Cross-ventilation is one of the most traditional and popular cooling means against the hot humid summer in Japan. Preference of people for it might be attributed in main to the fact that fluctuating air flow caused by natural wind makes people feel refreshing. However there are few reports on the comfort caused by natural air flow. This paper describes the experiments on the effect of cross-ventilation on thermal sensation of people carried out in two dwellings in August 1984 and from June through July in 1985. The experiments are composed of 64 runs in total, employing five male and five female subjects in college age. In a run of the experiment a subject in 0. 3 do clothing was sedentary in 60 or 90 minutes, facing to the windward. Whenever their comfort sensation changed, the subject were requested to vote sensations to air flow. Air flow sensation was voted on 6-category scale and six kinds of feeling of air flow characteristics on 7-category scale. The experimental rooms are in well-ventilated and typical summer indoor conditions as shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. The cumulative frequency distributions of air flow velocity for six levels of air flow sensation are shown in Fig. 8. There is no significant difference in median of velocity of each level between male and female. Fig. 9 compares air flow sensation between whole body and local body. The most sensitive part of the body is shank, which has high correlation with whole body. The reason is that shanks are exposed, facing air flow and peripherial parts of the body comparing with the others. Correlation matrix between air flow sensation and six kinds of feeling of air flow characteristics is given in Table 3. Speed, strength and fluctuation feelings of air flow are highly related with air flow sensation of whole body and each other, with correlation coefficients larger than 0. 75. It is considered that these three feelings, characterizing natural air flow, influence air flow sensation. Therefore relations between these feelings of air flow characteristics and physical parameters of air flow are shown in Fig. 15 to Fig. 18. Speed feeling and fluctuation feeling have high correlation to air velocity but no relation to the standard deviation of air flow turbulence and the turbulence intensity.

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This paper proposes the method of estimation of error caused by coarseness of finite-differencing in numerical simulation. The results of numerical simulation have solution error which is due to the truncation error of finite difference equation. The solution error can be calculated by using Richardson extrapolation and the estimation of the exact solution can be obtained. The truncation error also calculates from the estimation of the exact solution. In case of 0-equation model (vt=constant) the use of finer mesh dividing leads to decreasing these errors. But in case of k-ε model these errors don't always decrease by use of finer mesh dividing. Truncation error of k-ε model have a tendency to become larger than the value of each terms like flux or diffusion term in k-ε model equations at the region of impinging jets and at surroundings of supply outlets. It is suggested that the investigation of the mesh dividing and the turbulence modeling, including the tuning of the empirical constants, have to be examined still more.

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The reporters have succeeded in the contrivance of a new apparatus for the evaluation of daylight environment including 'sun paths', 'sky factors' and 'sky configuration factors'. This apparatus consists of the two main parts, the camera with a fish-eye lens and the round-shaped apparatus frame with the curves of projection forms lined on its surface. Speaking of whole outward appearance of this apparatus, the camera seems to be covered with the frame at sight, so that the curves of the frame can be come out with the scenery objects on the photograph. Therefore, the photograph taken with the new apparatus is exactly the basic data for the evaluation of daylight environment; there is no need to do usual troublesome works, and so the measurement of daylight environment can be done more easily than usual. Incidentally, as a result of experimental measurement, this apparatus is quite easy to treat, its basic data for daylight environment is extremely accurate, and so speaking of its practicality, this apparatus is too practical.

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This paper is a report that analyzes behavior development of infants who live at high-rise apartments. As the result of this report, the following points are confirmed. 1. Items of infants' behavior and cognition can be classified into three groups in terms of difficulty. "Independant behavior" of age 2-4 is explainable with the three groups of items. 2. Infants use stairs to go to another floor, if their destination has less than five floor differance in levels. If not, they usuallly use elevators. Differance in leveles an infant can go over by himself is, same floor at age 2, five floors at age 3, more than six floors at age 4. 3. Percentage of infants who can do "independant behavior" depends on housing project types, There are three types, type-A: a high-rise, high density type in an urban area, type-B: A large scale, low density type in a subarban area, type-C: a condominium type. With regard to percentage of "independant behavior" type-A is inferior to type-B. 4. Most infants who live in high rise and large scale housing projects haved ifficulty in going to another floor independently. And most infants who live on higher than the fifth floor have difficulty in going outdoors independently.

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This is a report of the fundamental investigations for the planning of the neighborhood-unit basic parks to the residential district. The purpose of this paper is to make clear the characteristics of parks among the children' s play-spaces in the residential district. From the view point of combining the 3 types of parks (which are Infant, Children and Neighborhood Parks), the residential districts are classified into 4 types. Then we analyzed the children' s play-spaces and their utilization forms in the 4 typical residential districts. The results obtained are as follows; 1. The coefficient of the utilization and utilization forms of play-spaces in the children' s play-life is different from each residential district. 2. Especially, the coefficient of utilization between the parks and the indoor play spaces in the children' s play-life differs much in the 4 residential districts. 3. The coefficient of utilization and the utilization forms are influenced by how the 3 types of parks are combined in the residential districts.

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The Object of this study is to set up a basic guideline of architectural planning for mental illness hospitals and units. 40 hospitals and units were surveyed. The survey was taken on Oct. 1, 1979 and again on Oct. 1, 1981. The surveyed items were sex, age, the name of the disease, duration of stay and admitting history, etc. The survey revealed the following facts; 1) About 65 percent of the inpatients have schizophrenia. 2) The ratio of men to women is 3 to 2. 3) There are five types of duration of stay, for example; long stay type and short stay type. 4) The duration of stay for manic depressive psychosis and alcoholism is relatively shorter, and that of mental deficiency and epilepsy is relatively longer. 5) The readmission rate of inpatients is about 45 percent.

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Based on the postulation that it is very importnat that proper architectural conditions for the construction of homes for the aged enhance the residnets' adaptability to their living environment, the purpose of this article is to: 1) examine a) what effect the present architectural conditions of the homes for the aged have on the amount and kind of architectural complaints. B) whether the differences in policy and program of the facilities develop different kind of effect on the amount and kind of architectural complaints. C) whether the differences in physical functions and the sex of the residents develop different kind of effect on the amount and kind of architectural complaints. 2) fine out how we can decrease the number of complaints pertaining to architectural conditions of the homes for the aged raised by the residents. I have selected 8 facilities (6 Homes for the Aged, 1 Type A & B Home with Moderate Fee) out of the nearly entire 44 such facilities in Tokyo.. Selection has been made to cover the full range of score on the Rating Scale for the Environmental Features of Residential Faciliies for the Aged (Kodama, 1986). I have evaluated the above facilities on the Architectural Features Checklist. And then deduced the architectural scores on each of the following eight categories on the Architectural Features Checklist '. 1) physical amenity, 2) socio-recreational aids, 3) prosthetic aids, 4) informational aids within the building, 5) safety features, 6) architectural individuality, 7) space and equipment, 8) community accessibility. And the architectural scores for each category was given according to the ranks of the five architectural conditions: 1) 0.0-39.9, 2) 40.0-59.9, 3) 60.0-79.9, 4) 80.0-99.9, 5) 100.0. The higher scores indicate better conditions. I selected 377 subjects for our questionnaire. I chose only those, who were both intellectually capable of fully understanding the questions and were physically able to lead a normal life on their own. I graded and recorded their cemplaints on the Architectural Complaints Checklist, which is divided into the same 8 categories as the Architectural Features Checklist. The higher scores indicate greater number of complaints. 26.1 % men and 73. 9 % women were interviewed, their average being 76. 3 years old (S. D. 5. 9). The survey was conducted from August to September, 1984. Conclusion 1) How architectural conditions affect the number of architectural complains raised. The scores on the Architectural Complaints Checklist pertaining to the following six categories '. A) physical ameity, b) socio-recreational aids, c) informational aids within the building, d) architectural individuality, e) space and equipment, f) community accessibility, differed significantly from each other, depending on the architectural conditions. Measures to improve the points on the architectural score of these six categories decreased the points on the Architectural Complaints Checklist. The scores on the Architectural Complaints Checklist pertaining to: a) physical amenity, b) informational aids within the building, c) architectural individuality, d) space and equipment, indicated that there were also significant differences among the scores obtained which applied to other architectural categories. This means that it is necessary to adopt measures that raise, practically the whole set of scores, pertaining, to the architectural categories of the building interior, in order to decrease the points on the Architectural Complaints Checklist. 2) How people of different sex and with different physical functional capabilities affect the scores on the Architectural Complaints Checklist. Under similar architectural conditions, the group of people, with poorer health and with lesser physical capabilities to lead a daily life, registered high points on the Architectural Complaints Checklist, in these categories: A) physical

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The main objective of this study is to investigate rigional development priciples for the fishing districts in metropolitan coastalareas through understandings of the processes and their characteristics of formations by means of reformations and revitalizations for those area. As a result of urbanizations and reclamational, some fishing districts have disappeared, some have survied and some have been renewed. I belive that it is necessary to emphasize the importance of the fishing districts as a key point for the reorgonization of coastalareas to speculate the directions of rivive for each area, and to plan the environments for coastal areas, which synthesizes the charactristics of sea land area.

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It has been very important to arrange properly housing standard in Japanese housing policy. Because governments have responsibility to rehouse for the people who live in houses under minimum housing standard and, to increase houses over optimum or targeted housing standard. The background to study housing standard are mainly as follows. (1) A dissociation between present national housing standards and housing level is remarkable. Especially minimum housing standard has been left as it was, compared with continuous rising of housing level. (2) There is a neccesity to establish the methodology to rearrange housing standard reflected housing difficulties of people more precisely. The aim of this paper is to reexamine socio-psychologically present national housing standard by catching actual conditions of housing level. Conclusion of this study are mainly as follows. (1) According to the relation between size of house and the evaluation about it, 50 % need level which gives the major part of people satisfaction is somewhat higher than minimum housing standard, and is lower than targeted housing standard for urban areas. Percentage of satisfaction about minimum housing standard is about 30 %. Hence governments need to raise up it to higher level. Targeted housing standards are satisfied by 80 % of the people, but the satisfactions to each household members are not equal. (2) It is very important to reorganize housing policy so that their effects may bring the improvement of housing conditions, and also to set up local housing standard to match local housing conditions.

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In 1918 a "kaoku-zei" decree was issued. It introduced a tax system for the housing in Kyoto city. This official order established also a tax free delay for the new letting buildings built in an urban area. I undertook the study of this clause considering the application of this tax delay on the housing policy. The outline of this paper is as follow : 1. I will have it about the contents of this tax exemption clause for this kind of buildings and its establishe-ment process. 2. It will be about the revision of this official order in 1922 which enlarged the application field of this tax dispensation. 3. It will be about the revision of 1926 which shortened its time-limit. 4. It will be about the exemption characteristics of the "kaoku-zei" and the function it fulfilled.

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Analogies are widely and variously used in architecture. This paper is the first part of a study for proving the state of the permeation of analogy and its significance by investigating analogies in the following three categories: the "concept", "design" and "perception" of architecture. In this paper, by referring to the "analogical design" of Geoffrey Broadbent, I deal with analogy in the category, "design". The function of analogical design can be grasped through two aspects '. One is that as a design method and the other is its effect, which relates to the symbolism and identity of architecture. Analogy begins with the recognition of similarity and is guided by it, but the similarity is not found in similar things but in rather different kinds of things. Therefore, analogical design also usually draws analogies from things other than architecture, and thus, its characteristics vividly come out. However, there are some cases where analogy is drawn from architecture and vernacular buildings. In these cases, analogy seems to get close to the meaning of "imitation", but analogy has to be distinguished from it. Comparing analogy with imitation, the former is more operative, conversive and sophisticated, while the latter is more direct, straightforward and obedient.

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"Drawings and reports of sites at San-machi" was drawn up at 1692 by the boss merchant in Takayama. This was a register of sites. When a owner of the site changed and the shape of a site changed, the boss merchants added its change on the register by attaching a small label. This register was useful for the control of sites from 1692 to the middle of 18th century. Small labels showed mainly four contents. 1 term when a site was a pawn and the temporary owner for the time 2 a owner of the site changed 3 a owner changed his name 4 a owner chamged his stamp I can find many informations of sites in this register, for example, when and why a owner changed, and how changed the shape of a site. As I trace the changing of sites by reading many small labels, I can get the site planning at San-machi at 1692 (fig. 2) and also its changing. On the surface, the today's site planning has changed, however, the site planning established early Edo period continued under the today's site planning.

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In the festivals of Atsuta Jingo Shrine, "Wataridono", "Saimonden" and "Chinkomon" were more important than "Shogoten" and "Doyoden". "Saimonden" and "Chinkomon" were the gates on the other hand "Shogoten" and "Doyoden" were the Hondens (main hall). "Saimonden" and "Chinkomon" were very important not only gates but also ritual space. The content 1. Introduction. 2. The buildings and the layout of Atsuta Jingo Shrine. 3. The festivals of Atsuta Jinga Shrine. 4. How to use the buildings of Atsuta Jingo Shrine in the festivals. 5. Couclusion.

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A shrine building called "seiden" is a main building for a god. In the Ancient Times "seiden" of Izumo-taisha was a huge building. "Kariden" which is a temporary building for a god was smaller than "seiden". In the Mid-dle Ages a shrine building called Kariden-Zukuri was smaller than "seiden" in the Ancient Times. But it filled the role of a "seiden". So Kariden-Zukuri was different from "kariden" essentially. We have considered the reason why a form of Kariden-Zukuri came out in the Middle Ages. In the Ancient Times, "seiden" often tumbled down because of its hugeness. "Sengu" which is a rite of moving a god from an old srine building to a new building was not done until "seiden" tumbled down. In the Middle Ages after the Katei era (1235), the shrine building never tumbled. "Sengu" was done irrespective of tumbling. Furthermore after 14th century "sengu" was done at about regular interval. Tumbling is an unusual affair and defilement to a god. Thus so as not to tumble and so as to reconstruct reg-ularly to maintain, Kariden-Zukuri was worked out in the Middle Ages.

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This study aims to clarify the role and function of the icon in architecture through an examination of role, character and meaning of form as the icon which determine the outward appearance of architecture. The subject of our study is an opinion-survey which we call "Image Reseach of Architecture" performed in order to observe various architectural images. This report deals with some parts of the results from that opinion-survey, which included various evaluations and impressions about 76 exterior photographs of detached houses, by using 9 bi-polar perceptual scales and 4 categories of conceptual or taste images, and through the associated words and impressionistic detail of each house-form. In order to see the relations between each level of images, we first fixed 7 stereo-typical images of house-form which are gained in the previous report by the factor analysis of individual data of 9 bi-polar perceptual scales. And then, we obtained the characters of each type by summing up the data of each house. Through the comparison between these characters of each type, some typical relations between different levels of image were abstracted.

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