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Article type: Cover
1990 Volume 412 Pages
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Published: June 30, 1990
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Article type: Cover
1990 Volume 412 Pages
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Article type: Index
1990 Volume 412 Pages
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Article type: Index
1990 Volume 412 Pages
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Article type: Index
1990 Volume 412 Pages
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Shuzo MURAKAMI, Kazuki HIBI, Akashi Mochida
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 412 Pages
1-10
Published: June 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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This paper describes the numerical simulation results of air flow around street blocks by means of 3D Large Eddy Simulation. The comparison between numerical simulation and wind tunnel experiment was carried out precisely in a case of 3H_b building interval (H_b : building height). Furthermore several numerical simulations were conducted with various building intervals (1H_b, 5H_b, 7H_b and 9H_b) on the basis of the studies in the case of 3H_b. By analysing the numerical results, many new information in wind engineering are given as shown below. 1. The pattern of the flowfield and the pressure distribution in the case of 1H_b is greatly different from other cases. 2. In the case of 1H_b the reattachment does not appear at the ground of the leeward area of the building model. But it appears in other cases. 3. When the building interval increases, the reattachment point at the ground moves toward the building. 4. Although the velocity deficit behind the building model remains clearly in case of 3H_b, it almost disappears in case of 9H_b.
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Sadanori KOBAYASHI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 412 Pages
11-18
Published: June 30, 1990
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A Study of the measuring method and error of coefficient of heat transfer by convection for the interior walls have been studied using the appratus for measuring the air temperature near the surface of a wall. Quantity of heat flow by covection are assessed from multipling the air temperature gradient at the surface by thermal conductivity of air. The apparatus is therefore designed so that the air temperature of the thermal boundary layer is measured by a 0.05 mm diameter, CA thermocouple mounted, to move near or away from the surface and holding it at any predetermined distance. The following can be deduced from experimental results ; 1. It has been made known that ; 1) wall surface proximity air temperature is relatively stable within 1 mm the wall surface, and 2) air temperature distribution becomes linear up to 2.5 mm from the wall surface. 2. Taking care of the difference between a surface to be measured and a thermocouple, this method can be well used to the measurement of surface tmperature in the measurement of heat transfer coefficient. 3. This method enables the measurement of heat transfer coefficient in a short time (approx. in 8 min.) in order to induce the surface temperature from the wall surface-proximity air temperature substantially without disturbing the surface condition.
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Hiroshi YOSHINO, Muneshig NAGATOMO, Hiroshi MATSUMOTO, Yasuo UTSUMI, Y ...
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 412 Pages
19-29
Published: June 30, 1990
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The air infiltration of a detached wooden house which was regarded as a single-room was measured under the various conditions of indoor-outdoor temperature difference and outdoor wind speed. Also, air infiltration was calculated based on the airtightness of the house measured, using both the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) model and the network method. The network method includes two models. One was a single-room model and the other was a two-room model which involved the area between a room and the outside walls, for example, the space in the attic and inside the walls. As a result of the comparison between the calculations and measurements, the values calculated by the LBL model were more than two times the values measured. Also, the values calculated by the network method for a single-room model were one to two times the values measured. However, the values calculated by the network method for the two-room model were 0.7 to 1.5 times the values measured. It is reasonable, therefore, to conclude that, for the houses with a relatively high ratio of leakage area, which passed through the space (in the attic and the inside walls), the effect of such space on air infiltration should also be considered in the calculation of a single-room air infiltration.
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Igor PERAZA, Yasufumi KIJIMA, Mitsuo MOROZUMI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 412 Pages
31-40
Published: June 30, 1990
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Though CAD has become common, the studies on input systems that based on the special characteristics of architectural design process are not still enough. This paper, using a church project as the case, firstly analyzed the relationship of design changes and their respective graphic changes on the drawings, secondly reviewed the CAD procedures of graphic changes, and finally indicated facilities to be provided in the future CAD ; firstly to keep record rules of positional relations or connectivities among building elements, and secondly to adjust the size or even the shape of related elements automatically, following the recorded rules (relational operation).
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Minoru KANNO, Yoshirou YUDA, Toshiyuki HONMA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 412 Pages
41-51
Published: June 30, 1990
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This is the basic study for the consolidation of the service system regarding to the medical, health & welfare that would be corresponded to the needs of the senile dementia aged and their families. The investigation had been executed against the aged lived in the whole area of Sendai by the teams of the speacialists of psychiatrists and public health nurses. The results of this study are summarized as follows; 1. We could acquired that the ratio of the senile dementia aged is 5.02 percents and the senile dementia aged at home is 4.48 percents against to whole aged. 2. We estimated the ratio of the senile dementia aged on the each types that had been classificated into six types in the former report by the combination of life states on the senile dementia aged such as their household states & behavior abilities. It was seized that the required care service aged who became to the conditions of senile dementia appeared very high ratio. 3. The states of life and the bodily conditions of the aged were confrontated to the degrees of senile dementia. Therefore, it have been elucidated that cares & helps for the aged are became to serious with the progress of senile demenntia. And then, burdens of families would be increased more than before. 4. It was very difficult that the demands of the senile dementia aged and their families would be socilized. The other hand, demands that could be socialized were difference by their degrees of senile dementia. 5. The conclusion by the public health nurses is that welfare servics is to be required to the form of the care service at home than their families helps. Therefore, completion of qualities and quantities on the care service at home is the urgent matter to be settled first.
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Yoshitsugu AOKI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 412 Pages
53-60
Published: June 30, 1990
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On a relationship between the rate of fire-outbreak ; y and the rate of building destruction ; x following an earthquake, Dr. Kawasumi found a following logarithm law from date of Kantoh-earthquake. ln(y)=a×ln(x)+b. This Kawasumi-formula was modified and applied on estimations of number of fire-outbreaks by an earthquake. Any theoretical base of this formula was not made clear. The aim of this paper is to discuss the reason why the Kawasumi-formula hold and the restriction for application. Through consideration from a view of stochastic process, the probabilities of fire-outbreak and building collapse can be expressed by Gumbel's extreme distributions (minimum type) which are functions of a variable expressing earthquake-force. By eliminating the variable, a following relation between probability of fire-outbreak ; y and one of building collapse ; x is obtained. ln(-ln(1-y))=a×ln(-ln(1-x))+b. By mathematical discussion, it is proved that the Kawasumi formula is an approximation of the above stochastic formula.
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Toshinobu OKU
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 412 Pages
61-71
Published: June 30, 1990
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The visual complexity is one of the most polemic problems on townscape. This paper takes into consideration the psychological experiment on the visual complexity of the urban skyline and analyzes correlation of visual complexity with mathematical complexity. METHODOLOGY Stimulus materials : eight urban skyline models. Estimation category : complexity. Estimation method : Two methods were employed. One is the method of pair comparisons and the subjects are 72. The other is the method of rearrangement and the subjects are 103. PROCEDURE The method of pair comparisons : The subjects are required to judge which of a pair of skyline slides is complexity. The method of rearrangement : The subjects are required to rearrange eight skyline models in order of complexity. ANALYSIS Dual scaling, fractal theory and information theory were employed. RESULTS The following results were obtained : The structure of visual complexity estimation has a hierarchy of two solutions : solution 1 and solution 2. Solution 1 : main factor, general factor, geometric relative unevenness and geometric-technical perception. Solution 2 : secondary factor, bipolor factor, Texture and physiognomic perception.
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Hitomi KATO
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 412 Pages
73-83
Published: June 30, 1990
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The treatment and the actual circumstances of the private road in Tokyo from 1888 to 1919 were as follows. 1) It was provided in the Rule of Treatment for Minyu-doro around 1989, which was legislated by Tokyo Prefecture, followed by Tokyo City and sent to the wards as notification by the municipal authorities in 1911, that distinguishing Minyu-doro in public intrests from Teinairoji, Minyu-doro should be opended above 3 kens wide. It was considered that the standard-establishment of the rule of Teinai-roji in 1874 was reconfirmed by this rule. 2) But practically the private roads were not always opened above 3 kens from 1888 to 1919. 3) In the investigation of the private roads for the wards by the municipal authorities in 1917, almost ward have not the rule of treatment and the ledger of the private road. By the rule of treatment for private road in Hongo-ku as the only ward which has it, the width of the private road as 9 shaku was legislated, following the result of the exchanges with Tokyo Prefecture and the municipal anthorities, against the rule of treatment for Minyu-doro around 1989. 4) And in the map of the private road that the ward investigated and made by the request of the municipal anthorities in 1917, a lot of private roads were opened in under 3 kens wide. It was considered that these facts had an influence on enacting the Urban Building Act in 1919.
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Chihiro SEKIKAWA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 412 Pages
85-95
Published: June 30, 1990
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Those of the working class who owned houses in the city have struggled with housing problems of their own. Reflecting both social and economic backgrounds, the percentage of owned houses in Japan, ever since the end of World War II, has been around 60 per cent. Bearing such circumstances in mind, the usual method of studying housing expenditure by using the rental fees of rented houses as a reference could not be used. Alternatively, a different survey method was employed, devised by the author after carefully examining all the factors contributing to housing expenditure. The western suburbs of Nara City, which were originally built to encourage such growth of dormitory suburbs around Osaka City, were targeted for the survey. 602 out of 843 questionnaires distributed in 1982 were responded to ; a percentage of 71.4. Results from the survey showed 3 different classifications of "equivalent of housing expenditure" emerging. The magnitudes of each of these classifications were subsequently compared with each other to derive meaning.
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Takayuki KUROTSU
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 412 Pages
97-107
Published: June 30, 1990
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This paper is one of the reseach in Chok (quadrangle) Architecture of the Royal Buildings of Nepal. In this paper, I examined a history of existing typical Chok Architecture on the basis of records including chronicles and inscriptions, determined to what age that form of buildings could be traced back, and dealt with the functions of them. Findings are as follows : Founding of Mul Chok dates back to the Malla Dynasty at the Royal Buildings of Bhadgaon in the 14th century. It was in the middle of the 17th century when Sundara Chok was constructed as form with a watering place at the Royal Buildings of Kathmandu as well as Patan. In the Shah Dynasty, Vasantapur Chok which had lasted since the Malla Dynasty was augmented to build a new form of architecture. Each Chok Architecture have his own function. Mul Chok is a place of Taleju cult and religious vituals, Sundara Chok and Mohan Chok are places of life, and Mani Kesav Narayan Chok and Vasantapur Chok are places of administration. Characteristics of Chok Architecture during these changes and functions are illustrated by side-by-side standing of Chok with religious functions and one with life functions and, as times changes, by differentiation of functions and addition of new forms of Chok. It can be judged that the Royal Buildings have come up to the present form as a complex which has anaggregate of these Chok Architecture as main componentes.
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Katsuhiro KAWATA, Kazuyoshi FUMOTO, Akira NAITO
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 412 Pages
109-117
Published: June 30, 1990
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We can find out five "mainstay books" in several architectural reference books which described the technics of the Shitennoji school "Heinouchi-ke". In this paper, we intend to clarify the bibliography of each book and to analyze the composition of that. As a result, we are able to draw out the following conclusion ; composition and contents in the original text of technical books for Shitennoji school are well remained in "Shoki-shu", the other side, "Shomei" contains later various element.
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Osamu OBA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 412 Pages
119-131
Published: June 30, 1990
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In this paper I explained the characteristics and the developmental process of the town houses in Sonobe, an old castle town by studying mainly the transformation of structures. In addition. I considered the consequence by comparing the town houses near there with the farm houses around there. The summery of this study can be given below. 1) The front gabled town houses are relatively older than the side gabled town houses, and the original structural forms are the same as the farm houses in Settsu and Tanba area. 2) I realized that the side gabled town houses were derived from the front gabled town houses, because the structures of the side gabled town houses were similar to that of front gabled town houses. 3) Both front and side gabled town houses in an old castle town developed, being affected by the farm houses in Settsu and Tanba area. 4) I recognized that the form of the town houses in Sonobe, an old castle town was the form of the town houses in wide area including Kameoka, Yagi, and Syuchi.
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Yasuhiko NISHIGAKI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 412 Pages
133-142
Published: June 30, 1990
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In this report we discuss about Yi-T'oe gye (李退渓)'s hermitages of '養眞菴', '寒栖菴' and '陶山書堂'. According to '陶山記' the place for '陶山書堂' was decided by geomancy. It was set between mountain and river, and T'oe gye leaded a secluded life at the very place. To dwell between mountain and river was indispensable for T'oe gye to realize himself. T'oe gye built many pavilions as hermitage for Confucian practice between mountain and river. And as above mentioned three names of those hermitages are transmitted, so we attempt to elucidate the meaning of dwelling between mountain and river through chinese poems that was made in these three hermitages. T'oe gye intended to return to authentic existence through a secluded life in '養眞菴'. He wanted to deny the secular world, so '養眞菴' had to be isolated from the secular world. On the other hand, through a secluded life in '寒栖菴', T'oe gye reach the stage of '寒'. This stage of '寒' means the way of being 'ex-sistere', so this stage of '寒' means directly T'oe gye's way of being. And at the same time this stage of '寒' means also the mood of the place around '寒栖菴'. T'oe gye built '陶山書堂' as the last hermitage for his life. In '寒栖菴' there was only one named room (静習堂), but '陶山書堂' has two named rooms (巌栖軒, 玩樂齋). First of all '巌栖軒' was completed in '陶山書堂', after that '玩樂齋' was built in the same house. '巌栖' and '寒栖' mean to dwell in seclusion by a rock. And T'oe gye hums about secluded life in '巌栖軒' as follows; "樂無窮" (ease without limit), "古往今來時己晩" (as time flies like an arrow, it is too late). According to these passages, we can understand the ambiguous meaning of T'oe gye's secluded life.
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Hidekazu SHIRAI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 412 Pages
143-152
Published: June 30, 1990
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One often confounds two Blondel, that is to say, Nicolas-Francois Blondel in the 17th century and Jacques-Francois Blondel in the 18th century. Particularly in Japan, it seems that this confusion is conspicuous, and by mistake one talks about their relatives in blood and law. This report aims at elucidating all of the life of the latter Blondel, who was one of the most prominent architectural theorists in the 18th century. I publish it as the introduction to the profound analysis of his architectural theory. Here, I describe in detail the contents concerning the Ecole des Arts of Blondel, his contribution to the Encyclopedic, his role as professor in the Academic royale d'Architecture, his projects, his executions, etc.
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Kazuhiko NIWA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 412 Pages
153-163
Published: June 30, 1990
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This paper is the first part of the thesis on the theory of J. -N. -L. Durand's architectural education at the Ecole polytechnique. Precise examination of the policy and the system of the school education informed mainly by the official documents reveals that the architectural course in the Ecole at that time was well established for all engineering students who were destined to work for various kinds of the government services. Durand's architectural education, which chiefly consisted of lectures and drawings, accomplished such a basic architectural training according to the Ecole polytechnique.
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Yasusuke ISHIKAWA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 412 Pages
165-172
Published: June 30, 1990
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The construction of "palazzo" became popular in the period of Renaissance and its facade became new design theme for the architects. Serlio dealt with palazzo in his Fourth Book and Sixth Book as the other contemporary architects did in their books on architecture. This paper examines the method of composing facade of palazzo in Serlio's Fourth Book on architecture and clarifies the characteristics of his method. The results of the analysis in this paper are as follows ; 1) The method of constructing a porta is applied for composing the whole facade of palazzo, and is used especially to divide the width of the facade for making width of pillars. 2) The geometrical scheme of "matrix" which derived from the method of constructing a porta is possible to be used also in the rectangle for designing the facade. 3) Some differences between the rules of order and geometrical scheme method are adjusted to get the totality of facade design.
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Hiroyasu FUJIOKA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 412 Pages
173-180
Published: June 30, 1990
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In the late 1920s and the 1930s it came into vogue to try to express Japanese architectural tradition by arranging tiled roofs, brackets and other details originally used in old Japanese architecture, especially in temples and shrines. The architects who supported rationalism severely criticized such tendency. The aim of this paper is to show how they criticized them, what they thought "real Japanese tradition" was and what was behind their thoughts by delving into the articles at the time. Incidentally, in this paper "Japaneseness" means physical features and concepts that are inherent in traditional Japanese architecture and thought to be worth preserving and passing down to future generations. The rationalists criticized the tendency to try to show Japanese architectural tradition by using physical elements originally used in traditional architecture, because they thought that in such way there were vague understandings of Japanese architectural tradition and that such way was contradictory to rationalism. Making much of not temples but shrines, houses and tea houses as "genuine Japanese architecture," they submitted their "Japaneseness" as follows : 1. simple, uncomplicated floor plan and structure ; 2. respect for the beauty of materials ; 3. lack of ornamentation ; 4. asymmetry ; 5. harmony with surrounding environment ; 6. the existence of modular units. An influence of rationalistic thoughts can be clearly seen in their "Japaneseness." The six points, that have often been counted as the essence of "the real Japanese architecture," were the products of the age when rationalism began to be declared as gospel for modern architecture.
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Article type: Appendix
1990 Volume 412 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1990 Volume 412 Pages
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