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Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 388 Pages
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Published: June 30, 1988
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Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 388 Pages
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Published: June 30, 1988
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Article type: Index
1988 Volume 388 Pages
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Published: June 30, 1988
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Article type: Index
1988 Volume 388 Pages
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Article type: Index
1988 Volume 388 Pages
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YUKIO HAMADA, SHIRO ANKYU, HIDENOBU UCHIDA, HIDEKI TACHIBANA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 388 Pages
1-6
Published: June 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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For the study of sound insulation mechanisms of materials and multiple structure walls, it is necessary to know the oblique incident sound transmission characteristics. Therefore, a new method of measuring oblique incident ransmission loss using complex sound intensity technique have been theoretically investigated. In this method the incident sound power is to be separated from the reflected sound power in front of the specimen by measuring the complex sound intensity and the sound pressure. In order to examine the validity of the method, scale model experiments have been made by using single panel and double walls with and without porous materials in an anechoic room. The results show that it has been found that the oblique incident sound transmission loss could be measured with fairly high accuracy by this method.
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KYOUJI MUGIKURA, MASAHIRO TSURUTA, YUUJI KORENAGA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 388 Pages
7-14
Published: June 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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Twenty years have come and gone since noise control regulation was legislated into law in Japan in 1968. On the other hand, however, the number of complaints about noise from construction sites has hardly changed in the last 10 years. In the present paper, we supply calculation chart of much simply and handy techniques which site supervisors, who can employ in estimating and controlling noise in step with the progress of the construction work. The specific features of the proposed method are as follow: 1) A machine noise level table is provided through statistical analysis of measured 47 popular kind machine noise data. 2) Machine noises are classified by high and medium according to thier A-weighted frequency characteristics. 3) Effects of a typical three type sound barrier on the specific frequency characteristics of the machine noise are given. 4) A calculation chart for reflected sound related to the position of reflector is prepared.
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KUNIO MATSUURA, YOSHIAKI UETANI
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 388 Pages
15-22
Published: June 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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In this paper, directional characteristics of reflection from the surface of materials are measured by means of the goniophotometory using polarized light. Each directional characteristics is separated into boundary reflected component and layer reflected one. The measurement is carried out within the incident plane and the other directions. Results of measurement can be used to predict illuminance and luminance caused by interreflection between the non-uniform diffuse surfaces and to estimate the visual environment mainly the appearance of the object.
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SHIN-ICHI YAMANAKA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 388 Pages
23-28
Published: June 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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In this study, the variations of indoor-originated NO and NO_2 concentration in the test rooms were surveyed in detail with a chemiluminescent autoanalyzer. At first, some confusing factors on the sink rate of indoor NO_2 were investigated. In the second place, the fate of NO_2 consumed through the rapid decay in higher relative humidity was discussed. The experimental results are as follows: (1) Lighting such as natural light without direct sunbeam or fluorescent lamp, and small variation of air composition don't have any effect. Forced air mixing and repeated exposition to NO_2 of the interior material have little effect; such physical conditions may take effect where the surface reaction is outstanding. A large difference in the air volume of rooms seemed to bring about a small change in the sink rate of NO_2. Since ordinary variations of actual air volume of living rooms are not so large, such an influence may be negligible. (2) A certain part of NO_2 has been proved to be converted to NO through the decay process described above.
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AKIRA HOYANO, JIANG HE
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 388 Pages
29-37
Published: June 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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Presented is a meter for measuring the intensity of following factors; 1) air temperature; 2) total environmental solar radiation; 3) mean radiant temperature and 4) wind velocity in an outdoor environment. The meter is composed of three hollow spherical copper globes whose surfaces are blackened and whitened and chromium-plated respectively. As long as temperatures at the center of the globe and ambient air temperature are measured, the above factors are determined by solving the heat balance equations for these globes. Experiments show that the air temperature in the center of the globe in the sunlight is equal to the average surface temperature of the globe. And the result can be derived by a numerical method on assumpting that there is no distribution in the air temperature inside the globe. Deviations of the factors due to an error in the temperature mesurement of the globe with a thermocouple, are calculated in the case of an error of 0.2℃. It needs about five minutes for the globe sensor to reach equilibrium in the steady condition that the air movement is less than 3 m/sec. Measurements with the meter were carried out in a residential area. It was found that the values of the factors differed because of the differences of surrounding materials and the shapes of surrounding buildings; for instance, the values in the shade of buildings, above asphalt pavement and the lawn differed greatly from one another.
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YOSHIMI URANO, TOSHIYUKI WATANABE, TETSUO HAYASHI, YUJI RYU, KYOICHI W ...
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 388 Pages
38-47
Published: June 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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The objective of this study is to make clear passive heating and cooling effect of the model rooms coupled with the soil. We carried out numerical calculations for the various earth-contact model rooms based on the two-dimensional finite element analysis and estimated interior thermal environment. According to the calculated results, it can be concluded as follows: (1) The earth-contact area is more dominant factor than the earth-contact configuration in the formation of indoor air temperature of the earth coupled model room. And the daily difference between the maximum and minimum indoor air temperature becomes smaller than the annual difference in proportion to the in-crease of the earth-contact area. (2) As the earth contact area increases, the amount of heat supply and extraction rate for air-conditioning becomes smaller and the fluctuation of indoor air temperature is more stable in the middle season. (3) In order to reduce air-conditioning load of the rooms coupled with the soil, it is important that the non-contact wall with the soil is insulated. (4) A model room of which floor and one side wall contact with the earth, a half underground model room and a half bermed model room, which have the identical earth-contact area, are at the almost same indoor air temperature and air-conditioning load.
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TADAHIRO TSUCHKAWA, YOTARO KOBAYASMI, TETSUMI HORIKOSHI, EMI MIWA, YOS ...
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 388 Pages
48-59
Published: June 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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1. INTRODUCTION Configuration factors and effective radiation area for the sedentary nude and clothed male subject were measured and calculated by the new photographic method in the previous authors' papers (ref. 1 and 2). In addition, we pointed out the photographic method employed by Fanger (ref. 3) has a limitation for the practical application, because it may cause an appreciable error in situations where the distance between the human body and the surroundings is relatively small. The configuration factors between the sedentary body and the floor were found distributing discontinuously in the neighborhood of the subject. The present study proposes configuration factors and the effective radiation area factors calculated by the new photographic method for subjects who are kept in four clothing and posture combinations; i. E. NUDE-STANDING, CLOTHED-STANDING, NUDE-SEDENTARY and CLOTHED-SEDENTARY. In particular, considering in detail the configuration factors between the points on the floor and the human body, we have obtained the continuous results of the configuration factors between the human body and the floor. 2. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Three young male subjects were taken in the present study. Table-1 shows the subjects' physical characteristics. In the table, subject HM was already measured and calculated in the previous papers (ref. 1 and 2). The subjects wore two types of clothing assembly, as shown in Table-2. Subject KH who wore large size working coat and trousers, another subjects wore the same size clothing assembly. Fig. 1 shows the experimental set-up with the solid-angle projection camera with OP fish-eye lens. The camera can be set at the point in the three-dimensional coordinates. Taking the photographs of the human body by the camera, the configuration factors between the lattice points of 0.5 m×0.5 m meshes (0.5 m×0.3 m for lower vertical walls) are shown in Fig. 2. Table-3 represents the distances from the center of a subject to vertical walls, the ceiling and the floor. According to the unit sphere concept, the configuration factors between the points on the floor beneath the soles of feet and the human body are the value of unity. This value of unity complicates the calculation of the effective radiation area of the human body and the configuration factors, because the configration factors of the floor surface suddenly change near the feet, so the special technique is necessary to accomplish the numerical integration. Measuring the configuration factors at the points of 0.125 m×0.125 m detail meshes on the floor around the feet, the continual distributions of configuration factors between the body and points on the floor were obtained. Fig. 3 shows the diagram of the measurement to calculate the effective radiation area. The subject is placed on the platform which is made of a colorless and transparent acrylic board and is fixed above the floor surface. Any lattice points on the planes surrounding the subject cannot contact with the body. Therefore the effective radiation area is calculated without considering the value of unity of the configuration factor. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The ratio of the effective radiation area (A_r) of the body based on one of clothing-posture combinations, to the total body surface area (A_t; ref. 4) yields the effective radiation area factor f_<eff> and is listed in Table-4. In the table, the values of the factors f_<eff> for nude subjects tend to be consistent, while those for the clothed ones lie in relatively wide range. For clothed subjects who kept each posture, it can be seen that there are clothing fit-ness-related differences among the factors f_<eff>. The mean values of the factor f_<eff> obtained by the present study are slightly larger than those by Fanger et al. for all clothing-posture combinations. As shown in Figs, from 5 to 10, there are no significant person-related
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KEN-ICHI ISHIDA, MITSUHIRO UDAGAWA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 388 Pages
60-69
Published: June 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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This paper described the validation of the ventilation net work model for the estimation of the room temperatures and heat loads of residential buildings with the results obtained by measuring the three test houses. The air tightness of the three test houses were measured using a pressure method and the ventilation rates were measured by CO_2 tracer gas method. The ventilation rates were calculated with measured wind direction, wind speed, ourdoor temperature, room temperature and air tightness. The results of comparison between the calculation and the measurement showed good agreement within allowable range of error. Using the air flow velocity measured at the doors the room to room air flow rate were estimated and compared with calculated heat flow rates. The results showed the good agreement. Therefore, it was concluded that the ventilation net work model could be used for the simulation of the room temperatures and heat loads of residential buildings.
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HIROTOSHI YODA, TOSHIO OJIMA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 388 Pages
70-78
Published: June 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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This paper describes methods of producing a built-up area map and a densely built-up area map by using TM (Thematic Mapper) data taken on November4, 1984 acquired from LANDSAT-5. Through a case study of Kanagawa Prefecture, this study tries to analize by overlaying and comparing LANDS AT MAP with DID (Densely Inhavited Districts) or CBD (Central Business Districts) which we devide cities with lines on the map. The land-cover is classified into nine categories; high-rise building area, middle-rise building area, low-rise building area, concrete pavement, bare land, lawn land, grass land, trees and water, using level slice method with training areas shown in Table-3. The regression analysis between TM data and 500 m mesh data in Tokyo shows that the grasp of the built-up area pattern, as well as natural surface pattern, is possible. The process of producing a built-up area map is shown as follows : 1) land-cover classification 2) make up 100m mesh (4×4=16 pixels) 3) decide the constituent element of the built-up area map (high-rise bldg. Area, middle-rise bldg. Area and low-rise bldg. Area) 4) make up 100m mesh data of the built-up area (Fig.6 and Fig.7) 5) map output by personal computer The process of producing a densely built-up area map is shown as follows: 1) land-cover classification 2) make up 50m mesh (2×2=4 pixels) 3) decide the constituent element of the densely built-up area map (high-rise bldg. Area and middle-rise bldg. Area) 4) make up 100m mesh data of the densely built-up area (Fig.10) 5) map output by personal computer Concretely, we produce a built-up area map of Kanagawa Prefecture, shown in Fig. 9, and densely built-up area maps of Yokohama City, Odawara City, Yokosuka City, Kawasaki City and Fujisawa City, shown in Fig.11〜Fig.15. The results show that possibility and effectiveness using remote sensing as one of the national land informations on arban area.
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TADAHIKO HIGUCHI, HIDENORI TAMAGAWA, KANJI AKEMA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 388 Pages
79-85
Published: June 30, 1988
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This paper analyses the identifiableness of cityscape, to research how nightscapes differ from daytime landscapes and to find how we can make identifiable nightscapes. The method is a questionnaire survey which consists of the three steps below: (1) Pick up the 16 spots in the central area of Niigata city and take pictures of them. (2) Ask the respondents where the spot is and by what it is judged. (3) Classify the spots through clustering analysis by using the right answer rations and test the differences between the noted points of daytime landscapes and nightscapes. The chief findings are as follows: (1) The clustering method above proves to be useful to understand the feature of each spot. (2) The right answer ratio decreases at night where the distant landmarks are hidden in the dark. (3) To identify the spots, facades of near buildings, near sign boards, near neon signs and facades of distant buildings are commonly noted in daytime and at night. (4) Nearer figures tend to be noted in identifying the nightscapes. (5) The "literal informations" are noted more at night than in daytime. The "shape informations" are re-verse. Therefore, we conclude that lightening the shape of well-known landmarks is very important to make easily-identifiable nightscapes.
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MITSUHIKO KAWAKAMI, YASUTAKA NISHITA, [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 388 Pages
86-97
Published: June 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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In this study we formulate a linear model which can describe household movement caused by new housing supply in a region. Formulating the model we divide the movement process into two stages. The first stage is the movement into dwellings which are newly supplied in a fixed term. The second stage is the movement into vacant dwellings, which consist dwellings haved been resided by household who moved into newly supplied ones and other types of unoccupied dwellings. We also formulate the model to use variables and parameters as much as possible, which correspond with ones used in existing statistical materials. This can promote operational ability of the model. We apply the model to five typical Prefectures and study operational ability, usefulness and limitations as a descriptive model. Main findings of this study are as follows; 1) Numerical estimation of household movement in the next term can be done using actually supplied dwellings. This gives us useful information not derived from existing statistics and some of estimated values coincides in small error with result of the surveyed data. It means that the model can be used as a descriptive model. 2) Simulations can be done using supposed supplied dwellings classified by a housing type. Studies on results of these simulations present useful information for housing supply planning.
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NAOYASU HIRONAGA, MASAHIRO FUNAKOSHI
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 388 Pages
98-107
Published: June 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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In this paper, we attempt to define the characteristics of the residents who got occupied apartment houses in the Fukuoka District in 1982-83, considering five categories; social strate, income, type of household, process of removal and change of residential situation from removal. We analyze each data of the residents who live at occupied apartment houses in Central Business District (CBD), in the district where is 4km away from CBD and where occupied apartment houses were constructed from 1982 and in the whole city. Our data are based on the research for those residents. Some conclusions drown from this study are as follows: 1. Most ages of the earner are from 35 to 44. There are various types of household, such as Co, Ck1・2, Ck 3 and S+B. 2. The distance from CBD and the social environment are the main reason of the removal to the occupied apartment houses in central district. The price is one of the main reasons for purchasing the occupied apartment houses, 4 km away from CBD and constructed in 1982-83. 3. The removal of the residence is made at least to satisfy minimum housing standard level. 4. They change their residence within the same city, or even in the same district.
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KENJI KOHSAKA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 388 Pages
108-115
Published: June 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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This study, based on questionnaire method, discusses the headlined theme. For this study, mail survey were carried out in 5 regions; Nakano-ku in Tokyo, Kadoma-shi and Moriguchi-shi in Osaka, Yamaguchi-shi and Towa-cho in Yamaguchi Pref.. The answerers of this survey are elderly people (65 years old or over) living alone. The important findings of this study are summarized as follows; 1) The most important needs on dwelling of the elderly living alone is 'staying put'. The 'resident period at present dwelling' and 'familiarity with present area' is the most effective element of wish for move. 2) The social isolation promotes not only 'lonliness' but wish for move. 'The frequency of intercourse with friends' is more important than those with and to 'relatives' for the elderly living alone at present. 3) 'Comfortable living in summer' and 'the size of dwellings' is one of the most effective element of wish for move. And the former is the most important item for the elderly living alone in their evaluation of living condition. 4) 'Leisure facilities' is an important item for life of the elderly living alone.
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SHIGERU WAKAYAMA, TAKASHI FUJIHARA
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 388 Pages
116-123
Published: June 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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In this paper, as the result of analizing and considering the architectural terms in MAN'YOSHU, we find out that Man'yo-bito's emotion concerned with one's architectural space are four-point as described below. 1. Superiority of outer space 2. Aesthetics of temporary residence space 3. Emotion of absence 4. Flowering plant space around residence Recapitulate, the architectural space in MAN'YOSHU is closely related with nature, and that shows Man'yo-bito was naturalist.
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KATSUHIRO KAWATA, KAZUYOSHI FUMOTO, KATSUHIKO WATANABE, AKIRA NAITO
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 388 Pages
124-131
Published: June 30, 1988
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We can findout the ten architectural reference books which described the technics of the Edo-Kenninji school "Kora-ke". In this paper, we intend to clarify the bibliography of each book and to analyze the contents of that. As a result, we are able to draw out the following conclusion; in the evolutional process, we can look substantial evolution up to the mid of eighteenth century, however then, we can find out no creation and conventional books, and the ten books are devided by the above two stage. Fives belong to the evolutional stage. Another fives are to promiscuos stage.
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KATSUHIRO KAWATA, KAZUYOSHI FUMOTO, KATSUHIKO WATANABE, AKERA NAITO
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 388 Pages
132-142
Published: June 30, 1988
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We can find out the design technics for the Kara-style (the style which especially adopted for the Zen-architecture) architecture in the architectural reference books described in the Edo period. In this paper, we in-tend to analyze the contents of the design technics in each book. As a result, we are able to draw out the following conclusion; the developmental process of the technics is found in the design of the brackets which have constructed in crowds, and the technics for Modular-Coordination described in the architectural reference books of "Kora-ke" have especially developed to the final design system.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 388 Pages
143-144
Published: June 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1988 Volume 388 Pages
144-145
Published: June 30, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 388 Pages
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Published: June 30, 1988
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Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 388 Pages
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Published: June 30, 1988
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