Journal of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ)

[title in Japanese]

Article type: Cover
1986 Volume 365 Pages Cover1-
Published: July 30, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.365.0_Cover1

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Cover
1986 Volume 365 Pages Cover2-
Published: July 30, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.365.0_Cover2

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Index
1986 Volume 365 Pages Toc1-
Published: July 30, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.365.0_Toc1

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
1986 Volume 365 Pages App1-
Published: July 30, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.365.0_App1

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
1986 Volume 365 Pages App2-
Published: July 30, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.365.0_App2

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RESEARCH ON AIR FLOW AROUND BUILDING : Case study of mean wind velocity and some characteristics of turbulence

TADAHISA KATAYAMA, SHIGERU GOTO, YASUHIKO WATANABE

Article type: Article
1986 Volume 365 Pages 1-9
Published: July 30, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.365.0_1

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This paper describes the characteristics of ground level wind around a high-rise building. The observations of the wind were conducted when the wind direction of upper reference points was normal to the building. From the results of the observations, typical characteristics of the wind are clarified, for example the wind roses, distribution of the wind velosity, the turbulence intensity and Weibull parameters, power spectrum, and gust factor and peak factor of maximum gust, etc.

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OBSERVATION OF WIND PROFILES IN URBAN AREA BY KYTOON

MASARU NISHIDA, TADAHISA KATAYAMA, AKIO ISHII, JUN-ICHIRO TSUTSUMI, KE ...

Article type: Article
1986 Volume 365 Pages 10-18
Published: July 30, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.365.0_10

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This paper describes the wind profiles neutral conditions observed by using the kytoons at four stations in the coast city. Upper mean wind speeds observed by the kytoon showed close relation with the reference wind speed simultaneously measured by fixed anemometer near the ground. Roughness parameter in logarithmic law and exponents in power law were estimated from the mean wind speed profile normalized by reference wind speed. Conclusions are summarized as follows : (1) Logarithmic law and power law are applicable to mean wind speed profile below 50-100 meters. (2) The upper, the lower the peak power spectrum frequency below 50〜100 meters. (3) Cross correlation coefficients of turbulences of the reference wind speed and upper ones are larger at the seaside station than at the urban central station. (4) Relation of roughness parameter and exponent/turbulence intensity is as high as shown by other observations in the urban area.

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THE BEHAVIOUR OF RESIDENTS IN GOING OUTDOORS IN THEIR OWN TIME : Complementary function of the immediate outdoor surroundings to indoor livability Part 2

YOSHIKO HIROKAWA

Article type: Article
1986 Volume 365 Pages 19-29
Published: July 30, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.365.0_19

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This investigation focused on the incentives of residents in going outdoors in their own time, and the time of day when they were outdoors. Surveys were conducted by monitored survey in two multi-storied housing developments over the course of a year. It was observed that residents frequently went outdoors in their own time for a change of environment, as well as after having completed household chores, and when children asked to go outdoors. They went outdoors more frequently when they were not feeling fine than when they were feeling fine. Also, when residents observed from their rooms that it was clear weather, they were likely to go outdoors, and to stay in thermally comfortable places of the outdoors. In autumn and winter those who live in rooms facing east went out more frequently in the morning, while those who live facing west went out more frequently in the afternoon. Residents stayed outdoors an average of 1. 5 to 2 hours a day in all seasons, regardless of the orientation of the room to the sun. It was concluded that the behaviour of residents in going outdoors during their own time was induced by the following factors '. situation, residents moods, livability of the quaters, contrast between living quarters and immediate outdoor environment. The behaviour was adaptive with the self living habits of the residents.

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STUDY OF LIGHTING ENVIRONMENT BASED ON FIELD MEASUREMENT IN OFFICES

SHOICHI KAJIMA, SHIGEFUMI YASUTOMI, YOSHINORI KITAMURA, KENJIRO TASHIR ...

Article type: Article
1986 Volume 365 Pages 30-39
Published: July 30, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.365.0_30

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To secure high productivity and a comfortable environment in office space, lighting is one of the most important factors in architectural design. The purpose of this study is to discover the important factors in the quality of room illumination, by making field measurements in typical office buildings with different uses and design. The buildings examined were an energy conservative building, a high rise building and a computation center building. Analysis of these field measurements has revealed that the important factors concerning the luminous environment are the illuminance on the workplane and its distribution, the appearance of lighting fixtures and their layout, balance of brightness in a room and the contrast of brightness between window and wall surfaces. The results of measurements of the illuminance, luminance, contrast rendering factor, cylindrical illuminance and reflection factor have revealed that uniformity of illuminance and discomfort glare are below that required by Japanese standard JIEG-004-1983, and international recomendation CIE TC-4.1. Comparing the illuminance of vacant spaces (i.e. not installed with office supplies) and that of occupied spaces, significant differences were observed in the average illuminance. The latter is smaller than the former by approximately 20 %. This fact should be considered when using the conventional flux method in room lighting design. Lighting design method based on the luminance concept in addition to the conventional illuminance figure will be required for the design of office space in the future. The occupants opinions about the level of comfort should also be studied when a lighting design method is considered.

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A STUDY ON TOTAL EVALUATION METHOD OF THERMAL ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION

[in Japanese], [in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1986 Volume 365 Pages 40-48
Published: July 30, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.365.0_40

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The mission of air-conditioning system is primarily to maintain space thermal comfort for occupants. It is important to design proper systems which achieve this mission and, at the same time, conserve energy. Both of thermal comfort and energy consumption depend on control performance of systems and characteristics of space thermal response. It is required that accurate simulation method and total evaluation method on space themal comfort and energy consumption. This paper deals with such simulation method appliable to office buildings. Fanger's PMV is used as thermal comfort index and cooling or heating coil load in AHU or FCU is used as energy index. Coil loads in AHU or FCU are simulated under the assumption, not that space extraction rate is constant, but that coil load is cons-tant, during warming up or pulling down.

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A COMPARISON OF INSIDE-OUT AND OUTSIDE-IN INSULATED SPACES FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION : Part 2 Analysis of space heating and cooling loads and consideration of thrmal responses for basic pulse exitation

HISAYA ISHINO, KIMIKO KOHRI

Article type: Article
1986 Volume 365 Pages 49-56
Published: July 30, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.365.0_49

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In part 2, the effects of three types of insulated spaces on the peak space heating and cooling loads are shown and analyzed by daily periodical steady state cooling calculations and unsteady state hour by hour calculations with standard annual weather data. One of three types of insulated spaces has inside-out insulated walls and another one has outside-in insulated walls, and the else has inside-out insulated walls and insulated floor. At the same time, the differences of three types of insulated spaces are made clear in thermal responses for basic pulse exitations of space temperature or space heat input.

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ASPECT OF DESIGN METHODS ON THE MODERN MIDDLE-RISE HOUSINGS IN JAPAN : A territorial study on the relation between "defensibility" and "openness" of dwelling circumstances Part 1

HIROMICHI TOMODA

Article type: Article
1986 Volume 365 Pages 57-67
Published: July 30, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.365.0_57

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In case of the middle-rise apartment-houses in Japan, most of the off-limit lawn yards attached to the buildings have been transformed to the paved common yards, in oder to save budget and total spaces. It causes that the inhabitants feel their dwelling units less defensible to the eyes and the intrusion of others. But in the case that they have frequent outdoor behaivor on their stair-case and their common yard, they feel their dwelling units defensible as well as in the off-limit lawn yards. It showes the physical setting for defensibility to privacy and crime. 1) Each entrance yard between dwelling unit and stair-case should be designed as the semi-private space (outside private space). 2) The paved common yards should be provided to each 20-30 dwelling units' group. 3) Each living room of ground floor level units should be given a direct access-route to the south common yard in addition to a route through stair-case. 4) Every dwelling units should be given a short access-route to the south common yard. If "territory" spreading around dwelling units is designed continuously and divisibly according to visibility and acessibility, inhabitants use their semi-private space and their common space more frequently, and so they adapt them-selves to their sorroundings. They live open to outside of their houses and feel defensible to privacy and crime.

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A COMPUTER-AIDED ROOM ALLOCATION MODEL WITH CONCEPT OF FLEXIBLE CONDITION

YOSHITSUGU AOKI, YOH YAMAGATA

Article type: Article
1986 Volume 365 Pages 68-74
Published: July 30, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.365.0_68

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On the design process, a slight violation for given initial condition, sometimes, is allowed because the initial condition is not so rigid and the condition itself is revaluated by architect in the design process. From this viewpoint, we establish the concept of "Flexible Condition" and formulate the expression way of it using the Fuzzy Set theory. For the design under the flexible condition, we build a room allocation CAD system in which we apply the artificial learning system in order to fit the response of system to the judgement of architect.

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THE ANALYSIS OF THE VOLUME ON MATERIALS DISTRIBUTION IN GENERAL HOSPITALS : Study on the planning of hospital buildings from the view point of materials distribution system・Part 3

AKIRA NAKANO

Article type: Article
1986 Volume 365 Pages 75-83
Published: July 30, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.365.0_75

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This is the third report of the studies on the planning of hospital buildings through the analysis of the functional relationships of materials supply and distribution system. Firstly, This paper describes the actural conditions of the flows of each material in three hospitals (791 Bed, 275 Bed, 290 Bed), i.e. how much materials are trensported per day, and how often. Secondly, I analyzed the estimated volume of each material that would be transported per 100 Beds and per day in four hospitals (the preceding three hospitals and a fourth one hospital with 403 Bed). As a result, I proposed the "Planning Unit Indicator (Volume of materials distribution per 100 beds per day)" of the cyclical flows of materials in general hospitals.

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ANALYSE DER BAUMOTIVE UND DER IKONOLOGISCHEN SYMBOLFORMEN DES ERSTEN PROJEKTS FUR DAS KAISERLICHE LUSTSCHLOSS SCHONBRUNN (Baumeister : Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach) (II)

Keizo NAKAMURA

Article type: Article
1986 Volume 365 Pages 84-92
Published: July 30, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.365.0_84

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LE CONCEPT DE "CABANE" CHEZ QUATREMERE DE QUINCY : Vers l'imitation creatrice de la nature

HIDEKAZU SHIRAI

Article type: Article
1986 Volume 365 Pages 93-101
Published: July 30, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.365.0_93

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Dans cette etude, nous essayons d'elucider le concept de "la nature creatrice" chez Quatremere de Quincy, en presentant le contenu des articles <<ARCHITECTURE>> et <<CABANE>> dans ses "Encyclopedie methodique-Architecture" (1788) et "Dictionnaire historique d'architecture" (1832). Dans l'article <<CABANE>>, Quatremere suivait a peu pres l'idee de Laugier, c'est-a-dire l'idee de la cabane comme principe ou norme transcendante. Mais, par la penetration dans son texte, nous pouvons y voir encore la significance de la cabane qui a l'ouverUire pour clever l'architecture au rang des arts-veritablement imitateurs de la nature. Alors, nous ne devons pas oublier le lien strict entre la cabane ou la charpente et l'architecture greque, que Quatremere a fortement expose. De fait dans l'article ARCHITECTURE>> qui precedait celui de <<CABANE>>, il a deja precise le probleme de l'imitation creatrice de la nature en architecture, en passant par l'indication de l'imitation de la cabane et l'imitation analogique du corps humam, dont le sculpture a donne la suggestion a l'architecture. C'est ainsi qu'il dit : <<Ce n'est plus ni la cabane dont elle (l'architecture) sortit, ni l'homme sur lequel elle se modela, c'est la Nature entiere qui devient le type de son imitation. C'est l'ordre lui-meme de la Nature qui devient son genie. Limitation de la charpente, par les dimensions heureuses qu'elle y puisa, constitua, si Ton peut le dire, l'ossature de l'art ; l'imitation analogique du corps humain, par l'etude des proportions & l'application qu'elle s'en fit, revetit ce squelette des formes raisonnees qui lui donnerent, en quelque sorte, le mouvement. Limitation generale de la Nature dans ses principes d'ordre, d'harmonie relatifs aux affections de nos sens, & aux perceptions de l'entendement, lui ont donne l'ame, & en ont fait un art non plus copiste, non plus imitateur, mais rival de la Nature meme.>><<Ainsi cet art, en apparence, plus asservi a la matiere que les deux autres, est dans le fait plus ideal, plus intellectuel, plus metaphysique qu'eux. Nous avons vu que la Nature ne lui offre partout que des analogies. II imite moins son modele qu'il ne se compare a lui ; il ne va point a sa suite, mais a cote ; il ne fait point ce qu'il voit, mais comme il voit faire ; ce n'est point l'effet, c'est la cause qu'il etudie : & des lors il est original jusques dans son imitation. Emule de la Nature, c'est a etudier sa marche, son genie & ses moyens que se borne son secret. Les autres arts ont des modeles crees qu'ils imitent ou rectifient : l'architecture cree le sien. Son modele etant l'ordre de la Nature, il est existant partout, sans etre visible nulle part.>> De cette phrase tres importante, nous pouvons tirer le basculement du classicisme et le vol vers le romantisme, a l'aide des remarques de D. Hollier et D. Payot. En particulier, Payot y voit le modele que l'architecture va imiter comme productivite elle-meme. De ce point de vue, en outre, nous pouvons indiquer l'analogie avec le concept de "die schaffende Natur" chez Schelling, qu'on peut lire a l'egard du concept de la nature chez Quatremere. C'est l'approfondissement du concept de la nature en architecture resultant du probleme de la cabane, de Laugier a Quatremere, parallerement au passage sur du concept de la nature dans l'art, de Winckelmann a Schelling. En conclusion, nous pourrions montrer chacune des phases de Durand, Laugier et Quatremere au sujet de la abane-Durand soutenait l'utilite en architecture concernant pour ainsi dire
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INVESTIGATION FOR OLD DRAWING AND PLAN OF IINO-HACHIMAN SHRINE

IZUMI SAKATA

Article type: Article
1986 Volume 365 Pages 102-112
Published: July 30, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.365.0_102

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The Hachiman-gods were one of who Japanese Samurai faith deeply, deified wide among all country farmers. The lino-Hachimangu shrine at Iwakishi of Fukushima Prefecture has been famous greatest shrine of those districts. Roots of this was Family name Iga and Iga Family ruled long time this districts from 14 century concerning the West of Iwaki Yoshizima Manor. So Iga Family gained the post of Sinto priest to lino-Hachimangu shrine, soon they were named lino Family. The old drawing and plan of those lino-Hachimangu shrine have describe precinct of the early 17 century whose this shrine have been very strong prosperity-time. More than, by the study of this same drawing, we could gain the architectural specific character of shrines inclusing Sinto = Buddhism synthesis. And I have deare the from of main proper build, offered the rare architectural materials of local and corntry shrine style.

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ON THE GEOMETRICAL PROPORTION OF THE PANTHEON IN ANCIENT ROME : A study of the conception and the application of the geometrical rule of design

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1986 Volume 365 Pages 113-126
Published: July 30, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.365.0_113

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Since the Pantheon is very important as a prototype of western masonry and a source of design, it has been studied frequently during the Renaissance. The lively interest in antiquity during this period produced directly and indirectly a spate of sketches and studies of the building. However, the fundamental ratio for the building is still obscure. It is true that the geometrical figure on which the rotunda was based is spherical and very simple-as the Renaissance architects realized-. Thus one expects that the key to an understanding will be easily found. But the problem is not as easy as that. Francois Blondel (1617-1686) was among the very first to publish studies of the Pantheon's composition and shape. But Blondel's conceptions are not tenable. The incorrect results are due among other things to the fact that the drawing materials available to Blondel contained certain faults and were imperfect in various ways. In recent years, several additional works have been published. One of these is George Lesser's Gothic Cathedrals and Sacred Geometry (1957), which gives an interesting analysis of the proportioning of the Pantheon (pp.23-26 and pl.19). However, because of the deficiencies in Lesser's drawings, his results are incorrect. Kjeld de Fine Licht analysed the composition of the rotunda in his The Rotunda in Rome, 1966. (pp.194-198 with two figures). In his analysis, he produces two 16-sided figures inscribed within the basic circle following the inner face of the dome. The points of the teeth where the sides of two 16 side-figures intersect mark the outer periphery of the rotunda. This analysis is very complicated. He himself said, "It seemes impossible to demonstrate any simple and exact geometrical connection between the basic circle and the thickness of the wall". In this paper I am glad to state that I have discovered the geometrical rule which determines the wall thickness of the Pantheon. This can be done with the following procedure : first, I draw the square incribed in the basic circle, then I draw the smaller circle inscribed in this square. Consequently, a doughnut-like discrepancy results between the smaller circle and the basic circle. This discrepancy is 2-√<2>/4 S (S=span). If the span is 43.251 m, 2-√<2>/4 S is 6.33 m, which equal to a little bit more than the wall thickness of the rotunda. Furthermore, I have devised a method for deciding the dome shell thickness, the angle of inclination of the outer place of the haunch, and the inner diameter of the oculus by using a similar geometrical figure. I believe that this geometrical rule may have been used by the builder of the Pantheon.

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
1986 Volume 365 Pages App3-
Published: July 30, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.365.0_App3

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Cover
1986 Volume 365 Pages Cover3-
Published: July 30, 1986
Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijax.365.0_Cover3

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