牧口常三郎『人生地理学』(1903年初版,1908年訂正増補8版)は,当時の非アカデミズム地理学徒に歓迎され高い評価を受けたが,アカデミズム地理学の形成者たちには1970年代前半ごろまで無視ないし軽視されてきた。しかし本書は,環境論的な立場からの地人関係の考察が優れているだけでなく,分布論・立地論による経済地理学的・社会地理学的・政治地理学的な分析に先駆的かつ現代的な意義が認められる。なかでも,チューネン圏を最も早く地理学研究に導入した点が注目される。ただし牧口は,それを原典に忠実に導入することはせず,現実社会への適用および有効性を考慮しつつ吸収しようとした。この応用や実践への志向,および実学的な傾向が彼の学風の特徴であった。アカデミズム地理学者のなかで牧口に最も近い存在は,在野的な人文地理学者で,しかも「郷土会」の活動を共に行った小田内通敏であったと考えられる。しかし小田内でさえ,なぜか牧口とその著書について論及することがなかった。それは,前アカデミズム地理学の成果がアカデミズム地理学にあまり継承されなかったということを示唆していると考えられる。

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It is possible to find out about the rice crops in lean years by studying the reductions in land taxes. In this paper, the auther focuses on land taxes as indices of the crops and elucidates the distribution of the reductions in land taxes in Kyushu, Chugoku and Shikoku district where there were regions severely hit by planthopper damage. The Shogunate government granted loans to feudal lords whose land tax in Kyoho 17 (1732) was less than half of their normal land tax. In Kyushu, Chugoku and Shikoku, loans were granted to all independent clans located within the following boundaries; the southern boundary lay on the south of the Takanabe and Hitoyoshi Clans, and the eastern lay to the east of the Mori and Tosa Clans. With regard to the Chikugo Kurume Clan, Nakatsu Clan (Buzen Domain, Chikuzen Domain, Bingo Domain), Bungo Oka Clan and the lzumo Matsue Clan, clans and domains can be arranged as follows in order of the rate of reduction of their land taxes: Nakatsu Chikuzen Domain, Kurume Clan, Nakatsu Buzen Domain, Matsue Clan, Nakatsu Bingo Domain, Oka Clan. In the villages of the Karatsu Domain, the Fukuoka Domain, the Kokura Domain, the Buzen Domain of the Nakatsu Clan and the Bungo Domain of the Nobeoka Clan, the land taxes paid for the paddy fields dropped to less than 10% of the Harumendaka. There were, however, villages in the long, narrow valleys of the interior where the drop was small. In the Bungo Domain and the Buzen Domain, some villages paid no land taxes for their padday fields although the fall was small compared to villages on private lands. All the villages however, were entirely exempted from paying taxes for their plowed fields. As for the villages in Aki and Bingo in the San'yo belt, there was a great reduction in the land taxes of the Aki villages, marking a sharp contrast with those of Bingo. Among the villages of Bicchu, there were large drops in the land taxes paid by the Shogunate domains while there were little reductions in the land taxes paid by private domains. In the Shogunate domain of Mimasaka, the drop in the eastern part was smaller than that in the western. In the lzumo Matsue Clan and the Shogunate domain of Iwami in the San'in belt, though there were some villages which paid no land taxes for their paddy fields, the land taxes paid for the plowed fields were the same amount as the Jomen. The ratios of the land taxes for the paddy fields and plowed fields in the Hamada Clan are not clear, yet the reductions in their land taxes are almost the same as the overall reduction in the land taxes for both paddy fields and plowed fields in the Shogunate domain of Iwami. In the lyo Matsuyama Clan, priority was given to securing seed rice, which meant that they paid no land taxes. That which could be used as seed rice was presented as tax and compensation was granted instead by the clan in the form of soybeans. In the Ochigun Domain of the Imabari Clan, there were two groups with great reductions in land taxes among the 52 villages located in and around the Imabari plains. As for the villages of the lyo Saijo Domain situated on the Niihama plains, the reductions in their land taxes were extremely small.

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インド東海岸に見られる大型デルタの前縁が,最近数十年の間においても急速に前進してきた中で,マドラス北方のペンナ-デルタ前縁は,漸進的な発達しかなかった。これまで70年間におけるこのデルタの海岸線変化を各年次の地形図,空中写真,衛星写真,平板測量図で比較すると,直線的な海岸線の半分以上は,僅かの侵食あるいは停滞傾向にあって,約5.57km^2の土地が消失した。一方,ペンナ-河口と北方のイサカパレ近くの潟湖一帯では,砂嘴の形成,潟湖の埋積による約6.32km^2の土地の増加があった。差し引きこの期間には,僅か約0.75km^2の面積増加があったに過ぎない。恐らくはモンスーン期,乾期ともに顕著な沿岸流がないため堆積物がデルタ前縁に付加しにくいこと,また沖合いの狭い大陸棚での堆積作用も効率的でないことなどが,デルタ前縁の遅い前進に関係しているものと思われる。

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