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Article type: Cover
1991 Volume 421 Pages
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Published: March 30, 1991
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Article type: Cover
1991 Volume 421 Pages
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Article type: Index
1991 Volume 421 Pages
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Article type: Index
1991 Volume 421 Pages
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Article type: Index
1991 Volume 421 Pages
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Shinsuke KATO, Shuzo MURAKAMI, Yasushi KONDO
Article type: Article
1991 Volume 421 Pages
1-9
Published: March 30, 1991
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In this paper, two-dimensional passive scalar diffusion field and non-isothermal flow field are studied by using the algebraic stress model (hereafter abbreviated as ASM). In ASM, Reynolds stress (-<u_iu_j>^^^-) and scalar flux (u_iθ) are evaluated by the algebraic expression representation of transport equation for <u_iu_j>^^^- and <u_iθ>^^^-. Therefore the results of the distribution of <u_iu_j>^^^- and <u_iθ>^^^- in ASM are physically more reasonable than those given by the κ-ε EVM. The differences of the distributions of velocity and scalar (temperature) between ASM and κ-ε are attributed to the differences of the evaluation <u_iu_j>^^^- and <u_iθ>^^^-.
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Jun TANIMOTO, Ken-ichi KIMURA
Article type: Article
1991 Volume 421 Pages
11-19
Published: March 30, 1991
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In order to quantify humidity regulation effects of building finishing materials, the calculation procedure based on the inhomogeneous diffusion simultaneous equations of heat and moisture transfer within the hygroscopic region within the materials was proposed. The presented vector-matrix equation was derived from thermal network method. This calculation method allows for the heat and moisture balance in the control volume of a segmented building mass and the boundary conditions such as convective heat transfer, moisture transfer, radiation exchange among inside surfaces, solar radiation and nocturnal radiation. To confirm accuracy of the presented calculation procedure, a series of experiments were performed. A good agreement between measured and calculated values on temperatures and humidities in a small box was observed. Using one-dimensional heat and moisture transfer program, a series of computer simulations on the hour-by-hour basis were performed to identify the effects of interior finishing materials on space heating and cooling loads. The results show large discrepancies in latent heat loads between in the cases of considering and neglecting moisture absorption and desorption.
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Yasuo KURODA, Takeshi SEKINE
Article type: Article
1991 Volume 421 Pages
21-30
Published: March 30, 1991
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This paper reports the wind tunnel experiments conducted to study the relation between the air flow and the shape of buildings, with the degree of corner cutting in focus. It aims at determining a proper cutting of the four vertical corner lines of building in order to diminish the strong wind region near the surface around them. Test objects, given several degrees and kinds of corner cutting, were put in the wind tunnel and the air flow was compared with that in the cases of rectangular models. Measurements were performed in the three dimensional way for the air flow around each model, explicating the distribution of wind velocity totally not limiting to the near surface region. The result is as follows : In the case when the building depth was equal to or smaller than the building width, the strong wind region near the surface diminished when the degree of corner cutting was less then 1/4 as shallow as the building width. In the case when the depth was larger than the width, a little greater diminishment of the strong wind region was accompanied by as shallow a cutting as less than 3/8 of the building width. The strong wind region increased when only the lower corners were cut off, and when only the upper corners were cut off, the region remained almost unchanged.
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Shuji FUJII, Taebin IM, Takeichi NIREI
Article type: Article
1991 Volume 421 Pages
31-38
Published: March 30, 1991
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The air cleanliness is an important problem for preventing infection in operating room. The purpose of this study is to find out the integrated characteristic of air cleanliness through the simultaneous measurement of concentration over different particles sizes. The integration of air cleanliness is made by PCA (Principal Component Analysis) method for concentrations over particle sizes. The surveys are conducted in surgical center of a university hospital and 4 types of operating rooms are selected for measurement. Concentrations over 5 different particles sizes are measured by 7 optical particle counters simultaneously at following measuring points ; a point near operative field, 4 points near surgical doctors, and 1 point at exhaust. The results are as follows : 1. The PCA is useful method in evaluation of operating room cleanliness. 2. From the result of PCA, it is extracted that 1st pricipal component means level of contamination and 2nd principal componenet means characteristic of contamination.
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Yoshinobu SUZUKI, Shuji FUJII
Article type: Article
1991 Volume 421 Pages
39-49
Published: March 30, 1991
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Air cleaning characteristics in a turbulent flow type cleanroom in which particle generation sources were present, was examined experimentally. Based on the results of these experiments, evaluation method of air cleaning ability and its definition are proposed. The main factors influencing air cleanliness are the number of air change and particle generation rate. For each experimental case, the cleanroom had the muximum particle generation rate of 400000 P/(min 10m^2) and other conditions, such as number of air change, which were fixed in correspondence with the cleanliness class 8, 7, 6 in JIS B9920. The values of air cleanliness in the experiments were below the limits of the cleanliness class 8, 7, 6. It is proposed that air cleaning ability should be defined as the ratio of the representative maximum value, whichever is greater, either the maximum of the average particle concentrations measured at the sampling locations or the upper confidence limit of the mean of these averages in the cleanroom having a constant particle generation rate, to the class limit.
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Nobuhiro SUZUKI, Hiroshi AKETAGAWA
Article type: Article
1991 Volume 421 Pages
51-61
Published: March 30, 1991
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Tokuriya in Kiso Narai was used as an inn since Edo period. We were deeply moved by the hearth space where natural light is visible. We took 11 students of architecture to the site and asked them to record the impressive images of the space and their physical causes, in sketches and phrases. We obtained 12 spatial images and identified physical causes. We classified the images into 5 types : rising space, seperated upper and lower spaces, unified space, connected upper and lower spaces, and enclosing sunbeam space. As the causes, we identified a luminous skylight, pale light, and a changing luminous sunbeam. We also identified other objects and their relation in arousing such images.
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Chejin LIN, Kaichiro KURIHARA
Article type: Article
1991 Volume 421 Pages
63-73
Published: March 30, 1991
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This study is aimed at clarifying recent exhibition activity in art museum planning in Japan, by analyzing the composition of various exhibition types in term of quantity and quality. The exhibition types are categorized into 3types depending upon the manner in which space is managed. The characteristics of these types are influenced by the factors such as period of holding, the frequency of exhibitions and the organizational setup demanded by each type of exhibition. Other aspects, not entirely architectural in nature, affect the above factors depending upon various circumstances wherein the museum is situated and the kind of materials to be exhibited.
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Shinya KATAGATA, Naoya KOITO, Shunkichi BABA, Hajime SHIMIZU, Junji YO ...
Article type: Article
1991 Volume 421 Pages
75-82
Published: March 30, 1991
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The inner area of Kyoto City sampled for this study has survived keeping the spacial proximity between working and housing based upon traditional vernacular small industries such as dye works called Yuzen. In recent years, communities in the inner area has become unstable and some of them have been collapsing due to retrogression of small industries and decrease of population. On the contrary, cases of building renewal have become larger in number, and certain cases have influenced on long-established communities in a suffering way, occurring social problems in the inner area. At the same time, these recent changes of building have been stimilating inhabitants' resisting movements. This study aims to investigate how a future arrangement for neighborhood districts should be in consideration of job and house proximity, from a view-point of the cooperating argument process between inhabitant and specialist. One of the typical neighborhood districts within the inner area is Mukadeyacho, that has perticipated in Ghion Maturi Festival with the float called Minami-kannonyama, which is sampled in this study. In Mukadeyacho, traditional wooden city houses have been rapidly replaced by concrete buildings which have accordingly brought inharmoneousness in townscape. This study made clear that one of the most serious problems is dying out of alleies which have formed neighborhood unit with the traditional alley-street pattern. The alternative plan for replacing proposed against a scheme of some private developer in a way of inhabitant's perticipation has offered the other finding that the reduction of present regulation levels to height and volume to lot of building is needed to bring a desirable harmony in Mukadeyacho's townscape.
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Katsusuke ASAKA
Article type: Article
1991 Volume 421 Pages
83-94
Published: March 30, 1991
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In this paper, a side view of the present-day crematoria has been investigated, by directing attention to the facilities which had already existed before zones were decided for use inside a city planning area, and by casting light on the problems encountered in the cities having such crematoria. As examples with very interesting characteristics, cities of Sakai and Higashi-Osaka in Osaka Prefecture as well as Nagoya in Aichi Prefecture have been dealt with.
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Yoshiko NISHIJIMA
Article type: Article
1991 Volume 421 Pages
95-102
Published: March 30, 1991
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It is the purpose of this study to clarify the relation of the middle age and elderly parent's and childen housing, their record of former housing and their desired housing situation. The result are as follows : 1) Households in rented dwellings from private owners have the tendency to be non-occupation, low-income and single. 2) Many of them have no child. And in the case of children, they don't live with them. They live near their parents. There is a difference where the children live according to housing strata. 3) The middle age and elderly in privately operated housing desire to live at next-door to their children, but in rented dwellings from private owners, they desire to live by themselves regardless of their children. 4) Housing strate of the children is identical with their parents. This shows that the identity of housing strata in parent and child is continuous and fixed. 5) Record of former housing is different according to housing strata. Specifically, the record of residents of publicly operated housing is constant, but residents of privately operated housing often change of their addresses.
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Makoto TSUNODA, Takashi OONO, Seiichi FUKAO
Article type: Article
1991 Volume 421 Pages
103-109
Published: March 30, 1991
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Many of exterior wall claddings for medium rise urban buildings have similar details and supply systems to those of cutain walls for high-rise buildings, whereas materials for them and their appearances have much in common with exterior wall finishings for low-rise houses. With these in mind, the authors undertook a survey on exterior walls makers for medium rise urban buildings. A questionnaire about the outline of the system, the support services for design, production and on-site installation of the components has been sent to 30 exterior wall building material makers. Analysis of the organization of suppliers, the types of organization and the assignment of services, the scope of the contract, the scope and contents of various services provided for the users have been made. As a result six system types of the supplyers have been finally abstracted according to the above findings. Furthermore three prototype have been abstracted from those six system types. Prototype has "Curtainwall type" which is completed design services for architect/builders, "Construction of dealers type", and "Wholesaler of components type". The result should be usefull for the future vision of this industry and for the provisions for smooth propagation of industrial components such as this.
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Shozo SAKATO
Article type: Article
1991 Volume 421 Pages
111-120
Published: March 30, 1991
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So far I found that there are common spatial images in the sand-play constructions by males and females in each developmental stage. From the view point of behavioural biology, we ask now why. The innate nature in human is investigated in this paper. Each animal has its own world image in each developmental stage. Play of young animals always serves to teach something. Play carrys out important functions to form their world images. To compare the formation of animals' world images with that of human, there appears the innate elements in human world images. One of human plays, to use objects endowed with special and symbolic meanings for the representation of an imagined scene in a circumscribed sphere, is grounded in human's evolution and developed in the toy world of childhood (E. H. Erikson). I call it world-image-play. This kind of human ability is the basis of the formation of human world images and it is the origin of the act of creation. The innate nature in human always conducts us through mood or feelings to accomplish the life cycle proper of the human race. And it is mood or feelings that first open the space there. To study the innate nature in human is to know the common denominators between any cultural people. By this, we will be able to know profoundly the meanings of originalities in the spatial characteristics of peoples and also the causes of the differentiations.
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Naoki TANI
Article type: Article
1991 Volume 421 Pages
121-127
Published: March 30, 1991
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The purpose of this paper is to consider the services of the carpenters in return for the favor of the feudal lord, during the early part of the early modern times (from Tenshou era to Kan'ei era), in six provinces of the Kinai district and Ohmi. This system was established by law during Tenshou era, and was developed gradually during Keichou era. But it became nominal at early Kan'ei era.
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Michiharu WATANABE
Article type: Article
1991 Volume 421 Pages
129-139
Published: March 30, 1991
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In the architectural development of facade designs of the Roman Commemorative Arch, the first step was a process of combining arcuated and trabeated systems. This was achieved by two innovations. One was the intorduction of podium (or pedestal) and orders into a simple arched structure. At this stage, the Ancient Romans created two types of facade designs, i. e., the commemorative arches with orders and the podium (or the pedestal), and those with only orders. The other innovation was an exquisite arrangement of imposts, impost-pilasters and the engaged columns as we can see in the Arch of Titus on Velia.
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Satoshi OKADA
Article type: Article
1991 Volume 421 Pages
141-150
Published: March 30, 1991
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This research deals with Giovanni Battista Piranesi's attitude as an architect for Santa Maria del Priorato. The church contains twelve round-shaped medallions, out of which the apse has two beneath the cornice. This paper, in particular, categorizes them as a type of "suspended medallion," and pursues its precursor, examining the architect's traces of medallions in his drawings of architectural fantasies and capricci produced between the 1740s and the 50s. As a result, it is assumed that the medallion is ascribed to Filippo Juvarra's festival design on the motif of la Piazza del Campidoglio in 1713.
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Toshiei TSUKIDATE, Keiichi ITO
Article type: Article
1991 Volume 421 Pages
151-162
Published: March 30, 1991
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There are several types of "SASUGUMI" (Japanese style roof truss) in traditional farmhouses at TOHOKU district. We analysised the mechanical property - rigidity - of 8types of "SASUGUMI" and reached the following 3 conclusions. (1) The rigidity of "SASUGUMI" is ruled by "SASU" (like a rafter-beam) and tie beam. (2) The types of "SASUGUMI" with collar (〓) are very effective against vertical load. (3) The types of "SASUGUMI" with "tsuka" (〓) are very effective against horizontal load. At the areas with many calamities of wind and earthquake, "SASUGUMI" had been transformed to the types with "tsuka" (〓), and at the snowy areas with many calamities of wind and earth-quake, "SASUGUMI" had been changed to the types combined collar (〓) with "tsuka" (〓). So, we have reached the conclusion that "SASUGUMI" had been transformed to adaptate the natural calamities.
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Article type: Appendix
1991 Volume 421 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1991 Volume 421 Pages
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