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Article type: Cover
1985 Volume 358 Pages
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Published: December 30, 1985
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Article type: Cover
1985 Volume 358 Pages
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Published: December 30, 1985
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Article type: Index
1985 Volume 358 Pages
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Published: December 30, 1985
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Article type: Index
1985 Volume 358 Pages
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Article type: Index
1985 Volume 358 Pages
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HIDEKI TACHIBANA, HISASHI HATANAKA, YOSHIKAZU MURAISHI
Article type: Article
1985 Volume 358 Pages
1-8
Published: December 30, 1985
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As a basic study for the evaluation of sound insulation performances of walls, psycho-acoustical investigations were carried out focusing on loudness to the sounds transmitted through walls. In the experiments, the models of the transmitted sounds with various kinds of spectral characteristics were electrically synthesized and the loudness sensation to them was examined by laboratory hearing tests. As a result, it was found that the arithmetic mean value of octave band sound pressure levels (from 63 Hz to 4 kHz or from 125 Hz to 4 kHz) is a proper measure for the loudness evaluation of the transmitted sounds through walls.
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SHUZO MURAKAMI, YASUSHIGE MORIKAWA
Article type: Article
1985 Volume 358 Pages
9-17
Published: December 30, 1985
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This paper describes the method for assessing wind environment considering the temperature effect. Around a high-rise apartment house located at a built-up area in Tokyo, long term observations of wind-induced troubles were conducted, in cooperation with many inhabitants at that area. Analysis of wind environment in this paper is based on these observations. The analytical results are as follows. 1. It is found that inhabitants feel uncomfortable with very weak wind as well as with strong wind. 2. The critical value of wind velocity for assessing wind environment changes according to the outdoor temperature. 3. The acceptable frequency exceeding the critical value of wind velocity (daily mean) are proposed according to the outdoor temperature.
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RYOICHI SATO, YASUO NISHI, TAKEO KOZIMA
Article type: Article
1985 Volume 358 Pages
18-28
Published: December 30, 1985
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In this paper, the authors state their study on the substituting function they derived for the equations of shape elements to arrive at their equations of their projections in the rectangular straight line form. The authors show the way to the equations of projections about some simple shape elements and also to the solutions of them. They present some examples of figures which the equations give.
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HISAYA ISHINO, KIMIKO KOHRI
Article type: Article
1985 Volume 358 Pages
29-36
Published: December 30, 1985
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Recently, it is most important and fundamental factor for energy conservation to use insulated walls effectively in thermal design of building. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of insulation position on the peak space heating load. In part 1, the results of analysis by daily periodical steady state calculations used heating design weather data, is described. The results are summerrized as follows : (1) In the three typical insulated model spaces, that is, moddel A which has inside-out insulated walls, model B which has outside-in insulated walls and model C which has inside-out insulated walls and insulated floor, the peak space loads became larger in the order model B,A,C (C is largest). This insulated floor is in place of insulated inner walls and insulated columns and floor covered with a carpet. (2) On the other hand, night space temperature became higher in the order model C,A,B. (3) There is little difference in operative temperatures among several types of insulated model spaces. (4) To shorter the time for air coditioning, the peak load in model B became largest of the three. (5) The effect of furniture on the peak space loads is significant. The thermal capacity of furniture causes increase of the peak space loads and the thermal capacity of walls and floors causes increase of the daily total space loads. (6) The daily total space load in model B is useally largest of the three models in each of various design parameters.
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AKIHIKO HOKUGO, KOUSUKE KUBO, YOSHITERU MUROZAKI
Article type: Article
1985 Volume 358 Pages
37-43
Published: December 30, 1985
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The purpose of this study is to explicate the primary factor regarding the confluence of two traffic flows in staircase. Using an emergency staircase of standardised size, dividing about 150 subjects into two groups. We made these two groups flow into staircase from diferent floor like an evacuation exercise. As a result of this experiment, the following findings have been obtained. (1) These experiments show a tendency that flow from corridor become predominant consequently. Throughout during the period of constant flow, "the ratio of flow-rate" (flow-rate from corridor / total flow-rate) is about 60 %. Further we shoud like to add that "flow-rate" is defined by the number of person that flow to confluence area per second-meter. (2) Flow-rate of each group moves 10-15 seconds cycle. In this experiment, the influence of habituation cannot be disregarded owing to the same subjects behave same trial for five times continuously.
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TERUKAZU TAKESHITA, MASAO AOKl
Article type: Article
1985 Volume 358 Pages
44-53
Published: December 30, 1985
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In Japanese nursery school, there is no standard of group formation of one-year-old children's class which can be seen in many foreign countries. In the existing circumstances, many classes respectively have large group formation, that is, each class consists of children whose range of growth is wide. In this study, in relation to the group formation of classes which is most important when a nursery room is planned, they is divided into the three conditions, that is, the group formation of the minimum age of 1 year and 6 months - the maximum age of 2 years and 7 months, that of the min. 1 year and 2 months - the max. 2 years, and that of the min. 1 year and 1 month-the max. 2 years and 7 months, and in each condition the experimental care is taken. After this, the influence on the one-year-old children and the nurse staffs is investigated and the suitable group formation is considered. As the result, this point is confirmed. In group formation of one-year-old children, conversions of nursery activities and nurse staffs' fatigue are relatively lightened in the nursery room planned so that each class may consist of children whose range of growth is narrow.
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FUMIHITO MIYAMOTO, HIROKUNI TANIGUCHI
Article type: Article
1985 Volume 358 Pages
54-64
Published: December 30, 1985
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The purpose of this study is to grasp the relationship among eight semantic dimensions (e.g. Evaluation, Artificiality, Organization, Complexity, Density, Potency, Size, and Activity) underlying people's responses to the outdoor architectural space on campuses and to show the validity of the relationship. Each intercorrelation matrix of adjective scales from five experiments was analyzed by multidimensional algorithm KYST 2 A. Based on eight groups of adjectives provided by factor analysis, three circular structures are found in the three dimensional space of MDS. The first circular order is formed by adjectives of Evaluation, Artificiality, and Activity group, which are named as Affection. This seems to be in accordance with Russell's circumplex model of affective adjectives. The second one is formed by adjectives of Organization and Complexity group, named as Composition. The third one is formed by adjectives of Density, Potency, and Size, named as Density/Scale.
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YUKIO NISHIMURA
Article type: Article
1985 Volume 358 Pages
65-74
Published: December 30, 1985
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There were many ways of conserving the places of historic interest in Japan such as old tree-borded roads, Japanese milestones, old tumbs, and shell mounds. When we trace the origins of conservation of those places, we find that the cause and the theory of conservation differs from each other so much that we cannot totalize them in a single movement. At the same time we find that the etymology of such words as "fuchl" (tastefulness of scenery), "bikan" (scenic beauty) and "kyuseki" (historic scene) shows the prehistory of generating the concept of "Historic Environment" and its conservation.
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AKIRA YAMAMOTO
Article type: Article
1985 Volume 358 Pages
75-83
Published: December 30, 1985
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In this paper, three phenomena were clarified. First of all, the revision of 'Market Law' was relative to growth of quantity of goods deadling with wholesale market. But the rate of growth has become weakened recently. Secondly, four types of transition of vegetables and fruits circulations have become clear as follows; 1. Specialized city to fruits circulations-specialized city to fruits circulations 2. Specialized city to fruits circulations-central city 3. central city-central city 4. subordinate city-subordinate city The third is that the difference of these types of transition was relative to two urban properties. One is the accumlation of commerce and the other is the manner of employment influenced by manufacture. The author reconfirmed that these two urban properties which were found in 'Study on the Planning of Wholesale Market : Part 1', are useful for the planning of wholesale market.
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SHUZO FURUSAKA
Article type: Article
1985 Volume 358 Pages
84-89
Published: December 30, 1985
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This paper presents a method of locating a crane on a construction site using mathematical techniques. The optimum location and choice of the crane on a site is seen as one of the most important parts of construction planning (FURUSAKA 1984). In large projects, many buildings will be constructed using many cranes. However, dicision-making during planning and managing stages, such as construction method, the number of cranes, etc., are still mostly depended on "experience or "intuition". It proposes the algorithm which can define the least expensive cranage cost by calculating the combined use of a number of cranes and construction method. Conclutions are drawn as to the relevance of the application of the model to construction projects.
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KAZUNARI SAKAMOTO, NOBUYUKI ENDO
Article type: Article
1985 Volume 358 Pages
90-98
Published: December 30, 1985
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In reports one and two, studies were carried out on different levels concerning the iconology of house facades seeking to classify them into different groups. In this report, the focus will be on the similarity between groups derived by looking at two different aspects of the same subject sample in order to find the main types of groups these house facades fall into. This was achieved by performing a three-mode factor analysis on both the nine perceptual scales used in report one, and the four categories in report two. The building groupings were established by changing the number of factors (variables). As a result, it was found that the buildings under investigation could be divided into seven groups, which were included in both the nine scales and the four categories. In addition, it was found that these seven building groups showed similarities to the types derived in reports one and two. In other words, similarity between building groups not categorized in reports one and two was discovered. As a result of the three-mode factor analysis, these buildings were shown to form a group which suggests another factor. Combining the results so far in this report, seven groups of house facades have been found. Finally, the basic character and image of each group was clarified by arranging the phenomena occurring in the sum of the nine scales and four categories of the seven types, and giving them a possible societal interpretation.
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SATOSHI KAWABE
Article type: Article
1985 Volume 358 Pages
99-106
Published: December 30, 1985
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This paper is a report of occupational categories in professional career of British architects. I sampled 539 architects who were chosen from Howard Colvin's "Biographical Dictionary of British Architect". I found the rates of each categories in specially fixed terms, and illustrated them by a diagram. I classified the architects into four descriptions, according to occupational categories ; (1) Category I : Architectural trades. (2) Category II : Owners and specialists of several fields. (3) Category III : Engineers. (4) Category IV : Generalists of architectural works, mainly professional architects, builders and surveyors. The diagram shows following items below ; 1) Architects having been Category II, were in the heyday of their rate in the decade of 1650 s. 2) Architects having been Category I, were in the heyday of their rate in the decade of 1720 s. 3) Architects having been Category IV, show a step-up in the rate after 1770 s. 4) Architects having been Category III, were a few.
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MASAAKI HORIUCHl
Article type: Article
1985 Volume 358 Pages
107-113
Published: December 30, 1985
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The present paper discusses architectural theory of Hubsch and its application to his buildings. In 1828 Hubsch published his thesis entitled "In welchem Style sollen wir bauen ?" (abbreviated to "Style" in the following). He recommended in this thesis the Rundbogenstil as a new style for the nineteenth century. But in the "Bau-Werke von Heinrich Hubsch " ("Bau Werke" in the following) published in 1838, he modified his theory of Rundbogenstil to some extent. Studies on Hubsch, however, have made no references to the relation of this modification to his works. As the result, the architectural thought of Hubsch was not properly interpreted. The present paper tries to clarify Hubsch's theory and how his idea was reflected on his works. In "Style" Hubsch adovocated, mainly from the technical viewpoint the use of round arches and vaults made of ordinary materials like brick or sandstone. On the other hand, in "Bau-Werke", he particuraly took up the problem of ornaments and the sizes of windows, because he felt the facades of Rundbogenstil plain. His theory In the days of "Style" was reflected on Polytechnische Hochschule (1833-35) and St. Cyriakus (1835-36), but Kunsthalle (1838-46) and Trinkhalle (1837-40), where polychromy by various materials was applied, must be distinguished from his earlier works. These later works reflected his modified theory which intended to break the monotony of plain Rundbogenstil. Hubsch certainly had given effect to his architectural theory proposed in "Style" and all his buildings were not stuccoed. But, soon after 1828, he modified his theory, and at last he adopted polychromy in his buildings. Kunsthalle and Trinkhalle were the first of his later works which are represented by Hoftheater and Orangerie. Hubsch's architectural as well as theoretical works clearly indicate that he attached great importance to the aesthetic aspects of a building and this was closely related to the transformation of his later works. And therefore, his "Bau-Werke" seems more significant than "Style" for the understanding of his architecture.
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SEIZO UCHIDA
Article type: Article
1985 Volume 358 Pages
114-124
Published: December 30, 1985
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The housing reform movement which took place in the Taisho and early Showa periods played the most important role in the modernization of japanese houses. The central role in this movement was that of the "Organization for Housing Reform". The two previous articles in this series have dealt with the founding process of this organization and the history of its organizational proceedings and activities. This article will focus on what is considered one of the most important undertakings of this organization-the series of house design competitions which was carried out as a kind of "Enlightement Campaign" to teach the ideals of modernization. The outline of the article is as follows : Preface Chap.1 Outline of House-design Competition Conditions and Requirements Chap.2 Floor-plan Layout Trends in Winning Works Chap.3 Life-style Pattern Trends in Competition Designs : Japanese (on Tatami) vs. Western (Using Chairs, Tables, Etc) Chap.4 Interior and Exterior Design Trends in Competition Designs Conclusion
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Article type: Appendix
1985 Volume 358 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1985 Volume 358 Pages
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