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Article type: Cover
1990 Volume 416 Pages
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Published: October 30, 1990
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Article type: Cover
1990 Volume 416 Pages
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Published: October 30, 1990
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Article type: Index
1990 Volume 416 Pages
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Published: October 30, 1990
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Article type: Index
1990 Volume 416 Pages
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Article type: Index
1990 Volume 416 Pages
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Published: October 30, 1990
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Hisashi HIRAOKA, Takashi MARUYAMA, Yasuto NAKAMURA, Jun-ji KATSURA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 416 Pages
1-8
Published: October 30, 1990
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The numerical simulations of wind flow within and above plant and/or urban canopies are carried out using the turbulent model which was presented in the previous paper (Part 1). The new parameters introduced to the present turbulence model are examined in comparison with the field data of the corn canopies and the three-dimensional calculation of grid arrayed cubic blocks which are modelled as urban buildings. The following results are obtained. 1) The mean wind speed profiles vary with the new parameter C_<ρε> in the equation of energy dissipation rate. 2) The turbulent energy profiles vary with the parameter C_<γγ> in the equation of turbulent energy. 3) In case of calculating the flows of canopy, the same values of the standard (κ-ε) turbulence are available to model coefficients from the original (κ-ε) turbulence model.
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Atsuo NOZAKI, Susumu YOSHIZAWA, Hiromi KOMINE
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 416 Pages
9-16
Published: October 30, 1990
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The indoor NO_2 concentration in Japanese dwellings were measured with various parameters using badge-type passive monitors. The comparison of the method by badge-type passive samplers developed by Dr. Yanagisawa and the conventional chemi-luminescence method was made in the measurement of indoor NO_2 concentration. The measured values with badge-type samplers agree with the ones from the chemi-luminescence monitors. Indoor NO_2 concentration is mainly influensed not by the outdoor concentration but the usage of combustion appliances, especially the type and the usage time of appliances. The life pattern in the room also influenced the indoor NO_2 levels.
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Hisahi HIRAOKA, Yasuto NAKAMURA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 416 Pages
17-24
Published: October 30, 1990
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The radiation transfer model of Ross, J. was applied to the radiation field in the plant canopies of spring wheat and field beans. The calculation was compared with the experimental data of Szeicz. The estimated values were utilized by way of compensation for the deficit of the data of Szeicz. The reflectances of ground were omitted because of large LAI values. The reflectances of leaf were estimated from the data of Gausmann. The leaf normal distribution function and the PAR conversion factor were adopted as parameter. The PAR conversion factor was insensitive to the results. If the leaf normal distribution function was a uniform or erectophile type, the results compared favorably with the experimental data. The compared item is the normalized downward radiant flux density. The results were in accordance with the experiment. The validity of Ross'es model was verified by the present study.
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Chul goo LEE, Takao SAWACHI, Hiroshi HONMA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 416 Pages
25-34
Published: October 30, 1990
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The convective heat transfer, which is 25 to 35 % of all heat dissipation of a human body, causes upward natural convection around a human body. This natural convection causes unevenness of the convective heat transfer over a body surface. The present paper studies the characteristics of the natural convection and the range of the unevenness in the natural convection heat transfer by using a thermal manikin. The thermal manikin was constructed of heated cylindrical parts, which simulated corresponding parts of a standing human body. The characteristics of the natural convection was examined by the flow visualization technics of infrared thermogram and smoke wire photography. The natural convection heat transfer coefficient was estimated from the surface temperature of various locations on the manikin. The flow visualization technics indicated that the flow of a velocity of 10 to 15 cm/s existed already at a height of 12 cm over the floor. The flow remained as laminar until a height of about 80 cm over the floor, then it converted into turbulent flow. A flow of a velocity of 40 cm/s at the maximum was observed at a level of the head of the manikin. A steep change with the height was found in the natural convection heat transfer coefficient along the legs and the arms. The highest natural convection heat transfer coefficient was found at the lowest temperature measuring points on the legs. The average heat transfer coefficient over the manikin was between 3.35 and 3.93 W/m2K according to its heat production. This means that the lower part of a leg has about 30% higher natural convection heat transfer coefficient than the average of the body.
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Hiroshi KATANO
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 416 Pages
35-43
Published: October 30, 1990
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Standing on an assumption that development of house construction depends upon the popularization, it is important to define the process. From the point of view, this paper picked up four factors ; quality control for materials and components, diffusion of new technique for professional and laymen, structural design standards, and condition of labours. The author got the conclusion from this research, as follows ; The British Standard influenced the quality control, because of it's long history, never stopped at the war period. The popularization of new technique developed with the state policy, supported by advisory committees. The establishment of structural design related with engineers preference, in case of steel, and traditional system retarded progress, because of accustumed method. The problem of labours was a key factor for not only traditional method, but also innovational. Finaly, it should be said that the contribution of the state acted very important role in this field.
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Yoshitsugu AOKI, Toshihiro OSARAGI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 416 Pages
45-53
Published: October 30, 1990
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The space correlation analysis (SCA) was proposed with its possibility of application on urban analysis in our previous papers. The calculating program of SCA, however, is not easy to develop for urban planners because the program has a relatively large size and complicated. The calculating theory is reconstructed to make SCA fit for practical use. The following possibilities of calculating method of SCA are shown ; 1) the space influence function (SIF) can be calculated by using ordinary library program, 2) the space correlation function (SCF) can be calculated very rapidly by using FFT (fast Fourier transform). Also presented in this paper are visual representation methods of SCA model with reliable range of estimated parameters. It is very important in actual planning to know the structure of spatial influence relation of urban activities accurately and intuitionally. Using the statistical range estimation and testing theory, 1) the method for getting the confidence interval of SCF is shown, and 2) the method for grouping the value of SCF is shown. The visual presentation of the results of the above methods are very effective to assist urban planners to understand the characteristics of spatial relation of urban activities.
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Yukio TERAKADO
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 416 Pages
55-65
Published: October 30, 1990
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This paper reports the concept of spatial, composition and organization of shuraku (settlements) in rural area. The study is based on the results from the investigation carried out at Karakida in Ochiai-dis-trict, Tama City, Tokyo from 1984 to 1985. Karakida is one of typical rural settlements situated in the suburbs of Tokyo. The number of spatial languages collected in Karakida is 74. The spatial language could be classfied into 10 groups and 4 categories. The main results are follows ; 1) The study method by spatial language is effective to analyze the spatial composition of shuraku as a living space. 2) The classification and categorization of spatial language showed clearly the object and the content of inhabitants recognition to their common space. 3) The main concepts drawed and proved about spatial composition and organization of shuraku are follows ; (1)territory (2)access (3)heart (4)division and knotting (5)orientation. 4) This paper indicates the existence of the second spatial language as an immanent order that integrates 5 main concepts, for example, Uchi(inner) and Soto(outer), Kami(upper) and Shimo(under), Mae(front) and Ura(back), Oku(inner part) and Omote(outside).
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Kunie KAJISHIMA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 416 Pages
67-76
Published: October 30, 1990
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This investigation examines seasonal patterns in children's lifestyles in family inn in ski areas. An analysis of differences in lifestyles during the ski season and other times indicates the processes of those lifestyles that instill seasonal patterns. The lifestyles of children examined here are regarded in terms of locations where they perform six activities : sleeping, eating, studying, playing, watching television and helping homework, three areas of their lives are analized : the composition of rooms where these activities occur, their living area as determined by room arrangements, and universal communal forms. This investigation includes three sections : the first indicating results of room compositional analyses. Changes in the room composition are not results of random transformations, they represent as a set of contradictory changes in which the stability of the central living area is maintained as a subsystem whose functionallity varies with the seasons and absorbs the effects of these changes in order to cope with them.
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Yukio KOMATSU, Shin-ya NISHIMURA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 416 Pages
77-84
Published: October 30, 1990
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Niigata city is one of the medium-sized cites in Japan. Taking two indices for the cluster analysis, logarithm of the rate of newly built detached house units per household and the number of persons per household, both normalized, the 49 areas of the city were grouped into four categories of urbanization. The result is thought to reflect the reality very well. The features of the housing belonging to each category were analysed, and the distributions of the floor area of the newly built houses or the site area seem to follow logarithmic normal distribution. And the most frequent floor area was in the zone of 110 to 120 square meter in each category.
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Yasuhiko NISHIGAKI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 416 Pages
85-91
Published: October 30, 1990
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In this report we discuss about the meaning of "Wanak je (玩樂齋) in Dosan sodan (陶山書堂)" where Yi T'oegye (李退溪) leaded a secluded life. We interpret the meaning of this room as a dwelling place through his two Chinese poems that were writen in his room under the title of "山堂夜起 (Sit up through the night in San do)" and "記夢詩 (A poem in memory of a dream)". In these poems, Yi T'oegye attempted to give a clear expression of ideal dwelling place to his room for a secluded life. He mentioned in these poems that he searched after the origin of this world by reading books on Confucianism in his study room. But he had a dream that he went out from this room to the place where everything was able to get a real meaning of itself, and he could leave entirely from artificiality at that place. This ideal dwelling place and his room in everyday life were completely different, but were crossed each other. At the time of this crossing, T'oegye could make these poems, and then he was able to realize the ideal dwelling at that place.
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Yoshiki TSUDA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 416 Pages
93-99
Published: October 30, 1990
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The object of this paper is to consider the existing farm houses and the prosperity and decline of the Buntou style (unfloored part is separated from main farm houses) farm houses. At the Utsunomia district, about the biginning of the eighteenth century, 20-40 % of Buntou style houses had been lived by the upper classes in the village, but the end of the ninteenth century, they had not been found. Z-style (the ridge of a roof indicates character of the Z) of the farm houses had developed from the Buntou style and it had been already made up at the beginning of the eighteenth century. After that period, Z-style of the farm houses still has been built by a few upper classes.
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Jun HATANO
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 416 Pages
101-110
Published: October 30, 1990
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This paper is one of works in which I intend to clarify the town planning methods of Japanese castle towns. In this paper, I study on the layout of covered water works in castle towns. The summary is as follows: The layout of covered water works in castle towns was completed in the mid of seventeenth century as one of the town facilities serviceable directly to the daily living mainly for the purpose of supplying drinking-water. The castle towns adopting water works with covered duct mostly faced to sea, and did not adopt the general lay out of castle towns with open water works, which put the zone of Samurai-class higher than that of artisans and tradesmen in land height depend on the federal status systemn. For this reason, the deffential of status less effected to the plot planning of residential zones, and the difficulty of getting water gave the priority to the zone for construction of covered water works.
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Shin-ichi NISHIMOTO
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 416 Pages
111-121
Published: October 30, 1990
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The palace-city of Malkata was built by Amenhotep III on the west bank opposite the ancient southern capital of Thebes. It was excavated and surveyed by the several investigators from 1888 onward, but the Egypt Architectural Mission of Waseda University resumed explorations there from 1985 to 1988 in order to study on the wide variety of decorative motifs. From "the Great Columned Hall" located in the center of the Palace of the King, a large number of painted mud fragments were recovered. Some of them bear the parts of succession of great Nekhbet vultures outspreading their wings. The cartouches in pieces of nomen and prenomen which are under the wings of each vultures were also found from the same hall. In the following discussion the ceiling of the nave in "the Great Columned Hall" is reconstructed by using the actual painted fragments, and the preliminary report written by Tytus is examined including his description on the size of these vultures.
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Akira HASEGAWA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 416 Pages
123-134
Published: October 30, 1990
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This study aims to discuss an architectural phenomenon which occurred mainly in Nouthern Germany as a part of the German expressionism movement in early 20th century and to position it in the modern architectural history. The paper comprises five chapters : (1) Introduction, (2) Worpswede Kunstlerkolonie, (3) Personal history of B. Hoetger (1874〜1949), and Northern German Expressionism observed in his works. (4) Conclusion. Kunstlerkolonie was built in Worpswede in 1897. Hoetger joined the colony in 1914 and played a significant role. He left 16 works such as "the second house", "Cafe Worpswede" and "Haus Atlantis". It should be noted that Hoetger created unique and unparalleled architecture of German Expressionism closely related to the local culture by taking the traditional style of local houses in Niedersachsen and the Northern European mythology, the heritage of ancient Germanic race.
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Masami KURODA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 416 Pages
135-143
Published: October 30, 1990
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In has been said that the aim of the Greek refinement (slightly curved line, narrower spacing of angle column, etc.) is the visual adjustment. For example, the entablature bends upward so as to appear straight (i. e. a correcting of the optical illusion) and the angle contraction aims to appear to be a grand temple (i.e. an exaggerated perspective). This paper points out that those theses are mostly fales considering the outcome of the visual perceptive experiments, and offers a hypothesis that the aim is to express the visual strength and stability, since the temple is composed of the upward-bending entablature and the stylobate, the top-slender column and the in-ward-inclined columns leaning together from both sides etc.
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Article type: Appendix
1990 Volume 416 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1990 Volume 416 Pages
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