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Article type: Cover
1990 Volume 408 Pages
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Published: February 28, 1990
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Article type: Cover
1990 Volume 408 Pages
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Article type: Index
1990 Volume 408 Pages
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Article type: Index
1990 Volume 408 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1990 Volume 408 Pages
_1_-_2_
Published: February 28, 1990
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Article type: Appendix
1990 Volume 408 Pages
_3_-_4_
Published: February 28, 1990
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Article type: Appendix
1990 Volume 408 Pages
_5_-_7_
Published: February 28, 1990
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SHUZO MURAKAMI, SHINSUKE KATO, YOSHIHIRO ISHIDA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 408 Pages
1-11
Published: February 28, 1990
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In this paper, a new solving method for the velocity components of the three-dimensional κ-ε model equations based on generalized curvilinear coordinates are presented, which imposes the Dirichlet-type boundary condition on the momentum equations automatically through the procedure of iterative calculations using contravariant vector components. Three-dimensional turbulent flows are analyzed using the present method. Two examples of numerical simulations are presented. First, to confirm the applicability of the present method, numerical simulations of the room air flow are conducted. The room space is cubic. The simulations are then compared with results obtained by the existing numerical method, which is based on Cartesian coordinates using a staggered grid system, as well as with the experimental results. Good agreement is shown in these comparisons. Second, a simulation of air flow in a gymnasium, which has a complicated globular boundary configuration, is performed. The results clearly demonstrate the practicability of the present method based on the curvilinear coordinate system. It gives reasonable air flow distributions for a three-dimensional non-rectangular space.
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AKIRA HOYANO, YOSHITAKA SHIOTUKI, HIROYUKI HAYASHI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 408 Pages
13-21
Published: February 28, 1990
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This paper describes the measurement errors casused from sticking a thermocouple on sunlit materials using a glue or a tape. First, the error factors were extracted and classified as the result of outdoor experiment. In addition, we clarified the relationships between measurement errors and error factors ; the diameter of a thermocople, sticking conditions, the kinds of tapes and the width of a tape which sticks a thermocouple on a sunlit glazing material. The main results of this study are as follows ; 1) The temperature errors can remain less than 0.3℃, when a thermocouple of diameter about less than 50 μm is stuck on a transparent or a frosted glass using a transparent glue. 2) We discussed temperature distributions of the glazing material around the tape which sticks a thermocouple, using thermographs by an infrared camera. Three kinds of tapes were used for this experiment ; a transparent tape, an aluminum foil and a white vinyl tape. The transparent tape is the most effective one in these three tapes. For example, accuracy of the measurement is within 0.5℃, when the width of this tape is less than 5mm on the outdoor side of the glazing material and less than 8mm on the indoor side. On the other hand, when we use the aluminum foil or white vinyl tape sticking on the outdoor side of a glass, the tape less than 2mm in width is required in order to have the measurement accuracy with in 0.5℃.
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HIDEKI ISHIDA, NOBORU ARATANI, TAKASHI SASAKI, MASAMICHI ENAI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 408 Pages
23-32
Published: February 28, 1990
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There are two types of traditional wooden house "Noka" and "Machiya" in Japan, which have many wisdoms to make them cool in hot and humid summer. The purpose of this study is to find out the mechanism and seek the way to apply them to the modern house which has thick insulation. Although the large horizontal openings and cross ventilation are the distinctive thermal features of Noka in rural area together with thick thatched roof, deep eaves and naked earth floor, it is not practical to apply them to the modern house in a city. On the other hand the typical town house Machiya, which is the subject of this study is characterized by its vertical openings. Although the Machiya had been built very closely to each other, facing to the paved street and surrounded by roof tiles under the burning sun, there are also found refreshing soft winds in their living spaces. The authors tried to find out the cause of this attractive mechanisms with careful observations, inquiries and physical measurement. The results are as follows ; *A typical Machiya house has two gardens ; small court yard "Tsubo-niwa" and back yard "Ura-niwa" at the both ends of living spaces. *The living spaces are open to these closed yards which are open to the sky. *Living spaces are shaded to the sun by deep eaves, straw blinds and dense trees in the yard. So the living spaces are dark in the day time. *Common walls between the two houses and store rooms on the upper floor isolate the heat from outside as if they had thik insulation. *Warmed air is removed naturally upward through both yards and "Tori-niwa" which is a passage of high ceiling with the opening at the top. *Cooled air from the naked ground at the yards and crawl space under the floor fill the living space like a pool. *In spite of heated breeze on the roof, its fluctuations induce delicate change of air pressure difference between two yards and brings ever changing swings of cool air in the living spaces. Although the Machiya has no insulation at all, it has the same thermal characteristics as the insulated houses at least in summer. This idea of upward opening gives an important suggestion on natural cooling of insulated houses even in cold region.
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HIROKO TANAKA, NAMI UEMATU, YANASE TAKUKO
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 408 Pages
33-41
Published: February 28, 1990
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The purpose of this study is to create a comfortable atmosphere by applying the visual effects of colours to interior design. Each of the 1/10 scale living room models that are different from the colour-combinations of furniture contiguous to the wall, sofa, walls and floor is judged in the same order on each bipolar semantic scale of the nineteen adjectives. 1) As the result of factor analysis, three dimensions "evaluation", "activity" and "warmness" are extracted. 2) Using the quantitative analysis of Hayashi, dimension 1, "evaluation" is most greatly affected by the room colour-control and the colour of furniture, dimension 2, "activity", by the quantity of furniture, dimension 3, "warmness", by the hue of the room, respectively. 3) Colours of low saturation-allied hue are high in evaluation. Especially the room-colours other than walls is felt more comfortable in similar colour.
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MASAMI KOBAYASHI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 408 Pages
43-52
Published: February 28, 1990
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Referring to the past studies and literature of the human behavior in architectural space under disasterous situations, the diversity of behavioral patterns has been reviewed denying the occurence of "Panic Behavior". Behavior of occupants in the dwellings of Urakawa, Hokkaido, during the Off-Urakawa Earthquake of March 21 has been traced precisely. Actions taken by the 55 subjects during the peak ground motion lasted 45 seconds were grouped into 9 categories, most of which were for the prevention of human injury and physical damage. The choice of actions has been strongly influenced by social situations and roles defined by the relation with houses and other occupants. Wives were the most active performers among occupants and living rooms were the major stages for their actions. Based on the behavioral characteristics, a design guide for the dwellings in active seismic zone has been proposed which assigns living rooms to safe inside refuge in and through which people can persue a series of responsible actions expected to conduct in earthquake situations.
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YOSHITSUGU AOKI, SANAE IKEDA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 408 Pages
53-60
Published: February 28, 1990
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We proposed the correlational analogy method to assist architectural design process in previous papers. By this method, an associational relationship between two specific items A and B can be found out from a plan statistically and the discovered relation (A, B) means "B should be specified if A is specified and A should be if B is at the same time". However, we observe frequently the case that B is not always specified when A is specified although A must be specified under B. Also, there are 15 types of logical relation between two specific items. The new method is based on the observation of coincidental occurrences of every couple of specifications in the same plan as like as the correlational analogy method. After making plans by a designer, that is, after observation of frequency data of every couple of specific items from a set of plans, we consider that the observed data were obtained from a combination of the above 15 relation types. The highest possibility combination can be calculated with the frequency data. The relation type that has the largest number of occurrences in the most possibility combination is estimated as the most likely relation. The above discovered relation is a kind of personal knowledge and we can use the knowledge for assisting the same designer in design process. For example, if we discovered a relation (A>B) which means "B should be specified under specification A" from a set of plans designed by a designer, then a CAD system associates "B" when the designer specifies only "A".
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JOJI ABE, HIROSHI MIMURA, MOTOO ANDO, HIROKI KAKUTANI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 408 Pages
61-69
Published: February 28, 1990
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In commercial districts of downtown, where building controls are moderate, high-rise apartment houses increase one after another. Living in those high-density houses, problems of environments become important. This paper deals with shapes of apartment houses mainly from the view of openness for residents. 135 residential buildings situated in commercial districts of Osaka city, both condominiums and rental apartments, were investigated. The results are as follows. 1. The densities of apartment houses in commercial districts are very high. 2. Shapes of apartment houses differ between condominiums and rental apartments. Condominiums are high-rise and high-density, exhausting the floor area ratio and values south-fronted flats for the sake of solar access, while shapes of rental apartments are simple, aiming mainly to optimizing the coverage ratio. 3. By subsequent building activities, living environments of apartment houses are estimated to become considerably worse. The sky exposure plane provisions for streets, which aim to maintain the openness of streets, revealed to be important also for the openness of apartment houses.
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EIKI SUZUKI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 408 Pages
71-79
Published: February 28, 1990
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The Town Plannnig Act of 1919 had provided Land Readjustment system for sites adjacent to public facilities, by name of "Kenchikusikichi-zousei Tochikukaku-seiri" or a sort of "excess condemnation", which was legitimated in the Article 16 Clause 2 of this Act and Article 22 of it's enforcement order. But this system had been employed only in a few cases through 1919 to 1945. This article inquires that reason by tracing the formative process of this system around 1919 and comes to the conclusion as follows : 1) Requirement of introduction of this system had aimed to improve built-up area. But the method of Land Readjustment of this system limitted to be used in the urbanizing area. So it was diffcult to apply this system to the buit-up area. 2) The government had introduced the article, which had stipulated the current price disposition of improved land. But this article had been omitted by the opposition from Committee members. Because the Committee disputed the relief of land owners and housig holders for proceeding of projects. For whom lost his original holdings by the condemnation, the Committee decided to provide preferentially improved land. However, the omission of the article about current price disposition made doubtful who should gain the development value. It was essential to employ excess condemnation.
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HIROSHI AIZAWA, MASASHI YAMASHITA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 408 Pages
81-92
Published: February 28, 1990
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This paper analizes 1) the change of distribution about the lots shifting utilization of land or shifting right of land ownership with time, 2) and the formation of their owners making about 5600 lots in six districts the object of this study. This study, confirms the following : The group of the land owners forms corresponding to the condition of district, and the domain of land use and land ownership is formed, too. 1. A domain of nonagricultural land use is formed in large scale by the type of nonfarmer owing land in large scale in the main core district of rural region or the district under suburban region. 2. A new domain of utilized house lots is formed by the type of nonfarmer which devided from farmers in the sub core district or general district of rural region, when the subroute constructed within the district.
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SHIGERU WAKAYAMA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 408 Pages
93-99
Published: February 28, 1990
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We find out the emotion and organization of architectural space, as the result of picking up the word of architectural space, and classifying and considering by architectural and contextual elements, in GENZIMONOGATARI. In Genzimonogatari, the historical recognition is not clear, but the space is very concrete. In this literature, architectural space is exist on extention of woman's character and the body, because it is established architectural defense and order in space. We offer three parts of the story, not three parts formerly, in GENZIMONOGATARI, as result of analyzing this architectural space.
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TAKAYUKI KUROTSU, KATSUHIKO WATANABE
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 408 Pages
101-109
Published: February 28, 1990
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It is possible to find many examples of medieval architecture preserved in ordinary structures in Nepal, but it is the Darbar palace in the cities of Kathmandu, Patan and Bhadgaon in the Kathmandu Valley, which best perpetuate the traditional style of Nepalese architecture. This article considers the structures of quardrangles called Chok which are a major architectural feature of palace construction by surveying original features of each buildings, in attempt to clarify their historical character. As a results, we were able to draw out the following conclusion : There were two typical types of structure as Chok quadrangle in Mal Chok and Sundara Chok of Palace buildings of Malla Dynasty. These Chok had their own specific structure in their courtyards consisting of a square courtyard and Dalans of three directions with symmetrical axis running from south to north, which was similiar with that of Budhhist monastery Baha. In the Shah Dynasty, the structure of Chok quardrangles were extended not only vertically but also horizontally with changing their coutyard structure to enphasis its front.
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RYUICHI ITO, KIYOSHI HIRAI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 408 Pages
111-121
Published: February 28, 1990
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Carvers as well as carpenters were usually engaged in constructing a temple and a shrine in the Edo era. The Izumis debated in this paper hereditarily occupied the position of a master-carver who organized many carvers at a construction site, related to the shogunate. This paper clarifies the genealogy of the Izumis ; its outline is shown in the following. Intoroduction 1. Outline of Genealogy of the Izumis 2. Style of the Genealogies 3. The Dates and the Writers of the Genealogies 4. The Names and the Death-Dates of the Clan-Members, being compared with the Register of the Death 5. Scrutinizing the Descriptions of the Constructions between the genealogies 6. Scrutinizing the Descriptions of the Constructions between the Genealogy and other Construction Datas
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HIROYASU SHIRAI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 408 Pages
123-131
Published: February 28, 1990
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This paper has been written to describe the aspect of successive diminution in a five-storied. When we make a designing issue of successive diminution in a stupa, it is important for us to make clear the aspect of line linking high eaves with low ones. For this purpose, we will extract three notions, so-called "Misumichigai", "Go-nakasumi", and "Nakahara", from the old architectural textbook "Shomyo", which was written by Masanobu Heinouchi in 1608. As a result, it is shown by examining many existing five-storied stupas that "Misumi-chigai" is a curved line toward inside, "Go-nakasumi" a straight line, and "Nakahara" a curved line toward outside.
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JUN HATANO
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 408 Pages
133-143
Published: February 28, 1990
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This paper is one of works in which I intend to clarify the town planning methods of Japanese castle towns. In this paper I study on the layout of open water works in castle towns. The summary is as follows : The layout of open water works in castle towns was changed from being the way of supplying water to the zone of the artisans and tradesmen after distributing water in the zone of the Samurai-class to taking another way of supplying water separately to each of the above two zones. The change shows open water works recognized as one of town facilities although open water works had been constructed with the intention of setting borders of castle towns at its beginning. At the same time, I can find out the rise in position of artisans and tradesmen of castle towns in the above process.
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MASAYA FUJITA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 408 Pages
145-156
Published: February 28, 1990
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This study traces the change process of the function of Kita-no-Tai, Tainoya on the north side of the central Shinden in the aristocratic residences. By this study I tried to indicate that the process shows tendency to create a private and an independent living space in the post imperial era. The treatise is organized in the following manner : Introduction Chap. 1 Kita-no-Tai in the Sekkan period. (1) Kita-no-Tai for the emperor's place. (2) Kita-no-Tai with other usage. Chap.2 Kita-no-Tai in the post imperial period. (1) The change of the function of Kita-no-Tai in the Satodairi. (2) Kita-no-Tai for the Nyobo-Tsubone (the room for court ladies). Conclusion
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HIDETO KAWAKAMI, MITSUYOSHI TSUCHIDA, MICHIO MAEKAWA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 408 Pages
157-164
Published: February 28, 1990
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Six churches still remain in the region of Nagasaki, which were built in about 10's of the Meiji era. We call them "early churches". We have educed six characters of the early churches from their various architectural elements, and further made clear the primordial form in the process of development of church buildings both in design and in structure.
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YOICHI SUGAWARA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 408 Pages
165-177
Published: February 28, 1990
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The main subjects discribed in this article are as follows ; 1. architectural outlines of Mie 2nd, 3rd, and 4th middle school 2. the constitution of architectural section to design and construct each school 3. formation and decline of the exterior design lineage of each school
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Article type: Appendix
1990 Volume 408 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1990 Volume 408 Pages
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