Analytical Sciences
Online ISSN : 1348-2246
Print ISSN : 0910-6340
ISSN-L : 0910-6340
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Volume 31, Issue 4
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
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Reviews
  • New Targets of Molecular Imaging in Atherosclerosis: Prehension of Current Status
    Sung-Jin PARK, Jun-Young KIM, Chai Lean TEOH, Nam-Young KANG, Young-Ta ...
    Article type: Reviews
    2015 Volume 31 Issue 4 Pages 245-255
    Published: April 10, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2015
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.31.245
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which immune mechanisms interact with diverse metabolic risk factors to initiate, propagate and activate lesions in the arterial wall. This process starts and evolves in response to cholesterol accumulation in arterial intima of the large and medium arteries. A number of modalities for inflammatory imaging in the arterial wall are currently in the stages of pre-clinical and clinical development. However, the identification of new targets that are linked to atherosclerosis to allow for dynamic ranges of diagnosis and prognosis still remains a challenge. In this review, we summarize the current status of atherosclerosis imaging aimed at macrophage-related, direct macrophage and non-macrophage as target molecules during different stages of atherogenesis. We also present activated macrophage, biofilm and amyloid fibrils as possible new targets for the development of non-invasive imaging probes to assess atherosclerosis.
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  • Evaluation of Enzymatic Activities in Living Systems with Small-molecular Fluorescent Substrate Probes
    Toru KOMATSU, Yasuteru URANO
    Article type: Reviews
    2015 Volume 31 Issue 4 Pages 257-265
    Published: April 10, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2015
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.31.257
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    In this review, we aim to present an overview of how small-molecular fluorescent substrate probes for studying enzymatic functions are developed and how they are used in biological applications, under the following four headings: (1) History of Visual Detection of Enzymatic Activities, (2) Strategies to Design Fluorescent Substrate Probes to Measure Enzymatic Activities, (3) Development of Fluorescent Substrate Probes Suitable for Biological Studies, and (4) Biological Applications of Fluorescent Substrate Probes for Studying Enzymes.
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  • Fluorescent Protein-based Biosensors to Visualize Signal Transduction beneath the Plasma Membrane
    Yoichiro FUJIOKA, Asuka NANBO, Shin-ya NISHIDE, Yusuke OHBA
    Article type: Reviews
    2015 Volume 31 Issue 4 Pages 267-274
    Published: April 10, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2015
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.31.267
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    In response to extracellular stimuli, cells display a variety of behaviors, including proliferation, differentiation, morphological changes and migration. The analysis of the spatiotemporal regulation of signal transduction in living cells is needed for a better understanding of such behaviors, and such investigations have been greatly accelerated by the development of fluorescent protein-based biosensors. Currently, by using these biosensors a range of molecular actions, including lipid metabolism, protein activation, and ion dynamics, can be visualized in living cells. We recently reported that intracellular calcium, with its relevant downstream signaling pathways consisting of the small GTPase Ras and the lipid kinase phoshoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), can be exploited in an efficient incorporation of influenza A viruses into host cells via endocytosis using a set of biosensors based on fluorescent proteins and the principle of Förster resonance energy transfer. Here, we focus this review on fluorescent protein-based biosensors that have been utilized in our recent research reports.
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  • Sensing of Intracellular Environments by Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of Exogenous Fluorophores
    Takakazu NAKABAYASHI, Nobuhiro OHTA
    Article type: Reviews
    2015 Volume 31 Issue 4 Pages 275-285
    Published: April 10, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2015
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.31.275
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    Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) has been recognized as a powerful microscopy technique to examine environments in living systems. The fluorescence lifetime does not depend on the photobleaching and optical conditions, which allows us to obtain quantitative information on intracellular environments by analyzing the fluorescence lifetime. A variety of exogenous fluorophores have been applied in FLIM measurements to examine cellular processes. Information on the correlation between the fluorescence lifetime and the physiological parameters is essential to elucidate the cellular environments from the fluorescence lifetime measurements of exogenous fluorophores. In this review, exogenous fluorophores used for lifetime-based sensing are summarized, with the expectation that it becomes a basis for selecting the fluorophore used to investigate the intracellular environment with FLIM. Experimental results of the intracellular sensing of pH, metal ions, oxygen, viscosity, and other physiological parameters on the basis of the FLIM measurements are described along with a brief explanation of the mechanism of the change in the fluorescence lifetime.
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  • Chemical Tools for Probing Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Activity
    Masafumi MINOSHIMA, Kazuya KIKUCHI
    Article type: Reviews
    2015 Volume 31 Issue 4 Pages 287-292
    Published: April 10, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2015
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.31.287
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    Histone deacetylases (HDACs) enzymes are responsible for removing epigenetic markers on histone proteins, which results in chromatin inactivation and gene repression. An evaluation of HDAC activity is essential for not only determining the physiological function of HDACs, but also for developing HDAC-targeting drugs. This review focuses on the chemical tools used to detect HDAC activity. We highlight activity-based probes and positron emission tomography probes based on the chemical structure of the inhibitors. We also summarize fluorogenic probes used in single-step methods for HDAC detection. These fluorogenic probes are designed based on the nucleophilicity of the amino group, aggregation via electrostatic interactions, and changes in the DNA binding properties. These fluorogenic systems may enable facile and rapid screening to evaluate HDAC inhibitors, which will contribute to the development of epigenetic drugs.
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  • An Efficient Method is Required to Transfect Non-dividing Cells with Genetically Encoded Optical Probes for Molecular Imaging
    Muhammad AWAIS, Svetlana G VORONINA, Robert SUTTON
    Article type: Reviews
    2015 Volume 31 Issue 4 Pages 293-298
    Published: April 10, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2015
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.31.293
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    Genetically encoded fluorescent and bioluminescent reporters are now widely used for imaging and understanding of intracellular signaling in response to extracellular stimuli in real time in single living cells. Primary cultures are a valuable tool, and are often preferred over transformed or immortalized cell lines, since they are biologically more relevant and important in biomedical research and therapeutic development. To incorporate genetically encoded reporters into the primary culture of non-dividing cells, such as mouse or human pancreatic acinar cells, is not an easy task. This short review discusses the different methods available to transfect cell lines and primary cultures while especially focusing on pancreatic acinar cells with genetically encoded optical reporters to advance knowledge of the pathophysiology of pancreatitis
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Original Papers
  • Multimodal Imaging of Living Cells with Multiplex Coherent Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (CARS), Third-order Sum Frequency Generation (TSFG) and Two-photon Excitation Fluorescence (TPEF) Using a Nanosecond White-light Laser Source
    Hiroki SEGAWA, Masanari OKUNO, Philippe LEPROUX, Vincent COUDERC, Take ...
    Article type: Original Papers
    2015 Volume 31 Issue 4 Pages 299-305
    Published: April 10, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2015
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.31.299
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    The subnanosecond “white-light laser” source has been applied to multimodal, multiphoton, and multiplex spectroscopic imaging (M3 spectroscopic imaging) with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), third-order sum frequency generation (TSFG), and two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF). As the proof-of-principle experiment, we performed simultaneous imaging of polystyrene beads with TSFG and TPEF. This technique is then applied to live cell imaging. Mouse L929 fibroblastic cells are clearly visualized by CARS, TSFG, and TPEF processes. M3 spectroscopic imaging provides various and unique cellular information with different image contrast based on each multiphoton process.
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  • Multi-point Scanning Two-photon Excitation Microscopy by Utilizing a High-peak-power 1042-nm Laser
    Kohei OTOMO, Terumasa HIBI, Takashi MURATA, Hirotaka WATANABE, Ryosuke ...
    Article type: Original Papers
    2015 Volume 31 Issue 4 Pages 307-313
    Published: April 10, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2015
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.31.307
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Supplementary material
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    The temporal resolution of a two-photon excitation laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) system is limited by the excitation laser beam’s scanning speed. To improve the temporal resolution, the TPLSM system is equipped with a spinning-disk confocal scanning unit. However, the insufficient energy of a conventional Ti:sapphire laser source restricts the field of view (FOV) for TPLSM images to a narrow region. Therefore, we introduced a high-peak-power Yb-based laser in order to enlarge the FOV. This system provided three-dimensional imaging of a sufficiently deep and wide region of fixed mouse brain slices, clear four-dimensional imaging of actin dynamics in live mammalian cells and microtubule dynamics during mitosis and cytokinesis in live plant cells.
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  • Fluorescence Imaging of siRNA Delivery by Peptide Nucleic Acid-based Probe
    Takaya SATO, Yusuke SATO, Kenta IWAI, Shusuke KUGE, Norio TERAMAE, Sei ...
    Article type: Original Papers
    2015 Volume 31 Issue 4 Pages 315-320
    Published: April 10, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2015
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.31.315
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Supplementary material
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    We report on the use of a peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-based fluorescent probe for the analysis of siRNA delivery to living cells. The probe, Py-AA-TO, possesses thiazole orange (TO) and pyrene moieties in the C- and N-termini of PNA, and can function as a light-up probe capable of selective binding to 3′-overhanging nucleotides of target siRNAs. The affinity-labeling of the siRNAs with Py-AA-TO facilitates fluorescence imaging of cellular uptake of polymer-based carriers encapsulating the siRNAs (polyplexes) through endocytosis and subsequent sequestration into lysosome. In addition, flow cytometric measurements reveal that the monitoring of Py-AA-TO fluorescence inside the cells is successfully applicable to the analysis of the polyplex disassembly. These promising functions of Py-AA-TO are presented and discussed as a basis for the design of molecular probes for fluorescent imaging and quantitative analysis of the siRNA delivery process.
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  • An Enzyme-entrapped Agarose Gel for Visualization of Ischemia-induced L-Glutamate Fluxes in Hippocampal Slices in a Flow System
    Kazuhisa TANAKA, Atushi SHOJI, Masao SUGAWARA
    Article type: Original Papers
    2015 Volume 31 Issue 4 Pages 321-325
    Published: April 10, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2015
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.31.321
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Supplementary material
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    An agarose gel slip containing L-glutamate oxidase (GluOx), horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and a dye DA-64 is proposed as a tool for visualizing ischemia-induced L-glutamate release in hippocampal slices in a flow system. The agarose slip with a detection limit of 6.0 ± 0.8 μmol L−1 for L-glutamate enabled us to visualize L-glutamate fluxes in a flow system. The leak of a dye from the agarose gel was negligible and a diffusion blur due to spreading of Bindshedler’s Green (BG) within the gel was suppressed. Monitoring the time-dependent change of ischemia-induced L-glutamate fluxes at neuronal regions CA1, DG and CA3 of hippocampal slices is demonstrated.
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