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Article type: Cover
1992 Volume 431 Pages
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Published: January 30, 1992
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Article type: Cover
1992 Volume 431 Pages
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Published: January 30, 1992
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Article type: Index
1992 Volume 431 Pages
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Published: January 30, 1992
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Article type: Index
1992 Volume 431 Pages
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Article type: Index
1992 Volume 431 Pages
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Hisashi HIRAOKA, Yasuto NAKAMURA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 431 Pages
1-10
Published: January 30, 1992
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The paper reports the way to prevent numerical instability in computing Differential Stress Moment Model (DSM) by means of MAC algorithm. Stabilization of momentum equations by Huangetal was arranged for MAC. Stability analysis for equation of convection-diffusion type with cross diffusion term was discussed. Two dimensional flow field was calculated numerically according to the algorithm offered by the paper. The result showed that our method made it possible to compute DSM stably by MAC.
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Wookun KIM, Ryuji SATOH, Masaya NARASAKI
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 431 Pages
11-16
Published: January 30, 1992
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The purpose of this study is to make clear the relation between the physical condition of the visual task and the visibility when the task is covered with a uniform veiling reflection. The main results obtained in this paper are ; 1. The Visibility of such a task can be prescribed by the following two factors, "apparent background luminance" and "apparent luminance contrast" which account for the additional luminance caused by the reflection. 2. The evaluation of readability of the task above the visual threshold correspond to the "VEL ; visual ease level" which is presented by Sato et al.. This means VEL is an available index in the case that the task is covered with some veiling reflection. 3. The threshold of readability of sentences and that of Landolt ring coincide well with each other.
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Yoshiki NAKAMURA, Masao INUI, Toshimi SAWADA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 431 Pages
17-24
Published: January 30, 1992
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Luminance distribution has long been recognized as having a great impact upon the two important factors in lighting environment. visibility, and impression of the room interior. Yet it cannot be said that luminance distribution, important though it is, has been effectively utilized in lighting design or in evaluation of lighting environment. This paper demonstrates the importance of assessing the characteristics of luminance distribution from the dual standpoints of 1) fineness of luminance variations, and 2) the location of them. The paper goes on to demonstrate the effectiveness of using a filter that lets through only luminance variations of a specific fineness, and to propose the use of these filters as one method of expressing luminance distribution.
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Tadahiko NAGATA, Satoru KAMIKAWA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 431 Pages
25-30
Published: January 30, 1992
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This paper deals with the distribution of light incident from sky through a rectangular aperture on a wall or ceiling onto interior surfaces of a room with a shape of rectangular parallelepiped. As for sky conditions, this paper assumes CIE overcast sky and uniform sky. This paper presents a series of equations for calculating direct illuminance at an arbitrary point on an arbitrary interior surface and luminous flux incident directly onto an arbitrary interior surface.
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Yoshihisa TAKEBAYASHI, Tatsuo OKA, Tetsuo KONYA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 431 Pages
31-38
Published: January 30, 1992
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Basic sector classification input/output table were applied to analyze investment in construction of 6 typical office buildings of which floor areas are between 1502 and 216000 m_2, in order to obtain the effect to the environment and consumption of energy and raw materials. Final energy consumptions including direct and indirect use per 1 m_2 of floor area are between 1923 and 2885 Mcal. Released quantities of CO_2 are between 749 and 1144 kg/m_2, in which CO_2 due to structure contruction is almost equal to finishing work. Emissions of SO_x is between 724 and 1432 g/m_2, NO_x, between 695 and 1137 g/m_2 and industrial wastes, between 225.5 and 381.8 kg/m_2. Mean value of energy intensity is 7.55 cal/yen, C0_2, 2.97 g/yen, NO_x, 0.003 g/yen and industrial wastes, 0.95 g/yen.
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Hisao NAGATA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 431 Pages
39-46
Published: January 30, 1992
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In order to obtain fundamental data to set up safety countermeasures against stair accidents, fatal falls on stairs during a 40 years period from 1950 to 1989 were analyzed from mortality statistics. Raw coding data of 1278 deaths originating from death certificates over a 2 years period from 1979 to 1980 in Japan were also analyzed. From obtained results in this study, most victims received injuries on their heads. Ageing was considered to be one of the major factors causing fatal falls, and especially for males drinking habits also were influencing factors to cause fatal falls. Exponential relations between fatality rates and ages could be found in female trends.
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Hiroshi AIZAWA, Hiromichi WATANABE
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 431 Pages
47-58
Published: January 30, 1992
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We investigated the influence of the inhabitants' consciousness on refuge in disaster in case of the eruption at Izu Oshima in 1986. The restlts are as follows : 1. Inhabitants' normative consciousness correspond to refuge. 2. On inhabitants' normative consiousness, neighbor and administration are poles apart, and rocal organizasion and indivisual are, too. Then firemen, that belong to organization of disaster prevention by inhabitants, perform a key part of confidence between them. 3. The corresponding of refuge with inhabitants' normative consciousness : 1) Those who rely on administration are little anxious and negative on refuge. 2) Those who rely on neighbor are very anxious and active. 3) Those who rely on some of these; administration, rocal organization, neighbor, are little anxious and active. Inhabitants consciousness in disaster is a primary factor that leading on refuge is executed systematically and smoothly.
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Hiroshi KATANO
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 431 Pages
59-67
Published: January 30, 1992
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This paper is concerned with the relation between progressive construction systems and housing policy, in case of British recovery period, defining some elements : situation of housing, priority which was provided by polotical parties and interactions between central government and locals. The conclusion are as follows : the selection of construction depeneds on altenatives which were conventional and industrialized, becouse of fixed financing. The political party decided the priority by social needs and financing, although selection of advanced system was rare, except of emergency. Local government should have principal staffs being familia new construction and be reorganized to accomplish efficiency
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Minoru KANNO, Toshiyuki HONMA, Yoshirou YUDA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 431 Pages
69-78
Published: January 30, 1992
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We studied 10 senile dementia aged at home cases as typical examples of 130 of those who live in a rural city to consider demand and supply for the care service provided at home and at institutions. The states of the senile dementia aged, such as problem acts like wandering about, the degree of senility and being bedridden, decide whether the care service is needed or not and if needed at home or at institutions. However, those cases show the necessity of consideration of subtle relationship among conditions of the care, conscious of the care and capability of the care.
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Hiroyuki TAKAI, Mitsuo TAKADA, Kazuo TATSUMI, Mamoru TOHIGUCHI, Jaerak ...
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 431 Pages
79-85
Published: January 30, 1992
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Highrise living is a typical style in Singapore. Learning their actual condition on living should be valiable for us. As methods of study, we visited some housing estates and made some inteviews to university and public/private housing developers to get information on the actual state, and visited 20 residents to know their way of life and consciousness on living. The quarity of units are in good level and they have some good ideas to get the confort in their climit. Although people have small choice on housing types they are satisfied with their units and environment.
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Toshio TAGUCHI
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 431 Pages
87-96
Published: January 30, 1992
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Television is now recognized as an indispensable component of modern life. However, the right to over-the-air television signals is now under serious threat from high-rise development. This analysis shows the process of urban development which causes television signal reception problems in a specific district. Mathematical models are applied to this district to examine the television reception problems specific to the area. The cost of district-wide unified cable installation using the collective compensation method is then estimated, in order to clarify the allotted shares to be applied by the local authority to building owners. Compared with the current individual compensation method, this system will be more beneficial and effective for developers, and moreover, is liable to improve CATV services for the residents. The CATV system built according to this idea is expected to become a new element of urban infrastructure.
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Hiroshi AIZAWA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 431 Pages
97-106
Published: January 30, 1992
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This paper adapt the village typologies reported by previous paper 'A study of the typology of rural areas', to all the agricultural villagein Shimane prefecture, and verify the propriety of their institutions. In addition, this paper clear the distribution of village models and condition of fabric of their existenses. From the aboves, the problems of further village planning become clear. The results are as follows: 1. The axes which divide village models by regional basic indicater, using the original agriculture census data, and by social constitution and life style indicater, using a questionnaire are similar to the previous paper's ones. 2. A〜F type village typologies composed of village models are determined by their locations, in the same manneras the results of previous paper, but they can be induce in either area. 3. The fabric of agricultural village typologies, A and B type, based on both the stability of agricultural land (the land scale per household and total land size of village, etc.) and the farm-house population.
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Isami KINOSHITA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 431 Pages
107-118
Published: January 30, 1992
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The purpose of these studies is to analyze the role of natural spaces in rural areas for children's environmental study through their own play activities. For that, this study tried to compare the children's activities contacting to nature in two rural areas of flat- and mountainous- types and two urban areas of residential- and downtown- types. As a conclusion, these following points are revealed : 1) Children's physical touching activities to living elements of nature are useful as indicators to analyze children's contacts to nature. 2) The mountainous area shows the highest level about children's contact to nature of all. But the flat area is not so different from urban residential area. There can be found the transformation like "Urbanization", using man-made elements in natural spaces, and also in children's life too, such as being controlled their hours for sports clubs, and losing different aged free-play groups, etc.
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Takashi OMI, Keiji KITAHARA, Shinya SATO
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 431 Pages
119-127
Published: January 30, 1992
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We study on regional characteristic of owner's absence in mansion from result of investigation in 10 cities, in succession former paper on actual condition of absentee owner. Owner's absence spread with laps of years in regional hub city. Type of absence, from the first, by owner's movement and with transfer of ownership, make meaning of laps of years in owner's absence clear. In regional hub city, absence from the first is over 50 %, but in bedtown of metropolis, rate of absence by owner's movement and with transfer of ownership inclease. And absence and transfer of ownership are influenced by use zones, building scale and floor space of dwelling unit. Differences in cities are remarkable on mansion in residential district, especially on small dwelling unit, below 50 square meter. So existence of small dwelling unit is important in housing supply and demand.
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Yoshihisa TAKEBAYASHI, Toshio OJIMA, Kimiya MURAKAMI, Humito SATO
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 431 Pages
129-136
Published: January 30, 1992
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In this paper, the evaluation method of the factors which effect the renewal of the buildings is proposed, and by using this method, the real renewal case of a certain building is analyzed. The characteristics of the method are as follows. (1) The maintenance cost of buildings is classified into two types ; 1. The cost caused by the physical deteriorations, 2. The cost caused by the social deteriorations. (2) The period in which the deteriorations are accelerated is defined as the Effective Period of Renewal and in this period, the evaluation method for the effective factors and building parts which effect the renewal action is presented.
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Hiroyasu FUJIOKA, Masako SAITO, Nobuko INABA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 431 Pages
137-146
Published: January 30, 1992
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In the Special Collections Room of Tokyo Metropolitan Central Library, there are materials thought to be on Meiji Palace (1888). Checking the number (7 845 items) and the contents of the materials, this paper shows most of them were made for building of the palace, the way of drawing shown on them is Japanese-style, and Kiyoyoshi Kigo (1845-1907), who left this collection, designed and supervised the Inner Palace and the Shrine from the beginning and supervised the construction of the Main Palace from the summer of 1885.
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Norio NAGAI
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 431 Pages
147-156
Published: January 30, 1992
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Tohfuku-zen-ji-temple had deep relation to the establishment of Zen style in Japanese architecture. In this paper, I discuss the process of adopting Zen style in the buildings of this temple in the relation of the matters of their carpentry builders. Conclusions are as follows. 1. Tofukuji-temple, founded in 1239, had converted to zen-proper institute in the moment of the construction of hattou (lecture hall) in 1270s. 2. The establishment of Zen-style in this temple was paralell phenomenon to the biginning of the succession of Daiku-shiki by one family using a letter "hiro" in their naming. 3. Probably, the using of zen-style in this temple, was pioneered by builder Suehiro and accomplished by Hirosada, conjectural founder of the daiku-shiki family of Tohfukuji.
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Article type: Appendix
1992 Volume 431 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1992 Volume 431 Pages
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