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Article type: Cover
1990 Volume 411 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1990 Volume 411 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1990 Volume 411 Pages
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Article type: Index
1990 Volume 411 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1990 Volume 411 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1990 Volume 411 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1990 Volume 411 Pages
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Hirotoshi YODA, Toshio OJIMA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 411 Pages
1-8
Published: May 30, 1990
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In Tokyo Ward area, 137 refuge bases are designated for urban disaster prevention. Though refuge bases that have effective area of less than two square meters for each refugee or distant refuge bases are exist, shown in Fig.2(a) and Fig.2(b). This paper describes methods of finding open spaces which are possible to be refuge bases in Tokyo Ward area by using TM (Thematic Mapper) data taken on November 4, 1984 acquired from LANDSAT-5. The process of estimating an effective area is shown as follows : STEP 1 : decide the constituent element of the effective area (trees, grass land, lawn land, bare land, concrete pavement and high-rise building which occupies a refuge base more than 15 %). STEP 2 : estimate the percentage of an effective area using percentage of land-cover categories construct an effective area, percentage of low-rise bldg. area within 100 m in circumference, sum of percentage of high-rise bldg. area, middle-rise bldg. area and water, on the boundaries. STEP 3 : calculate an effective area As a result, the following equation can be constructed : Y=0.16 X_1-1.49 X_2-0.19 X_3+85.69 where : Y=estimated percentage of an effective area -% X_1=percentage of land-cover categories construct an effective area -% X_2=percentage of low-rise bldg. area within 100 m in circumference -% X_3=sum of percentage of high-rise bldg. area, middle-rise bldg. area and water, on the boundaries -% We select newly site proposed for refuge bases (Fig.11). The results show that possibility and effectiveness using remote sensing as one of the data base for urban disaster prevention.
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Atsuo NOZAKI, Susumu YOSHIZAWA, Hiromi KOMINE
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 411 Pages
9-16
Published: May 30, 1990
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It is important ot clarify the air pollutant emission rates from the appliances in residences in order to protect indoor air from polluting. Traditionally, the unvented portable kerosene heaters have been one of the most popular heaters in Japan. These unvented kerosene fired space heaters, as well known, produce accumulation of contaminants indoors, of which concentration depends on the room's ventilation characteristics as well as the appliance'. Especially the emission rates from the devices have the characteristics that change in the residence with low ventilation rate where slight decrease of oxygen concentration is caused by usage of combustion appliances in a room itself. We conducted laboratory tests on their air pollutant's emission rates under lower or higher ventilation rates to determine the relationships between indoor concentration of oxygen and the emission rates of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide from two popular types of heaters in Japan. One type is of radiant kerosene space heater, the other is of kerosene fueled "fan heater" which are widely utilized in throughout Japan. We found that, with O_2 depression, CO generation rate gradually increased and NO_x generation gradually decreased.
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Takashi OONO
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 411 Pages
17-23
Published: May 30, 1990
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Size and layout of structural members of Japanese wooden houses are usually decided by a carpenter or builder. But there are few design data and standards available to assist with these decision. The author got their methods of size selection and layout of structural members. Through these surveys, considerations in this paper are as follows : 1. One or two typical sizes are gained every span. 2. At most,it forms 60 or 70 % that the actual size is the same as the typical size. 3. Many opinions are that a round timber is stronger than a square timber for its size. 4. A layout of beam and girder is determined by the upper and under rooms, but a layout of roof is determined by the building outline.
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Takashi YOKOTA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 411 Pages
25-34
Published: May 30, 1990
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The purpose of this study is to clarify the utility of the multiobjective-location-system with multi-criteria approach through the application to location planning of hospitals in K-city. This paper comprises these items. I. The development of location-system with multiobjective approach. II. The analysis of medical situation in K-city III. The study of location planning of hospitals in 2001. The results of this study are as follows. (1) The utility of the location-system developed is showed. (2) From the analysis of medical situation in K-city, the gravitation of hospitals toward urban district, the increase of patients in the future and the fitness of huff-model to selective behavior of hospital patients are pointed out. (3) The values of five-criteria adopted indicates the low of the servise standard in the future without improving the location of medical facilities. (4) The problems which arise in the case of the location planning with single criteion are pointed out from the results of case-study. (5) The study of location planning with multiobjective-system showed that at least two hospitals need to satisy the limits of the five-criteria for the resons of the present unfair distribution of hospitals and population. (6) The analysis of location planning with any number of beds shows that this system can obtaion the information for scale planning. From these results, the avairability of multiobjective approach toword location planning of community facilities is made clear.
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Atsuo KAKEHI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 411 Pages
35-44
Published: May 30, 1990
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The first objective of this study is to grasp of actual situation about bed spacing in general hospital wards. The second objective is to analyze inpatients' evaluation on the bed spacing. The third objective is to find out some relationship between the bedside environment and inpatients' evaluation on the bed spacing by means of FACTOR ANALYSIS. The results of the analysis are abstracted as follows ; 1) In general hospital wards, most of the distance from a bed to next (<A-DISTANCE>) are under 90cm. 2) The depth of each bed room does not affect <A-DISTANCE>, but greatly affects the distance from a bed to wall/window (<B-DISTANCE>). 3) Most of all inpatients judged that <A-DISTANCE> to next bed is "near", the bedside area of their own is "narrow", and the volume of the bed room is "small". 4) The bed room's floor area per one bed is larger in 2 beds room than in 4 or 6 beds room, but the inpatients judged that the bedside area of their own is narrower in 2 beds room than in 4 or 6 beds rooms. 5) As the result of FACTOR ANALYSIS, 3 main factors which concerned with inpatients' evaluation about bed room were found. The first factor can be interpreted as WARM, and is influenced by the quality of environment of a bed room. The second can be interpreted as SIZE, and is influenced by the unit floor area per one bed. The third can be interpreted as QUIETNESS and influenced by the number of beds in a room.
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Yoshirou YUDA, Kazuo KAKEHI, Minoru KANNO, Tatsuya MINOSHITA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 411 Pages
45-56
Published: May 30, 1990
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The purpose of this study is to make clear the basic relation between the care helper's estimation of inconvenient-degrees referred to residential space and life abilities-levels of the physically handicapped. The results of this study are summarized as follows ; 1) We classified the physical conditions of the physically handicapped into "Five Types" by their transfer-abilities & care-levels. It was appeared some differences in ratio of inconvenient-degrees, but it was common that they are put to inconvenience in "Sanitary-Spaces" and "Transfer-Spaces". Especially, inconvenience in "Room-Spaces" was appeared in the type of "Whole-Care-Type". 2) In existence of enlargement & rebuilding houses, the ratio of that rebuild the physically handicapped children rooms are at a high rate in the types of "Independent-Transfer-Type" & "Whole-Care-Type". The case of rebuilding "Sanitary-Spaces" was appeared in "Untransferable Type", and the case of rebuilding "Transfer-Spaces" is at a low rate on the whole. 3) The "Sleeping-Room" for the physically handicapped must be considered to be able to sleep alone in the case of over 12 years old. And it is necessary to secure the number of rooms because of their brothers and sisters possess their private rooms. The reason of sleeping together with someone is to help and care the physically handicapped easily. In order to release the inconvience in the area of "8 tatami size room", it is necessary that must be kept the numbers of sleeping together, and the numbers of sleeping room must be increased in order to secure separated sleeping. 4) 2.5 square meters at the lowest are necessary in order to release inconvenience in "Washing-Area" of bath room where inconvenience are concentrated most of all, and above 2.8 square meters are necessary for the "Untransferable Type" & "Wanted Care Type". In the type of lavatories, "TYOKUNYU-Western-Type" that the inconvenience-degrees become lower in size 90 cm × 110 cm, is available.
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Yasuhiro SAKURAI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 411 Pages
57-68
Published: May 30, 1990
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This paper aimes firstly to clear the space zoning of community assembly facilities in nationwide 371 areas in Japan, from the viewpoint of continuity and divisibility in architectural space zoning. And secondly this paper aimes to clear the relation between space zoning and room composition, total floor area and their plotting unit. The essentials in this paper are as follows ; (1) Space zoning of community assembly facilities is typified in 4 types shown by fig. 1. Type 1 : non-divisioned Type 2 : continued Type 3 : semi-divisioned Type 4 : divisioned (2) Shifting from small total floor area to large and from lower plotting unit to upper, space zoning shifts from type 1 to type 2 and next to type 3 and type 4. (3) In type 3 and type 4, the division type is typified in 4 types (A, B, C, D) shown by table 4.
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Hiroshi ORYU, Tetsuzo MIYAZAWA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 411 Pages
69-76
Published: May 30, 1990
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This paper, following the previous paper No.1 and No.2, reports the characteristics of "Central Settlement" in rural area through the investigation of volume on inhabitants' behavior. There are several types of "Central Settlement" in rural area such as central place of town area, "Kyuson" area or "Ooaza" area. In this paper, "Central settlement" means the central place in "Kyuson" district. The study is based on inhabitants' questionary, which had been conducted on "Tochigi-shi" and "Ryozen-cho" in 1982 and 1985. The main results are Follows : 1) The growing volume of inhabitants' behavior is approximately constant. 2) The circulating volume of inhabitants' behavior in Kyuson district is different by district's character. 3) There is little traveling volume of inhabitants' behavior among Kyuson districts except for concentration to town center. 4) Circulating volume of inhabitants' behavior is large in neighboring Kyuson district to town center and small in distant Kyuson district. 5) Both of old age and young generation's circulating volume are smaller than the mean volume of circulating volume. Old age generation's circulating volume caused by staying at own settlement and young age generation's one caused by flowing out to outside district. 6) There are 2 types of Kyuson district according the concentrating state of behavior, one is having single central settlement, the other is having plural central settlements. 7) The circulating volume of behavior is make up of 5 groups, "group buying", "group communication", "group sport and recreation", "group meeting" and "others", and the ratio of volume is approximately as follows ; "group buying" : "group communication" : "group sport and recreation" : "group meeting" =17:6:4:1〜15:5:6:1 8) The most influenced behavior to concentrating state to central settlement is "group buying". 9) Central settlement can be classified 3 types according to the state of concentration, single function, complex function and composite function.
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Mitsuhiko KAWAKAMI, Shigeki MATSUI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 411 Pages
77-87
Published: May 30, 1990
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In Japan the housing supply planning has been determined to achieve the two kinds of housing standard prescribed in the planning from the third one. The lower goal of them has ever been hardly achieved because the actual program of housing supply does not necessarily connected with housing standard movement of households. In this study a planning model is formulated for supporting the achievement of housing standard level by goal programming using the Descriptive Model of household movement, which has been formulated in the previous study by the authors and can describe household movement caused by new housing supply in a region. As a result of this study the following remarks are concluded ; The model, which can describe housing standard of households, is developed by reforming the previous model. It can be used for predicting the housing standard level of households at the end of planning term and its descriptive ability is fairly good according to the applied result in Ishikawa Prefecture. The Goal Programming Model is also formulated using this descriptive model. The optimum numbers of new housing supply by housing types can be gained by using this model. Through its analysis of the results useful informations can be obtained for the housing supply planning in a region.
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Shigeru WAKAYAMA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 411 Pages
89-95
Published: May 30, 1990
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We extract the words of architectural space from MAKURANOSOUSI, classify and concider them by architectural and contextual element. In MAKURANOSOUSI, the space esthetics of the KOUKYUU womans in the HEIAN dynasty are expressed. And MAKURANOSOUSI is regarded as the original text of good taste in Japanese culture. As the result of this analyzing, we collect architectural space in MAKURANOSOUSI as follows. (1) KYUUTEI as a city of the theater (2) TATEGU, KAGU, KURUMA as a stage setting (3) esthetics of taste and circumstances (4) emotion from "OKASI" to "AWARE"
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Ryuichi ITO
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 411 Pages
97-105
Published: May 30, 1990
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The Tokugawa Shyogunate constructed buildings richly decorated with carves. In many cases, the carvers engaged in constructing the buildings of the Tokugawa Shougunate. This study deals with the carvers who belonged to the Tokugawa Shogunate by analizing the materials concerning the construction. The major clarified factors are written as following. The earliest example of a construction which carvers were engaged in was the construction of Nikko-Tosyogu shrine in 13th years of Kanei period (1636). They worked under the master-carpenter, named Koura Bungo. The master-carver, who directed the carvers appeared first at the renovation of Nikko-Tosyogu shrine in 3rd years of Genroku (1690). The master-carvers were through out the Edo era. Two families named Izumi and Takamatsu were in the position as the master-carver.
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Takako YOSHIDA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 411 Pages
107-114
Published: May 30, 1990
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This paper is a part of my study on the carpenter parties Omi-Country during the Edo era. In the east of the Omi-Country, there were five different carpenter parties : Kanzaki, Gamo, Yasu, Kurita and Koga county party. These county parties were different on some points, such as the number of the carpenter in the party, the sphere of their influence in the county area, and how much they prospered. Under these conditions, the management pattern of the parties was transformed into the three types : of-county party type (kanzakigun-party and Yasugun-party), county neighbourhood party type (Gamogun-Party) andin-county party type (Kuritagun-Party was divided into kuritakita-party and kuritaminami-party. Kogagun-party was divided into Bodaiji-party, Yamakita-party, Yamaminami-party, Kashiwagi-party and Soma-party).
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Ryuji KURODA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 411 Pages
115-122
Published: May 30, 1990
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"Higan-sho" were very important establishments for Hie-sha Shrine in the medieval ages. However their function is unclear to us now. This paper attempts to clarify their function and character. (1) "Higan-sho" were administrated by priests (so called "Higan-shu") of Enryaku-ji Temple. (2) There were many manors serving "Higan-sho" and "Higan-e" (the Buddhist ceremony held in spring and autumn) (3) The president of Tendai-shu stayed at "Omiya Higan-sho" whenever he came to Hie-sha Shrine. (4) Fundamentally the purpose of "Higan-sho" was to be used for "Higan-e". This paper will hypothesize what kind of ceremonies were held during "Higan-e".
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Koichi IIBUCHI
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 411 Pages
123-129
Published: May 30, 1990
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Preface Chap 1 The way to interpret the direction which is in examples of the interdiction of direction by Taihaku-shin Chap 2 The territory of the interdiction of direction by Taihaku-shin. Ending
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Osamu OBA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 411 Pages
131-146
Published: May 30, 1990
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In this study I have explained the features of the form of the castle town, investigating Sasayama castle town in the Edo period, as an example I considered the conditions of the castle towns in the middle of the Edo period by using some allotmented grounds. A summery of this study is given below. 1) There were many areas of town houses with the narrow fronts of the former half of the Edo period. This condition was basically taken over after the middle of the Edo period. Consequently, I think that there were many town houses with the narrow fronts in the former half of Edo period and that they were conspicious in townscape. 2) I understood there are the side gabled town houses and front gabled town houses in Sasayama castle towns in the middle of the Edo period. 3) I suspect the arrangements of rooms were mainly forming a line with three or four rooms in the front gabled town houses. On the other hand, in the side gabled town houses, there were different types of large and small houses. 4) Simultaneously, I can confirm that there were town houses with the projecting ZASIKI which were called the CHUMON. 5) In addition, I understand the CHUMON was the form of town house which was common to the farm house, town house, and Samurai houses. 6) As the form of the side gabled town houses have many structural similarities with that of the front gabled town houses, I can guess both original forms of town houses are the same. 7) From this point, I suspect the original form of both types of town houses is the front gabled type, so I can point out the possibility that the side gabled town houses were derived from the front gabled town houses. From these results, I can say that this town has the important historical town houses which hand down aspects of castle town houses from the Edo period to these days, and I hope various measures will be taken in order to preserve these town houses.
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Rihee GOSHIMA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 411 Pages
147-164
Published: May 30, 1990
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This study employs the grid method to examine the design procedure used in the Temple of Parthenon (built 447-432 B.C). The grid method is a new point of view : it has recently been applied in analyzing the design by J. J. Coulton, R. Tobin and K. Horiuchi. This study started by regarding the grid in round number 15 doric feet proposed by Horiuchi as a 1st plan grid (7×15 units) and the grid in intercolumnar units proposed by Coulton as a 2nd plan grid (8×18 units, each unit measures 13 1/8 doric feet). Both grids were also employed to analyze the facade design.
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Takeshi SAGA
Article type: Article
1990 Volume 411 Pages
165-176
Published: May 30, 1990
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In order to clarify the preventive method of big fire in a built-up area of wooden houses, it is important to discuss the estimative method of temperature fields on the fire gas flow and the general behavior of the flame on big fire. This paper purposes to obtain a method of estimating the temperature distribution of fire gas on big fire. The author has considered fire spread and burning behavior on big fire, attempted to assume a belt-shaped heat source as the experimental model of burning area. The similarity theory in the case of the thermal convection from a belt-shaped heat source is derived by determining a few parameters appearing in this model. The experimental studies in the thermal convection from a line heat source was already performed by S. Yokoi. The author has first begun to try the approximate solution in the case of a line heat source, and attempted to compare the results with Yokoi's case (transverse excess temperature and velocity distributions). The results of calculation fitted better to the Yokoi's equation. A mathematical model on the turbulent diffusion flames from a belt-shaped heat source was derived by a few parameters based on similarity analysis considered in the case of the approximate solution. In order to examine the theory considered in this paper, measurements of temperature and velocity were performed in a tunnel placed a belt-shaped vessel for burning alcohol. The measured temperature and velocity distribution was satisfied with the validity of the theory considered in this paper.
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Article type: Appendix
1990 Volume 411 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1990 Volume 411 Pages
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