筆者は,地理学とは「どういう所であるか」ということの記述と説明であり,それは多くの実用性を持っていて全ての人に興味ある学問であること,さらにこの知識なくしては,相互理解も問題解決もできないという考えである。さて場所の特性は自然的,人文的両特質に基づくことが多いが,両国を比較すると,自然には,国土の形,大きさ,位置,地質,地形もほぼ類似しているが,気候はその位置から日本がやや大陸的なのに対し,わが国は,より海洋的で,ぽぽ年中草木の成長を可能にしている。しかし,人文的には著しく異り日本では数千年来,人間が居住してきたが,わが国では,偶然渡来したポリネシア人以来千年にもならぬし,西洋人は到着以来150年にもならない。わが国の人口は少ないが国民1人当40〜50(羊単位)頭の家畜がいて,安価な土地で一般に粗放的経営を行ないヨーロパ市場で競争できている。一方日本は人口の著しい集中,急速な都市化,工業化で,わが国ではとうてい採算のあわぬ価格の耕地で食糧生産を行なっている現状である。ここに両国間の経済交流の基礎があり結局それは両国の地理的相違に由来する。日本は従来より多くの羊毛・チーズ・バター・マトン・ラムを輸入し,わが国は戦後国内で軽工業化したので戦前の繊維・雑貨類に代り発電機・放送機械設備・建築資材など重工業製品を輸入し,ことに最近5年間の発展はめざましい。かって貿易の70%を占めていたイギリスとの伝統的関係が今後20年の間には日本にとってかわられるであろう。残る問題は日本人の食生活の変化と国際政治,経済事情のみである。発展してきた経済のみならず諸方面での交流が障害により阻まれないことを願うとともに日本,オーストラリア,ニュージーランドは経済ブロックの発展により西太平洋経済圏の建設を考えざるをえないかもしれないと思われる。

抄録全体を表示

The Kojima Reclamation Area is one of the largest reclamation areas from the sea in the world. With the development of the reclamation since 16th century, Kojima Bay has been in size and has now turned to a fresh water lake covering only l,100 ha. Surprisingly a large rice farm was seen there on capitalist principles, and this stood in sharp contrast to peasant agriculture. Different types of reclamation operatlon and different degrees of preservation of the natural fertility of the reclaimed land are still vividly refiected in the productivity of crops and the landscape of villages. The purpose of this paper is to understand the role which Anthonie Thomas Lubertus Rouwenhorst Mulder (1845-1901) a Dutch engineer, played in the reclamation plan and the nature of the Fujita family who took the most important part in the reclamation enterprise. It is also aimed at making the plan and practice of reclamation clear and at pointing out some problems in this connection. Anthonie Thomas Lubertus Rouwenhorst Mulder was born in Leyden, the Netherlands, and educated at the technical college. Deelft. He was a specialist in hydraulics and harbour construction but not in agricaltural engineering. He was employed by the Government of Japan and stayed in Japan during the period from 1879 to 1890 ; and his contribution was marked The so-called Mulder plan for Kojima Bay had two aims: the improvement of traffic and transportation, and the reclamation. But only this was put into practice and is well known. The Fujita family, who acqired the right to reclaim the land covering 5,000 ha in Kojima Bay, was one of the typical zaibatsu. Baron (then Mr.) Denzaburo Fujita, the founder of the Fujita zaibatsu, was financed by the Mori family, ex-feudal lords of the choshu Province, by the good officed of Baron (then Mr.) Kaoru Inoue. The reclamation of the Kojima Bay was operated under the supervison of the Mori family for some years.

抄録全体を表示

The Tottori alluvial plain, which comprises the northeastern of Tottori prefecture, consists of the alluvial fans, the flood plains, the deltas and the coastal sand dunes. The microtopographical distribution of the alluvial plain is shown in Fig. l. The writer conducted an investigation of geomorphic surfaces and their deposits in order to understand the geomorphological history of this area. The results may be summerized as follows : l . The basement surface of the alluvial deposits is mapped in Fig. 3. The Kokubunji dissected fan can be traced to the surface of the basement of alluvial deposits and this dissection of Kokubunji fan was caused by regression after the alluvial maximum transgression. II. The process of changes of sedimentation of the alluvial deposits may be summed up as follows : I) In the maximum phase of the Wurm Ice Age, the trenchment of rivers on the surface of the buried river terrace was made. 2) Regression took place by 40meters below the present sea level. In this stage, the lower sand deposit was formed. 3) Rapid transgression took place, then the middle clay was deposited. 4) Retardation of transgression was seen by about 20 meters below the present sea level. Deposition of sand and gravel with clay was made, which is now seen in the middle of the geological profile. 5) In the process of the sequent rapid retrogression, the sea level witnessed a standstill, when the clay layer which is seen in the middle of the geological profile, was formed. 6) The sequent regression of small scale took place and then the upper layer of sand and gravel was formed, which comprises the present geomorphic surface.

抄録全体を表示

The purpose of this study is to understand what Japanese indentured emigrants were like: social and economic backgrounds of emigrants in their native villages, and also to comprehend Japan's international position in the later 19th century through the study of Japanese indentured emigrants. It was due to the decrease of Chinese indentured emigrants that Japanese indentured emigrants were suddenly demanded by sugar plantations in Hawaii. The first recruitment for indentured emigrants was undertaken in 1884. As many as about 28,OOO persons all over Japan applied for this recruitment, the volume of which was about 600. Three hundred labourers were sent from this Oshima Island and those from Kuga-son under discussion were numbered as many as 35. At present emigrants in Hawaii (including 2nd and 3rd generations) from this Oshima Island are roughly estimated at the figures between 1O,OOO and 15,OOO. Accordingly Oshima Island is often called the island of emigrants. Thus, Kuga-son, a part of Oshima Island, is one of the mother villages which sent many indentured emigrants. Kuga-son was selected as a sample area for intensive study of Japanese indentured emigration due to the following reasons: absolutely large number and ralatively high rate of indentured emigrants, achievement of indentured emigrants' success in agriculture; and richness in the documents of emigration. It is due to the fact that Duke K. Inoue. Minister of ministry of Foreign Affairs and Mr. T. Masuda, President of Mitsui Bussan company referred the area around Hiroshima Bay to Mr. R. W, Irwin, acting ministry, then councellor in charge of immigration, the Lagation of the Hawaii Kingdom in Japan. The results are as follows: Most emigrants came from the peasantry and were poor. It is indeed true that the poor comprised the larger part of applicants and the poor emigrated, but such case was only possible and true with the case that travel expenses were given as \vas seen in the early indentured emigration_ (1885 and' 86). They were young: in twenty and thirty agers. Most of emigrant's positions in their family were heads of family, the eldest sons and wives. Emigrants' religions were mainly Jyodo-Syu, one of the sects of Buddhism which application/s ones for emigration were largely Jyodo-Shinsyu, also one of the sects of Buddhism. About 40 percent of emigrants returned home immediately after the indenture period was expired. Coming back to their home villages, their livings were improved, paying debts off, buying farms and building houses. Many similarities were found in this selected area with Jigozen-son and Kuchida-son in Hiroshima prefecture. It is, however, evident that the ratio of men accompanied by wives to the total men was higher in this selected area in comparison with Jigozen-son and Kuchida-son in Hiroshima prefecture, papers of which were previous published by the present writer. Linkage between free and indenture emigrations from this island to Hawaii remains to be studied Social Geographic. characteristics of Japanese emigration will be better understood by comparative study of free emigrants from the Okinawa (Ryukyu) Islands which were initiated in a large scale from the turn of the 20th century.

抄録全体を表示