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Article type: Cover
1990 Volume 407 Pages
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Published: January 30, 1990
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Article type: Cover
1990 Volume 407 Pages
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Article type: Index
1990 Volume 407 Pages
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Article type: Bibliography
1990 Volume 407 Pages
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Article type: Bibliography
1990 Volume 407 Pages
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SHO KIMURA, KATSUO INOUE, SHINJI NAKAZAWA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 407 Pages
1-9
Published: January 30, 1990
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This thesis describes the examination of experiments we have performed, on real buildings, on the subject we have been suggesting, namely, a method for computing the vibration-velocity response level of an entire floor slab, which plays a very important role in the practical calculation of floor-impact sound, by the impedance method. The tests were also carried out for a dynamic-characteristic correction value for a sound-level meter, which is derived from the final correction carried out to indicate the prediction in a form which can comply with the requirements of the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS). As a result of the experiments, the calculation of average impedance of a floor slab against each impact point has been proved a practically accurate means. This method corrects the standardized impedance characteristics at the center of a slab as an increasing amount of impulsive impedance to which the effects of slab peripheral fixings are applied. Also considered correct is a method for computing the integral value of vibrational energy of an entire floor slab by obtaining the vibration-velocity response level from average impedance of the floor slab and multiplying it by the effective radiation area of the floor slab. It has been clarified that the dynamic characteristic correction value obtained by generating pulses corresponding the impulsive-force characteristics of a heavy impact source in an anechoic room, have been close to correct.
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AKIHITO OZAKI, TOSHIYUKI WATANABE, YUJI RYU, KEIICHIRO HASEGAWA, YUICH ...
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 407 Pages
11-25
Published: January 30, 1990
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The experiments which determine the heat and mass transfer characteristics at wall surfaces were carried out on the floor of a flat rectangular duct through which turbulent air flow was passed. Air flow speed, air temperature, surface temperature and heating method were changed as the experiment parameters. The measured Nusselt and Sherwood numbers were found to have some correlation with the Reynolds and Grashof numbers through all the experiments. Namely, the measured Nusselt and Sherwood numbers can be approximately calculated from the Reynolds and Grashof numbers by the proposed equations. The ratio between Nusselt and Sherwood numbers which were obtained by the experiments agrees well with that from the analogy between heat transfer and mass transfer.
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KUNIO MIZUTANI, TERUO IWASE, SHIN-ICHI AKABAYASHI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 407 Pages
27-36
Published: January 30, 1990
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We investigated indoor thermal environments and air condition in 2 RC and 3 SRC appartment houses in Niigata city by questionnairing 111 apartments and by measuring temperature and humidity in 10 apartments. The results of this investigation are as follows: (1) People living in these apartment buildings are forced to dry laundry indoors in winter month, thereby increasing room humidity and causing dew condensation. (2) In some apartments it is impossible to get good ventilation in summer, because windows are made only on one wall. (3) The vertical temperature difference, measured at a height of 5 cm and at 110 cm above floor level in heated living rooms, is 0.5℃ to 2.5℃ after suppertime. And the indoor-outdoor temperature difference in the unheated rooms is more than 60 % of the difference in the heated living rooms, these differences are much smaller than the ones inside detached wooden houses in the area. (4) In the apartments heated by unvented oil heaters, the humidity in the living room increases in proportion to the increase of the indoor-outdoor temperature difference, the high humidity causes dew condensation in the apartments with windows made only on one wall.
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AKIRA HOYANO, MASUNORI KATO
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 407 Pages
37-45
Published: January 30, 1990
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The aspects of urban vegetations are important information for urban environmental assessment. The information, however, should be updated to accomodate the changing conditions. For this purpose, this paper discusses about an extraction method of urban vegetations by means of supervised classification using airborne Multi-spectral Scanner data. An effective method is proposed. A pixel by pixel maximum likelihood method was used for supervised classification. CC-14, one of 14 channel combinations got the highest classification accuracy. It consists of 3 visible bands, 2 near infrared bands, and 1 thermal infrared band. This method was applied to the MSS data which had been observed with high spatial resolution of 1.2 m×1.2 m in residential areas in the daytime of a clear summer day. Classification results were compared with ground truth data at the view points of distribution aspects of vegetations and vegetation ratio to the land. It is clarified that the extraction method using CC-14 gave good agreement with the ground truth resuits and can extract vegetations whose area is more than an area of 6 m^2.
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SHIN HAYAKAWA, SATOSHI TOGARI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 407 Pages
47-56
Published: January 30, 1990
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As a new technique for calculating infiltration caused by both stack effect and wind force, exterior wall area method has been proposed. On the basis of this concent, elaborate ventilation networks of 3 kinds of model buildings are calculated, which are respectively 31 m, 71 m and 108 m high. In this calculation, indoor-outdoor temperature difference, wind velocity, leakage characteristics of exterior wall and opening condition of entrance doors are taken into consideration as main parameters. Results of calculations are arranged to some calculation charts which enables simple estimation of infiltration air rates with the almost same accuracy as the computer simulation. Main results of the study are as follows; 1. Infiltration air rates through typical floor's enclosure devided by whole exterior wall area except ground floor ranges from 0.5 to 2.0 m^3/h・m^2 when temperature difference is 22℃ and height of building is over 100 m. Infiltration at 1st floor where maximum rate is got reaches about 3 times of the average value. 2. At the tall building whose height is over 100 m and temperature difference is over 22℃, infiltration air rate is scarcely influenced by wind force. 3. Infiltration air rates through opened exterior doors strongly depends on the resistance of internal flow paths such as the crack openings around elevator doors, stairway doors and etc... So it has upper limit and while it increases in proportion to the opened door's area, infiltration through exterior walls of typical floors decreases to 50 % of ordinary state. It is, however, independent on the leakage characteristics of the exterior wall.
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HIROSHI KUSHIDA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 407 Pages
57-67
Published: January 30, 1990
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JIN-ICHIRO YOSHIDA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 407 Pages
69-74
Published: January 30, 1990
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The fluidborne noise generated by hydraulic pumps is transmitted via the fluid to remote parts of the circuit where it can cause the problems such as airborne noise. The effective way to overcome this problem is to use hydraulic silenser. Coupled airchambers in the circuit are a good hydraulic silenser. But the effect of this silenser depends deeply upon the pressure reflection coefficient of the circuit. Although none of useful engineering data has been published on the pressure reflection in hydraulic circuit. In this paper the practical value of reflection coefficient of hydraulic circuit is considered and the experimental results of gate valve's reflection coefficient are given.
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TADAHISA KATAYAMA, QINGYUAN ZHANG, TETSUO HAYASHI, JUN-ICHIRO TSUTSUMI ...
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 407 Pages
75-83
Published: January 30, 1990
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The authors proposed a passive cooling method in our previous paper, i. e. to induce cooled air in a crawl space to an indoor space by ventilation. This method was examined by model house tests without direct solar heat gain. In this paper, this method is re-examined under various conditions and its thermal performance is simulated for practical use. The experiment models used here are houses without windows, with windows and with windows fixed with eaves. The cooling effect of this method is recognized in all these cases. Thermal performance in a crawl space, the mechanism of this cooling method, is modelled for numerical simulation. The calculated air temperature in the crawl space and that in the room are in good accordance with those of model house tests. This numerical simulation model is applied to the estimate of three factors which influence the cooling power of the crawl space. They are the length of the crawl space, the ventilation rate and the evaporation ratio. It is also applied to the simulation of the thermal performance in the practical scaled model houses. They are wooden, reinforced concrete and wooden double envelope house. The practicability of this passive cooling method is made clear by the numerical simulation.
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NAOHISA FUJIMOTO
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 407 Pages
85-95
Published: January 30, 1990
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The quantity aspects of the using frequency of meeting facilities in sparsely habited areas are not so clearly explained in comparison with densely habited areas. This study extracted some principal aspects of those from the data of the facilities in the west Japan. The following subjects were concluded in this paper. (1) Use frequency of the meeting facility for the district makes a peak during the weekdays. On the other hand, that of the meeting house for the hamlet makes it at the weekend. (2) During the weekdays, smaller meetigs are inclined to be held, and at the weekend larger ones. (3) Annual frequency have two bottoms, one of them is in summer, varies months with place, and the other in winter from November to January. Conversely, there are two peaks. One of them in the end of the fiscal year and the other varies months. (4) Daily frequency is the highest in the night, higher in the afternoon and low in the morning. (5) The participants of the meetings are generally under ten. (6) Use frequency patterns varies with the functions of the room. The peak for the conference room appears in the night, for the Japanese style room in the afternoon and night, for the library in the afternoon, for the cockery practice room distinguishly in the afternoon. (7) Rainy weather of the day is not always reduce the number of meeting participants. (8) The numbers of meeting participants of the female are smaller than those of the male.
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HAN-SU KIM, KOHSEI OKADA, SHIRO KASHIHARA, HIDEMASA YOSHIMURA, TAKASHI ...
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 407 Pages
97-105
Published: January 30, 1990
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This paper aims to clarify the actual condition of generation of community facilities in New Towns under the land readjustment enterprise project which has high possibility of natural development, and to suggest predicting method. In this study, the following are made clear; 1) Facilities tend to locate in the neighborhood commercial districts and around main street or town center. However quite a number of tea rooms, cleaning shops, barber shops, beauty shops, etc. distribute in the residential area. 2) Through the analysis using the theory of quantification 1, it is shown that Land use factor has greatest influence on generation of community facilities. 3) As the results of the case study in S New Town, it is shown that there is a possibilily that community facilities generate not only in the sub center on its neighborhood centers, but also in the reserved area and along the main streets which connect center and residential areas. That is to say, in the block planning of community facilities it is important to keep room for the natural development other than the sub centers and neighborhood centers.
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MINORU KANNO, KAZUO KAKEHI, TOSHIYUKI HONMA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 407 Pages
107-117
Published: January 30, 1990
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This paper aimed to classify the life status of the aged by their health and living conditions and to elucidate the demands of comprehensive services (including medical, welfare and residential services) in each classified groups. The data had been obtained from the investigation of the aged at home in Sendai, April 1987. The results of this study are summarized as follow ; 1.Independent the Aged Lives Alone (7.7 %): Living conditions (family, economy and residence) of this group are worst of other independent aged groups. As soon as they will become handicaped, they would be confronted with serious social problems. According to the analysis of the data, most of the aged of this group require conprehensive services. 2. Independent the Aged Lives with his/her Partner (20.3%) Most of this group have not problems almost and lead active lives as long as they are healthy. 3. Independent the Aged Lives together as three Generations (25.1 %): Most of this group lead stable lives by the supports of their children's couple & grandchildren. 4. Independent the Aged Lives together as two Generations (17.5%): A portion of this group lead unstable lives slightly, because they live only with their single son or daughter. 5. Semi-Independent the Aged (20.3 %): Among this group, especially the aged live alone have various living problems. But their almost demands of care services are latent. 6. Dependent Aged (5.8%): The rates of bed-confined aged are 2.11 percents and bed-confined aged more than six months are 1.73 percents. These values are almost corresponded with the aged survey by the Waifare Ministry in 1986. Whole of this group have care problems and require home care services.
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MOTOHIRO KAMATA, HIROSHI DOHI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 407 Pages
119-128
Published: January 30, 1990
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In this paper, we intend to make clear the social character of rurban villages as a part of a series of our studies of community planning. We call this character as 'Muragara' and hypothize that Muragara can be discribed by 2 factors. One is the factor of ristriction which can be measured by the situation of community union and social customs in the community. The other is the factor of development which can be measured by the variation of events or functions in the community. These 2 factors are related to the spirit of harmony. This spirit appear clearly, when new inhabitant come to live in the village. It can be measured by the correspondence of the existing residents to the new comers. We proved the relation between 2 factors and this spirit through the analysis of concrete actions in rurban villages. And furthermore, we indicated Muragara by the simple indexes. From the above, it is confirmed that Muragara works availably as the index to evaluate the acceptability of new inhabitants in rurban villages.
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SUSUMU HYUGA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 407 Pages
129-137
Published: January 30, 1990
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City of Kyoto, during the first half of the "Edo" period, expanded its urban area more rapidly than before. At this period, the already acomplished urban area also had re-developed, and also new urban areas were formed by having changed agricultural or barren fields into housing areas. As example, this study treats "OHTO" and "KAWARA" districts whose development had advanced by the impetus of "KAMOGAWA" new bank construction during "KANBUN" period (166-173), and has made investigations on the purpose of newly-urbanizing development of this area, and its procedure, its development subjects, etc.. As the result, I found the evidence of the presence of the specialists who practically engaged in the urbanizing development as agents of feudal lords. Also, I have made investigations on their profession as the specialist and their economical rewards. Then, having studied the constitution of one "CHO" which was formed by newly-urbanizing development, I made some reflections on the historical situation of newly-urbanized area in the urban constitution of the early modern period.
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IKUO HIRAYAMA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 407 Pages
139-146
Published: January 30, 1990
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Preface Chap.1. The history of the Ohoi-dono. 2.The organization of the Ohoi-dono. 3. The style of the Ohoi-dono. 4. The Ohoi-dono as the Crown Prince's Palace and the Imperial Palace. Conclusion
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MITSUTOSHI KURETANI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 407 Pages
147-161
Published: January 30, 1990
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II faut souligner le recit du voyage par Le Corbusier, c'est a dire, son attention a l'etude des folklores. Car, c'est cela qui constitue une science pour son architecture. Or, les natures mortes de Le Corbusier se transforme en reoresentation du corps humain en mil neuf cent trente et quelques. II est certain que ce motif orovient de ses voyages des annees 30. On peut trouver meme figure du corps humain dans ses sketches dessines aux voyages. Que signifie ce corps humain dans ses oeuvres? Dans le projet pour "Villa au bord de la mer"(1916), se trouve l'escalier caracteristique qui exprime un mouvement vif. Ce proiet montre son depart de 1'architecture moderne. Or, il nous faut remonter jusqu'a son voyage d'orient en 1911 pour trouver l'idee ,de mouvement vif du corps humain. D'ailleurs, les carnets de Le Corbusier dans ses voyages de 1929 a des annees 30 dessinent les hommes naturels la-bas. Ceux-la se montrent plein de sante en vivant a l'air. Le mouvement vif du corps s'unit aux hommes naturels dans ses peintures des annees 30 Ainsi, le corps humains se definit chez Le Corbusier. Le nu feminin dans sa peinture dite "Le nu feminin couche, bateau et coquillage (1932)" exprime l'existence du corps dans la Nature. Par le canal de ses voyages de 1929 a des annees 30, la force qui unit les natures mortes dans ses peintures se developpe' et se transforme en celle du corps humain. Les representations des mains de Le Corbusier se manifestent la. On peut indiquer une difference entre l'architecture des annees 20 et celle des annees 30. En supprimant la fenetre horizontale de l'allege des annees 20, Le Corbusier fait le pan de verre des annees 30. Ce signifie le orobleme de lumiere chez lui. Le voyage d'Amerique du Sud l'elucide. En un mot le corps humain avec les mains caracteristiques des annees 30 forme celui du Modulor (1946) dans le developpement de sa peinture et de son architecture.
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YASUSUKE ISHIKAWA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 407 Pages
163-171
Published: January 30, 1990
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Sebastiano Serlio, an architect and architectural theoretician in the period of Renaissance, wrote nine books on architecture. These books give us valuable acknowlegde on architecture in that age. His First Book deals with geometry and has a geometrical scheme in the last page of it. He explains it a method of constructing a "porta" in front of architecture in his text. R. Wittkower pointed out it a method of making ratios of 1:2, 1:3 schematically in his famous book on Renaissance architecture. It has been regarded as a method how to decide position of doorway in the facades of architecture. This paper clarifies that Serlio's scheme is not simply a method of constructing a doorway but also a method how to make a city-gate, castle gate and monumental gate and so on (as porta meant primarilly). It is also clarified that it is a fundamental diagram to make ratios that derive from ratios of 1:2, 1:3 and it presumed to be a method how to design facades of Serlio's architecture in this paper.
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NOBORU SUGINO
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 407 Pages
173-187
Published: January 30, 1990
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Except for some head temples, the main hall of Buddhist temples of the Zen sect in the Edo period inherited the style from the houjyo (the reseption hall) of Zen temples in the middle ages. The plan of this houjyo was consisted of the front veranda and 6 straw-matted rooms which were arranged in two lines and three rows. But in the case of the main hall of Sodo Zen sect, it had a style of its own. Since the Keityo era (1596-1615), it had already the unfloored passageway in front of the veranda to connect the priests' living quaters and the hall for religious meditation, adding 2 rooms to 6 rooms at at its right hand, moreover it had two columns with masugumi (bracketings) on the front of the sanctuary since then. On and after the Keian era (1648-52), it has come to put two columns (i.e. the raigoubasira) with masugumi and the altar (i. e. the syumidan) in the center of sanctuary to lay the principal image. It has solemnly decorated the sanctuary and its front room with masugumi, and in some case the decorated beams have been used over the unfloored passageway and the front veranda.
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Article type: Appendix
1990 Volume 407 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1990 Volume 407 Pages
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