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Article type: Cover
1990 Volume 409 Pages
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Published: March 30, 1990
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Article type: Cover
1990 Volume 409 Pages
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Article type: Index
1990 Volume 409 Pages
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Article type: Index
1990 Volume 409 Pages
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SOICHIRO KUROKI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 409 Pages
1-10
Published: March 30, 1990
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The SEA introduced by Crocker & Price is an effective method which explains the complicated mechanism of sound transmission through finite walls. However, there is large discrepancy between the SEA values and the measured values at low frequency domain, since the random incidence mass law deduced for infinite wall was applied to the coupling loss factor η_<13> for nonresonant transmission. To calculate η_<13> more strictly, this paper introduced the radiation factor Q which is related to the wall area. The modified SEA shows that resonant transmission cannot be ignored below the critical frequency f_c when the internal loss coefficient η_<int> and the wall area is small, and it is necessary to determine quantitatively both the η_<int> and the edge condition. A quantitative tendency of η_<int> and edge condition was obtained by experimental studies. Below f_c, edge condition is estimated by the coupling loss factor η_<rad> for resonant transmission, and η_<int> value is independent of wall area but increases in proportion to wall thickness. Above f_c, the following results were obtained. The energy loss at edge significantly influences TL. TL decreases in proportion to the degree of edge fixation because the energy loss at edge decreases. η_<int> value including the energy loss at edge is independent of wall thickness under the same edge mounting but increases as the wall area becomes smaller, since the rate of energy loss at edge increases. Calculated TL using suitable values of η_<int> and edge condition agreed favorably with experimental measurements in the mass control and coincidence effect region.
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YOSHIKO HIROKAWA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 409 Pages
11-21
Published: March 30, 1990
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Observations were made daily and seasonally for one year to determine how residents of estate select their thermal environment in the immediate outdoor surroundings. Photographs were taken to see which locations were generally preferred by people and the local climates of those locations were measured. In the categories of sun and wind, the environments were separated into shady or sunny locations, and into calm, breezy or windy locations, respectively. As a result, concerning adults and children, we found that on spring mornings they both selected sunny locations under all wind conditions, and on summer mornings and summer afternoons, they both selected shady locations under all wind conditions. However, concerning adults on autumn mornings, and concerning children on autumn afternoons, we found that they also selected shady locations under all wind conditions. Also, concerning adults and children on heating period mornings and afternoons, and concerning adults on spring afternoons, we found that they selected thermal environments with comfortable combinations of sun and wind conditions. For example, on heating period mornings and afternoons, adults selected shady and sunny locations under calm conditions, but only sunny locations under breezy or windy conditions. Concerning adults on autumn afternoons, and concerning children on spring afternoons and autumn mornings, we found that the thermal environments selected were locations with all possible combinations of sun and wind conditions.
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SABURO MURAKAWA, KYOUSUKE SAKAUE, YASUO KOSHIKAWA, TSUYOSHI OHARA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 409 Pages
23-33
Published: March 30, 1990
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The purpose of this study is to make an accurate estimate of water demands in apartment houses. Therefore, we attempt to use the multivariate analyses of the statistical method utilized the data coming from the questionnaires of water usage and the measurements of water consumption in each household. The main contents are as follows. Based on the analyses of the factors of water usage, the water consumption in apartment houses is influenced mainly by the frequent use of the washing machine and bath, the consciousness of water savings, the family sizes and so on. Where, the consciousness of water savings is depended mainly on the performance of reuse of water in the bath. And the frequencies of the washing machine usage are related with family sizes. Then, we introduce the estimated equations of the water consumption per household according to the multiple regression analysis utilized the frequencies of water usage as the explanatory variables. And we show that it is possible to calculate the water consumption in each apparatus type. Based on the analyses mentioned above, we set the frequencies of water usage in each apparatus type which are clustered together by the characteristics of the household as the calculated conditions of water consumption. And then, using the calculated conditions and the multidimensional equations, we show the water consumption in each apparatus type according to the individual characteristics of the household.
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YOSHIYUKI YOSHIDA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 409 Pages
35-43
Published: March 30, 1990
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Today, many Japanese architects and engineers use graphic-analytical method, provided by Building Center of Japan to evaluate their plans for safety escaping. There was also another graphic-analytical method which was established by Predtechenskii and Milinskii in USSR by 1969. However, these methods do not reflect enough characteristics in human traffic flow. The purpose of this study is to clarify the problems of these conventional methods, and to propose a new method. This is Part I of a series of study, reporting following contents ; (1) Discovery of large deferences when the two methods were applied in a same situation. (2) Pointing out as follows ; a. Cause for the deferences came from not considering the deference of speeds between top and bottom of the traffic mass. b. Necessity for a model which can reflect spread of human mass in process, based on correlationship between density and velocity of a human traffic flow. (3) Explanation of Elastic Block Model logic. (4) Application of E. B Model to the same situation.
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KAZUHISA IKI, YUICHIRO KODAMA, UERU ADACHI, HAJIME KOSHIMIZU
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 409 Pages
45-52
Published: March 30, 1990
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In the recent housing community developments, it is desired to conserve the natural environment both for the conservation of ecological potentiality and for the improvement of habitability utilizing the natural environment. The purpose of this research is to establish a planning method for housing community which will be developed in the natural environment with less impacts from construction. For this purpose, it is essentially important to indicate the impacts of construction quantitatively. In this paper, it is mentioned that the potentiality of natural environment can be presented with the quantitative indicator, the vitality of tree which was developed to present the stress of environmental impact on trees. The measurements of the tree vitality for more than 700 of specified trees were carried out in the several different type of fields ; the undeveloped natural hill and the developed housing communities where different scale of earth works were done at the construction, and then relations between the values of the vitality of trees and the environmental conditions were analyzed with the quantification theory I. From the results of analysis, it was shown that the vitality of trees can be explained by some critical elements such as the natural landform, orientation, soil categories, earth work condition, land surface finish and so on, and furthermore, that an idea of predicting the tree vitalities after the development is possible.
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SHIN-YA NISHIMURA, TAKASHI TAKAHASHI, ICHIROU HAGIWARA, NAOFUMI SAWA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 409 Pages
53-62
Published: March 30, 1990
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The purpose of this article is to clarify the features of students' design processes and to propose a educational method for designing. The design processes, in which groups of two to four students planned and designed multiple dwelling houses, were investigated every day. This investigation was focused especially on the kinds of design activity and the amount time of each. The results of this study are as follows ; (1) The design process has different two phases. The former phase is constituted mainly by programming, the latter phase is by rough sketching and drawing. The length of the process is due to the one of this former phase. (2) These groups are divided into two types, one spend more than 1,000hours for design and the other less than 1,000. The difference of the amount time which these groups spend at the processes is one of the distinctive features of these groups. (3) The evaluation of products is related mainly with the amount time of programming, the third kind of design activity at the former phase.
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KYOICHI HIROKAWA, HIDEHIKO TANIMURA, KAICHIRO KURIHARA, SHINJI TOMIE, ...
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 409 Pages
63-72
Published: March 30, 1990
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The objective of this paper is to analyse changes of the inpatients' hospital choice behaviour between 1973 and 1984 in Hiroshima Prefecture. Firstly, we summarize changes of population and medical resources occurred during this period. Secondly, numbers of inpatients per 1000 population are analysed by regression analysis. Numbers of inpatients 65 or older are affected not only by accessibility to hospital beds but also by types of their household characteristics in terms of availability of residential care. Thirdly, we identify hospital regions using the cluster analysis, and compare the regional break down of 1973 with that of 1984.
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MINORU KANNNO, HYUNHWA CHUNG, KAZUO KAKEHI, YOSHIROU YUDA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 409 Pages
73-83
Published: March 30, 1990
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The purpose of this study is to make the subjects obvious that concerned with space planning of rehabilitation facilities, in the every 4 establishment types which had been classified by the former study. The results of this study are summarized as follows ; 1) We could classify into 6types by the space constitution of therapyrooms, such as, "TYPE-P (Only physical therapyroom), "TYPE-G" (Only Exercise therapyroom), "TYPE-PG" (Physical therapyroom + Exercise therapyroom), "TYPE-PBG" (Physical therapyroom + Exercise therapyroom + Hydrotherapyroom), "TYPE-O" (3 Physical therapyrooms + Occupational therapyroom). And those were sorted into 42 detailed types by the connection of each therapyrooms. 2) The patients & staffs mobilities among each therapyrooms were investigated in 3 general hospitals which had been classified into "Synthesized-Therapy Types". Contrary to expectations, patient's mobilities among each therapyroom occured seldom. Accordingly, it would be more important to elucidate the subjects concerned with the property of the unit spaces than connections among each therapyrooms. 3) Utilization states in unit space of exercise therapyroom & occupational therapyroom were elucidated by the analysis of the investigation on patients & staffs mobilities between tools and stay statsus at tools. 4) By the analysis of area of rehabilitation facilities in 29 hospitals, we could elucidate the standard value of area in each 4 establishment types. And in each 4 types, the standard value of area of unit therapy corners in exercise room were seized.
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KENJI KOHSAKA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 409 Pages
85-94
Published: March 30, 1990
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This study, based on questionnaire method, discusses the headlined theme. For this study, mail survey were carried out 3 times in 4 regions ; Moriguchi-shi in Osaka, Yamaguchi-shi and Towa-cho in Yamaguchi Pref., 16 municipalities in Yamaguchi Pref.. The answerers of this survey are elderly people (65 years old or over). The important findings of this study are summarized as follows ; 1) The present condition and the wish for the future about living arrangement of the elderly vary in different localities. The elderly's wish for living with their children keeping 'some distance but not to be isorated' or 'intimacy at a distance' (Rosenmayr, L. et al. ) is generally observed, and this tendency is stronger in urbanized area. 2) In the case of separate living between the elderly and thier children, the distance between them is the exceedingly important element of the frequency of their mutual visiting. The extensive existence of 'isoratedly separate living elderly' (from their childen) especially in rural area is serious problem. 3) The determinative factor of the wish for the future about living arrangement, excepting localities, is the income of the elderly (the higher is tend to hope to live in the vicinity of their children and the lower in same home with them) and the location of their children. The tenants of municipal housing and smaller units are tend to hope to live in the vicinity of their children.
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TATSUO MASUTA, SHINGO TAMAKI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 409 Pages
95-107
Published: March 30, 1990
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Continued from the last theses, this paper analyzes the patterns and its evolution process of the popular houses in the built-up area where lower Samurai classes had ever inhabited in Edo era. Conclusions are as follows, The housing plan of footman class as the prototype had been prescribed for by the housing frontage. And, the characteristics of these traditional housing plans (Genkan type) was that the formal drawing room ("Zashiki") had been constituted of as the main room. The basical constitution of this housing plan had been succeeded to the new housing type with the receding entrance (Genkan Kotai type). The entrance in the latter type had receded about 1 "Ken" (1.8 meters) into the main structure. As the result, the alcove beside the approach way had been formulated in front of the porch. As the housing frontage had become narrower since Taisyo era, the smaller houses had been provided. But, the latter housing plan with the receding entrance has been able to apply for these environments. One of characteristics of this housing type was that the kitchen had been stretching forward and independent from the main structure. After all, the kitchen had been able to gain its necessary space by increasing its depth, while achieving the frontage saving. Therefore, the houses with the receding entrance, Genkan Kotai Type had been holding an advantageous position since Taisho era.
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HIROZO UNO, FUJIO ADACHI, JIROU MAJIMA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 409 Pages
109-114
Published: March 30, 1990
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This is the second paper that is to propose the forms and functions of commonly used space. In this paper, we classify several house plan types by 1st floor plans and several living styles by daily activities in a living room and a Renzoku-sitsu, that means the room which has access to a living room, and analyze the relation bettween a plan type and a living style. We explain characteristics of each plan type by the analysis. This paper is composed of the following chapters ; 1. preface 2. house plan types 3. state of houses at each plan type 4. living styles 5. relation between a plan type and a living style 6. a situation of commonly used space based on living styles 7. conclusion
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YOSHIHISA TAKEBAYASHI, TAKABU MOTOYUKI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 409 Pages
115-122
Published: March 30, 1990
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This paper introduces the survey of renewal works of commercial buildings. Firstly, it introduces the general aspect of 20 commercial buildings. Secondly, it focuses on electrical and mechanical facilities renewal of 27 commercial buildings. The survey includes causes, timing, contents of works and expense for renewal. General aspects obtained are as follows. 1. Causes are classified into 3 types. *Aging *Deterioration of value *Disorder of function 2. Renewal mode comes after 11 years to 15 years after construction. Average years to renewal is about 17 years after construction. 3. Percentage of renewal expense of electrical and mechanical facility to the total renewal expense exceeds 45%. The conclusion concerning electrical and mechanical facility renewal is as follows. 1. Aging is ranked first in causes for renewal. 2. Peak for renewal apears 16 to 20 years after construction. 3. Temporary work, withdrew work and related architectural work hold 16 to 28% in total expense of the renewal.
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RINTARO KAWAMICHI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 409 Pages
123-132
Published: March 30, 1990
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This paper treats mechanical analogies in the concept of architecture for the purpose of making clear the variety and the character. In this paper, mechanical analogies, which are seen in the period from the middle of the 19th century till the First World War, are gathered among remarks or enunciations of Horatio Greenough, James Fergusson, Viollet-le-Duc, William R. Lethaby, and the Futurism. All of the writers use the mechanical analogy, but their ideal architectures which are admired by using the analogy are different ; Greenough admires the Greek architecture and dislikes the Gothic architecture, while Fergusson, Duc, and Lethaby admire the Gothic architecture, on the other hand the Futurism never makes reference to the past architecture and asserts discontinuity from the past. From mechanical analogies of this period, 'parallelism' and 'innovation' are able to be abstracted as grounds of the analogy, and 'fitness', 'advancement', 'morality', 'beauty', and 'symbolism' are also able to be abstracted as aspects of machine which is regarded as a model of architecture. Above all, 'morality' and 'beauty' are especially emphasized in the mechanical analogies in the concept of architecture though they have little to do with the attribute of machine in itself. This means that 'morality' and 'beauty' are not drawn from the attribute of machine but are detected in the machine through the eye which intends to see architecture. This also shows that thinking or inference in the analogy is not always advanced only from machine to architecture but is advanced heuristically to the both sides.
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SHUNSUKE KUROIWA, MICHIO MAEKAWA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 409 Pages
133-142
Published: March 30, 1990
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La scene que nous avons essaye d'analyser dans cette etude, represente un des episodes les plus importants ence qui concerne l'eglise proustienne. Quand le Narrateur contemple avec sa Grand'mere le clocher de l'eglise Saint-Hilaire de Combray, ils partagent l'experience d'un meme phenomene architectural. Nous y distinguons deux modes de l'etre-clocher. D'abord, le clocher est une chose dont la perception commune rend possible la communication d' ≪impressions≫ individuelles. L'individualite devient ainsi comprehensible et transmissible. Ensuite, le clocher re-presente une figure qui realise une certaine constitution ontologique propre a l'etre humain, dont l'interpretation nous est confiee par des figures. Si donc cette sorte de figure-chose etablit une ≪communion≫ intersubjective, le lieu que l'on habite peut acquerir un fondement existentiel.
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YASUHIKO NISHIGAKI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 409 Pages
143-149
Published: March 30, 1990
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In this essay I discuss Songsun's (宋純1493-1582) dwelling named Myonangjong (俛仰亭) through his kasa (歌辞), sijo (時調), and Chinese poems. Firstly we are lead to think his unique kasa 'Myonangjong-ga (俛仰亭歌)'. This kasa is very similar to 'Songjoga (成造歌)', and connected with geomancy (Pungsusol風水説). We can grasp from his poem the place that is surrounded by beautiful mountains, and opened to a field in front is the ideal place to dwell for Korean people at that period. Myonangjong was built at such ideal palce to dwell, and this pavillion was figured symbolically by a dragon and a crane in this poem. The dragon is old and lives in a cave, but in contrast with this dragon, blue crane is stay on a vast cloud, and is on the point of flying over a thousand miles. From this we can find that Myonangjong is in co-operation with the ideal place to dwell. Myonangjong was built after labor of ten years, but this pavillion was called 'tyoro samgon (草廬三間=simple pavillion covered with grass roof)'. As this name shows Myonangjong should be simple, and so Songsun was able to make friend with nature. When Songsun was in Myonangjong, he could melt into one with nature. And at the same time Myonangjong was also melted into one with nature, and got perfacet meaning of it. 'Myonangjong' was Songsun's pen name, and was the name of the pavillion he lived. On the other hand this name meens that his way of life is very pure so he needs not disgrace against the earth and the sky. Myonangjong (=Songsun) could realize himself in Myonangjong (=the pavillion) on the earth under the sky.
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YOSHIRO YAMANO
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 409 Pages
151-159
Published: March 30, 1990
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This paper examines a popular understanding that the Seiden of Daijokyu and the Honden of Sumiyoshijinja had a common root of their styles in ancient time. We can confirm the plan of the Seiden of Daijokyu in Nara period by the report of its excavation. It's separated into two parts by a pair of columns. Some plans of important buildings of the residences and palaces at that time are similar to it. On the other hand, we aren't able to certify the plan and style of the Honden of Sumiyoshijinja by any proof before the Middle Ages. The theory that the style of a Shrine's Honden must be succeeded exactly by regular reconstructions will not apply to this case. Because there aren't evidences enough to trace the reconstraction from Nara period through Edo period. Therefore we conclude that the similarities between these two buildings should be interpreted more the general statement of design and space than the exact statement of history.
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HIROYASU FUJIOKA, TAKU KUROIWA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 409 Pages
161-168
Published: March 30, 1990
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Hosin Kuroda (1885-1967) offered a few criticisms on various kinds of buildings in downtown Tokyo in the Tokyo Asahi Newspaper from November 25th through December 4th, 1910. On December 5th two architects wrote in the same newspaper that he was the first to try to openly review new buildings. Since the authors can find several architectural criticisms in other papers and magazines which were ahead of Kuroda's, what the architects said was not true. But if we define the word on 'an architectural critic' as the one who has been offering criticisms on newly-built buildings and on architectural trends for some time, we can say Kuroda was the first architectural critic in modern Japan ; he had written many articles to review new buildings in the 1910s and the 1920s. He studied esthetics at the Tokyo Imperial University where he found an interest in architecture. He had been asserting that in architecture 'truth', 'good' and 'beauty' should have come together. In his theory, 'truth' meant that real structure and material should not have been covered by others, and 'good' did that function should have been made much of. These two suggest that he was influenced by the European Medeavalists in the late 19th century. And in his thoughts 'beauty' should have come from several esthetic theories at that time. Among them 'unity in multiplicity' was the most important to him. In his criticisms on buildings, the authors can see some coincidence with his architectural idea, but he was apt to review buildings chiefly through the point of 'unity in multiplicity,' which means that 'beauty' was the most important to him, although he had kept declaring for a happy coincidence of 'truth', 'good' and 'beauty.'
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 409 Pages
169-170
Published: March 30, 1990
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japane ...
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 409 Pages
171-172
Published: March 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017
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Article type: Appendix
1990 Volume 409 Pages
App1-
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Article type: Cover
1990 Volume 409 Pages
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