequently based on the significance of our researah on co-operative housing given in the former paper, from the view point of planning human living values. The chapter is divided into three main parts. The first looks the diversity of 48 dwellings unit plas and shows the meaning of the four individually characterized dwelling unit plans. The second part clarifies the basic characteristics of space organization, the origin of living images, the concept of planning the relationship between users and designers in the planning process, and way of living. The third part examines the significance of planning human living values. Planning human living values is not static, but can be defined to have two stages: generating values in the planning process and adding values continuously in the living proces. The valued individual living spaces vary with wide diversity of human living experience. Planning human living introduces dwellers to endow the world which they inhabit with personal meaning.
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TOKUHOU HANAI
Article type: Article
1989 Volume 406 Pages
101-109
Published: December 30, 1989
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A questionnaire type survey was conducted among Nagasaki city residents whose homes had been completely destroyed when a disaster was caused by heavy rain. Then real conditions of damages to the above mentioned peoples are intended to explain through an analysis of cross tabulated data. It is concluded as follows: (1) Most of completely-destroyed-houses are located on the slopes with an inclination above 8 degrees. (2) Mortality rate from geological hazards and floods is about 20 %. (3) In babies, little children, and the aged, who are called the weakings during disasters, the mortality rate from geological hazards and floods (28 %) is comparatively high. (4) The difference of mortality rates between a geological hazard and a flood is large. (5) Though the evacuation rate from geological hazards (21 %) is low, an evacuation is effective for the reduction of mortality. (6) It is necessary for the reduction of human damages to give inhabiants the notice of the real conditions of geological hazards, having caused the great numbers of the dead and injured. (7) Still, it is necessary to assess the risk of geological hazards.
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YUKINOBU WADA
Article type: Article
1989 Volume 406 Pages
111-121
Published: December 30, 1989
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This paper defines two types of small cities in a provincial area (SCP), namely a merged city and a existing city ; and makes clear a relation between its population and DID population, and its transitional change after a reorganization caused by a merger of old administrative areas (kyusons), Conclusions are as follows. (1) An average merged city consists of 6.5 kyusons, and an average existing city consists of 5.6 kyusons. Though the merged city has more kyusons than the existing city, the merged city has less DID population than the existing city, and this difference is almost equal to that of population of both types of SCP. (2) With regard to the transitional change of the population, the DID population and the percentage of DID population, the merged city has less differences among provinces than the existing city. (3) In both types of SCP, the percentage of DID population in each period of a national census has been related to that of 1960, just after the reorganization of kyusons. Therefore, the population and the DID population of each SCP have not been changing independently, but changing relating together to show a correlation to the percentage of DID population in 1960. (4) In both types of SCP, a high correlation has been found between the population and the DID population. It means that if a SCP has bigger DID population, it has bigger percentage of its DID population and small percentage of its hinterland population ; thus DID has increasingly important meaning.
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SATOSHI TOGASHI, TOMOKO OKADA
Article type: Article
1989 Volume 406 Pages
123-130
Published: December 30, 1989
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This paper reports the tendency of the appearance of assembly and recreational activities in rural area. The investigation was carried into effect in 1984, at Misumi-cho, Simane-prefecture. Misumi-cho is sparsely populated area. There are some different types of setlements, for example mountain setlement, fishing setlement, small town center, and others. The questionnaires are about the frequency of 36 regional activities. The main results are follows: 1) In the circumferential setlement, assembly activities are more than shopping activities. So assembly activities get an important position in regional activities in the circumferential setlement. 2) The tendency of the appearance of assembly activities and shopping activities are different by the occupation. In the case of farming and fishing, assembly activities are a lot, but shopping activities are a few. In the case of salaried occupation and shopkeeping, assembly activities are a few, but shopping activities are a lot. 3) Assembly activities suggesting to use facilities, for example meeting of community appear most in 65-74 years old men. 4) The tendency of appearance of recreational activities have no relation to the occupation. 5) Recreational activities suggesting to use facilities, for example some sports, gate-ball, appear most in 15-24 years old men, and next in 65-74 years old men arid women.
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TOSHIHIKO IIDA
Article type: Article
1989 Volume 406 Pages
131-140
Published: December 30, 1989
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The MINIMUM and ORDINARY HOUSING STANDARD-established 1976 in JAPAN-have four criteria,i. e ; 1) dwelling room (bedroom, dinning room, etc.), 2) facilities (lavatory, etc), 3) dwelling environment and 4) size of dwelling by number of household members (number of rooms, size of dwelling rooms area of living quarters, total area of dwelling, etc.). There were essential differences between reports of the two national housing surveies in 1978, JAPAN. One of the differences is the level of HOUSING STANDARD, the results of surveies were inconsistent at many cities and prefectures. In this issue I tried to analyze this difference by three cases of criteria combination at municipal rental houses, constructed before 1969 in Kitakyushu City 5,745 dwellings, in Fukuoka City 4,295 dwellings and in Fukuoka Prefecture 7,557 dwellings. Gathering and regulating these data on member and structure of households, plans of these municipal rental houses were proceeded during 1984-1986, by cooperation with students of Fukuoka University under municipal facilities and assistances. Three cases are following. Case 1 ; criteria of 1) and 4), members and structure of household, clan of house, Case 2 ; criteria of 1) and 4), members and structure of household, total members of TATAMI, Case 3 ; criteria of 4), total members of TATAMI according to members of STANDARD HOUSEHOLD, The result of analyzation shows that the ratio of households under the MINIMUM STANDARD by THE CASE l are 10〜20 % more than the same by THE CASE 2. Further the ratio of 1st KIND rental hoseholds under MINIMUM STANDARD by THE CASE 2 are 5〜6 % less than the same by THE CASE 3 at Fukuoka City and Fukuoka Prefecture municipal rental houses. But there are few differences at Kitakyushu City municipal rental houses. To the contrary the ratio of 2 nd KIND under MINIMUM STANDARD by THE CASE 2 are 6〜7 % more than the same by THE CASE 3 generally. STANDARD HOUSEHOLD at THE CASE 3 negrects structure of household and it effected. cf, fig. -8.
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TERUAKI MATSUZAKI
Article type: Article
1989 Volume 406 Pages
141-151
Published: December 30, 1989
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This paper is the first part of thesis "A Study on The Style of Kakezukuri in Japan", and consists of following chapters. Preface I. The naming of "Butai" and "Kakezukuri". II. From the Heian to the Momoyama period §1. From the middle of Heian to the early Kamakura period ; KAKETSUKURU (懸つくる) §2. From the early Kamakura to the Momoyama period ; KAKETSUKURI (懸つくり) III. During the Edo period §1. The early Edo period ; KAKEZUKURI (懸・掛・棧・惣づくり) §2. After the middle of Edo period ; GAKEZUKURI (崖・岨づくり),BUTAIZUKURI(舞台造) IV. Conclusion
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SHUNSUKE KUROIWA, MICHIO MAEKAWA
Article type: Article
1989 Volume 406 Pages
153-159
Published: December 30, 1989
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Notre etude porte sur l'experience d'un phenomene architectural que le Narrateur de A la recherche du temps perdu decrit dans son<petit morceau), publie plus tard dans un journal. Sur le chemin de retour d'une de ces promenades habituelles autour de Combray, le Narrateur voit de la voiture ou on le fait monter, les deux clochers de Martinville et celui de Vieuxvicq. Le <chasse-croise de la perspective> que jouent ces trois clochers lui donne le <plaisir special> consecutif a l'euphorie d'un espacetemps. Dans cette plenitude spatialialsante et temporalisante, les rapprochements et les differences des espaces entre les trois clochers, et des etants et du monde (l'horizon), s'entrecroisent et s'entre-tissent pour former ensemble l'identite du lieu. L'espace qui s'ouvre au Narrateur dans l'experience des clochers de Martinville et de Vieuxvicq, est donc archetypal ; c'est un phenomene architectural : 1) que le Narrateur met en oeuvre pour la premiere fois, 2) qui est simple dans sa structure et immediat, en rapport direct avec le corps, 3) qui donne un fondement aux espaces metaphoriques et complexes, autant sociaux qu'artistiques, dont le Narrateur fera l'experience au cours de sa vie.
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YASUHIDE YOSHIOKA
Article type: Article
1989 Volume 406 Pages
161-171
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YASUHIRO WATANABE
Article type: Article
1989 Volume 406 Pages
173-181
Published: December 30, 1989
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This Kiwari Text (architectual reference Book) was introduced in 1961 in the Book written about Japanese technology of pre Meiji period. From the contents itself this Text was determined to be of Middle Ages (written before Edo period), and now is used as one of the important indexes. However introduced contents of the Text was not original (original is missing), but seems to be selected and translated into modern expressions. Besides this translation is based on the knowledge of Kiwari system of Edo era, so it is quite natural some contradictions and questions are found. Therefore there are many difficulties when we take this Text as original. From this point of view this series of papers examine the Text comparing with that of the same age and tries to restore the missing Original One, as well as examines Kiwari system of Middle Ages. Continued from former one this paper pays attention to the item of "YOTSUASHI-TORII" and restores the Original writtings. In the consideration for restoration this paper refers to the technological characteristics of Kiwari System of the Middle Ages.
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Article type: Appendix
1989 Volume 406 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1989 Volume 406 Pages
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