This study examines how the Judo referees and judges can arrive at different scoring conclusions in Judo matches. The Judo matches were refereed using two different methods: simultaneous and present refereeing. This study compared the ‘throwing technique’ evaluations, made by the referee and the judges, under the different refereeing conditions. Using this comparative method, we hoped to clarify how referees and judges express differing opinions for 'throwing technique' eval uations. The discussion section in the present article reveals the following findings
1. The incidence of differing opinions for ‘throwing technique’ evaluations was higher in simultaneous refereeing, compared with present refereeing. This was in part due to the privilege of the referee in present refereeing, who makes the final call if there are differing opinions between a referee and a judge. However, the incidence of differing opinions for ‘throwing technique’ evaluations cannot be completely eliminated, due to the nature of judo refereeing, using the present method or otherwise to referee. A refereeing method that incorporates the gathering of different opinions for ‘throwing technique’ evaluations, during a match, and that allows referees and judges to quickly reach an agreement about the ‘throwing technique’ scoring outcome by conference, is required.
2. When matches were officiated by less skilled referees and judges, the incidence of differing opinions for ‘throwing technique’ evaluations tended to increase, and furthermore, the incidence of differing opinions for ‘throwing technique’ evaluations was particularly high for high-scoring throwing techniques; namely, “Ippon”, “Waza-Ari” and “Yuko”. However, this issue could not be proven from the present results.
3. Most of the differing opinions for ‘throwing technique’ evaluations were caused when evaluating two consecutive techniques with different outcomes, such as, “Ippon/Waza-Ari”, “Waza-Ari/Yuko”, “Yuko/Koka”, and “Koka/No Score”. The incidence of differing opinions for ‘throwing technique’ evaluations was the highest for “Koka/No Score” and lowest for “Others”. Based on the above findings, differing opinions for ‘throwing technique’ evaluations could be divided into groups according to whether or not the scoring outcomes can be clearly differentiated. The same throwing technique can appear to be quite different, depending on the viewing position and angle, thus be the cause for the scoring evaluations to differ. To the best of our knowledge, no scientific study has examined the relationship between scoring opinions and the position and angle from which throwing techniques are viewed. To elucidate the factors involved in differing opinions of the scoring values for throwing techniques, relative to the viewing angle of referees and judges, is important to ensure the correct outcome of Judo matches.
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