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Volume 28 (1963)
- Issue 5 Pages 243-
- Issue 4 Pages 187-
- Issue 3 Pages 101-
- Issue 2 Pages 61-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 28, Issue 4
Displaying 1-9 of 9 articles from this issue
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Toshikazu TANI1963 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 187-194
Published: September 25, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSExperiments were conducted, (1) to explain the behaviors of the macerating enzymes which are present in the soft rotted kaki fruit invaded by Gloeosporium kaki, and (2) to ascertain whether these enzymes are produced by the pathogen or the host.
Two kinds of the macerating enzymes, characteristic of a protein or a protein-like substance, were separated by zone electrophoresis from the softened fruits. Both enzymes were capable of macerating the disk of kaki fruit more readily than that of potato tuber. The maximum activities of them were found at pH range of 4.0∼5.0 and 4.5∼5.0, respectively. These revealed little to no activities on pectic solutions and caused no change in the O2 uptake of the kaki disks at an early stage of the incubation. These properties resemble those of “macerating enzyme” from Clostridium felsineum var. sikokianum.
The same enzymes as in the diseased fruit were also isolated from the healthy fruit. The experiments with the juices as well as the crude enzyme preparations indicated that no difference in the macerating behavior was recognizable between the diseased and the healthy fruits. Besides, the macerating enzymes found in the soft rotted fruits apparently differed from those in the cultural filtrate of G. kaki. These findings confirm the evidence that the softening of the fruit invaded by G. kaki are caused by the macerating enzymes from the host.View full abstractDownload PDF (926K) -
(VII) Effect of temperature upon the symptomYasuo TAHAMA1963 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 195-197
Published: September 25, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. Dwarf-diseased mulberry trees which had been infected by viruliferous leafhoppers in the previous year developed healthy leaves in April, but gradually showed symptom on new shoots from May to July, under natural conditions.
2. When diseased trees having healthy leaves in April were placed in a constant temperature chamber at 30±1°C, symptom developed in one to two weeks.
3. When diseased trees showing severe symptom were kept at 37±1°C, the symptom entirely disappeared from newly emerging leaves in one to two weeks.View full abstractDownload PDF (2959K) -
Tsuyoshi TAKAHASHI, Tokuzo HIRAI1963 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 198-200_1
Published: September 25, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: April 03, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe direct method of staining plant viruses with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled antibody was employed in an attempt to detect tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in infected tobacco leaf tissues. For obtaining a specific staining, conjugated TMV antiserum was separated from its mixing free dye by being absorbed twice in healthy tobacco tissue acetone powder and by passing it through a DEAE-cellulose column. The virus, that was stained specifically by this method, was recognized as exhibiting a yellow-green fluorescence.
TMV was distributed in epidermal, palisade and spongy tissues, and phloem of the infected leaves of tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum var. Bright Yellow). However, xylem did not contain any detectable amount of the virus. Epidermal strips showed a staining pattern consisting with the scattered fluorescence, which seemed to indicate that the reaction was only positive in the parenchymatous tissue adhering to epidermal tissues. This suggests that the conjugated TMV antiserum does not penetrate the intact cell wall.
In the leaves of N. glutinosa, which shows necrotic local lesions, TMV was concentrated in the site of necrosis, but not detected in the surrounding healthy tissues. Another effort to detect the presence of TMV was successfully made using tobacco seed whose surface was contaminated with TMV.View full abstractDownload PDF (4040K) -
II. Effects of carbon and nitrogen sources on multiplication of bacteriaMinoru WATANABE1963 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 201-208
Published: September 25, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNutritional physiology of Xanthomonas oryzae, the causal bacterium of the bacterial leaf blight of rice plants, has been studied with special reference to the carbon and nitrogen sources, in order to find out suitable synthetic medium for multiplication of this bacterium.
The constitution of the basal medium used was as follows: l-glutamic acid 2g, KH2PO4 2g, sucrose 20g, FeSO4⋅7H2O 0.01g, MgCl2⋅6H2O 1g, MnSO4⋅4H2O 0.01g, and one liter of distilled water.
The best carbon source was found to be sucrose, the most suitable concentration being 0.2∼1 per cent. Glucose (0.2∼1 per cent), mannose, galactose, maltose (1∼3 per cent), and succinic acid (1 per cent) were also found to be good carbon sources. It was observed that when sterilized by heating, the bacteria could not utilize fructose, but when sterilized by filtration without heating, fructose acts as a good carbon source.
This bacterium needs organic nitrogens for its multiplication. The best nitrogen source was 0.1 per cent of l-glutamic acid. The next was l-cystine, multiplication of the bacteria being about a half of that in medium added with 0.1 per cent l-glutamic acid. As a nitrogen source, dl-valine, l-leucine, dl-isoleucine, dl-β-phenylalanine, tyrosine, dl-methionine, l-arginine-HCl, l-asparagine, and (NH4)2HPO4 seemed to be unfavorable compared with l-glutamic acid and l-cystine. Multiplication of the bacteria was considerably accelerated by a combination of l-glutamic acid (0.1 per cent), l-cystine (0.05 per cent), and (NH4)2HPO4 (0.3 per cent).
From the above results, constitution of the most suitable synthetic medium for the bacteria was to be as follows: l-glutamic acid 1g, l-cystine 0.5g, (NH4)2HPO4 3g, KH2PO4 2g, sucrose 5g, FeSO4⋅7H2O 0.01g, MgCl2⋅6H2O 1g, MnSO4⋅4H2O 0.01g, and one liter of distilled water, pH 6.5∼7.0. However, the bacterial multiplication in this synthetic medium was still considerably inferior to that in the medium for the potato ring-rot bacteria. Further improvement of this medium is necessary in future.View full abstractDownload PDF (1127K) -
(2) Effect of cellocidin on growth, respiration, and glycolysis of Xanthomonas oryzaeYouichiro OKIMOTO, Tomomasa MISATO1963 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 209-215
Published: September 25, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of an antibiotic, cellocidin, on growth, respiration, and glucose catabolism of Xanthomonas oryzae were studied. Cellocidin was previously reported to be effective as a protectant bactericide against bacterial leaf blight of rice plant caused by X. oryzae.
1. The growth of X. oryzae in shaken liquid media was completely inhibited by cellocidin at a concentration of 4ppm, when the antibiotic was added 6 hours after inoculation, whereas the minimum growth inhibitory concentration of cellocidin against X. oryzae as assessed by the agar dilution streak method was 10ppm, as shown in the proceeding paper.
2. Cellocidin at a concentration of 10ppm inhibited about 50 per cent of endogenous respiration of resting cells of X. oryzae. Inhibition was still not complete at a concentration of 100ppm. Exogenous respiration of X. oryzae in the presence of glucose, gluconate, pyruvate, or acetate, as substrate was almost inhibited at a concentration of 10ppm, and completely inhibited at 100ppm. When succinate was used as substrate, inhibition was slight even at 100ppm.
3. The pathway of glucose utilization by X. oryzae and the effect of cellocidin on the pathway were studied by measuring lactic acid formation, oxygen uptake, and pyruvate formation by resting cells, or by cell free extracts obtained by sonic oscillation, of X. oryzae in the presence of various metabolic intermediates of EMP glycolytic system or 6-PG splitting system. The results suggested that X. oryzae passes two pathways, EMP pathway and 6-PG splitting system, for glucose utilization. Cellocidin at a concentration of 10-100ppm inhibited the EMP pathway, but not 6-PG splitting system.View full abstractDownload PDF (914K) -
The fungicidal activity of methyl bromide for Absidia sp. (fungus of moldy rice grains)Morio MATSUNO, Shoji YANAI1963 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 216-220
Published: September 25, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFungicidal properties of methyl bromide was studied with spores of Absidia sp., the fungus of moldy rice grains.
Spore mortality was assessed under microscope in most cases, but colony counting on Koji extract agar in petri dish combined with direct spore counting was also applied in case of high mortality.
At air humidity of 75 per cent, the fungicidal effect was not much different at 25°C and 30°C. At this humidity, 100 per cent mortality could not be attained within 72hrs., at temperatures from 15°to 30°C.
Probit of mortality plotted against logarithm of fumigation time yielded straight lines. At a given air humidity, slopes of these straight lines are almost constant, irrespective of temperature and concentration of methyl bromide.
The fungicidal effect markedly increased with air humidity. At 95 per cent air humidity and 25°C, at gas concentration of 25.5mg/l, 100 per cent mortality was attained in 12hrs.View full abstractDownload PDF (743K) -
Hazime YOSHII1963 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 221-227
Published: September 25, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn attempt was made to distinguish the isolates of turnip mosaic virus into two strains: the one designated the ordinary strain that produces mild symptoms on Brassica oleracea capitata and Nicotiana glutinosa, and the other the cabbage strain that causes severe necrotic ring spot disease on B. oleracea capitata and severe mosaic on N. glutinosa.
Turnip mosaic virus isolates which had hitherto been reported by various workers were separated into either of the two strains according to the disease symptoms appearing on the plants mentioned above.
An examination was made on geographical distribution of the virus isolates of each of the two strains to see if there was any pattern in the strain distribution.
The isolates of the ordinary strain were found in large numbers in India, China, and Japan, but no isolates belonging to the cabbage strain were reported from this area. This led us to assume that the ordinary strain of turnip mosaic virus has its origin in this area.
Further, the cabbage strain is indigenous to the area of origin of B. oleracea or its native associates, viz. England or other western Europe.
In North America, it was assumed that the two strains were introduced from Europe at about the same time, and that there was also introduction of the ordinary strain from Oriental countries.View full abstractDownload PDF (759K) -
Syoyo NISHIMURA, Mutsuo SASAKI1963 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 228-234
Published: September 25, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present paper deals with the isolation and purification of phytotoxic metabolites produced by Pellicularia filamentosa causing leaf blight of Ladino clover. By using two methods of assay for necrotic effect upon the leaves and inhibitory effect upon the seedling growth of Ladino clover, it was found that the acidic fraction of the filtrate from Richards' media containing 0.5% peptone, on which the fungus had been grown for about 40 days at 28°C, was highly toxic to the host plant.
Eight acidic substances (Substance I∼VIII) have been detected so far in the acidic fraction by paper chromatography as shown in Fig. 2, and each of these substances was further purified.
The results of tests for toxicity showed that Substance I, III, IV and V had a marked toxicity to Ladino clover, as shown in Fig. 3 and Table 1.
Judging from some physical and chemical properties, Substance I (m. p. 74°C), IV (m. p. 129°C), V (m. p. 148°C), VI (m. p. 185°C), VII and VIII were identified as phenylacetic acid, m-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, p-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid and oxalic acid, respectively. Substances II (m. p. 176°C) and III (m. p. 142°C) remain yet to be identified.View full abstractDownload PDF (801K) -
Toru SHIMOMURA, Tokuzo HIRAI, Ikume YOKOYAMA1963 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 235-240_1
Published: September 25, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: April 03, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe inhibitory effect of actidione and thiouracil against TMV production in tobacco leaf disks have been reported (Shimomura and Hirai, 1959). When these antiviral substances were applied to infected tissues and the amount of virus produced was determined by the optical densities, the inhibitory effect was much less pronounced than that determined by the infectivity tests (local lesion method) (Shimomura, Nishikawa and Hirai, 1957). In the present report, the paper electrophoretic pattern of TMV protein produced in the presence of these antiviral substances are presented.
The soluble protein of infected leaf tissues was obtained by 0.6 saturated ammonium sulphateprecipitation and by its dissolution with the buffer of McIlvaine and Lillie (pH7.0). These protein was run on filter paper for 3 hours using Toyoroshi No. C electrophoretic apparatus and veronal buffer (pH 8.5, ionic strength 0.045). Potential of 400V was applied to give 0.5mA/cm. The results were consistent with those obtained by Kanngiesser (1955) and both healthy protein and virus protein were separately detected on filter paper. The virus protein, which was purified by repeated cycles of ammonium sulphate-precipitation and dissolution and again precipitation at the isoelectric point of the virus, remained almost at the origin even after 3 hours' run and showed only one peak. In contrast, the virus protein, produced in the presence of actidione or thiouracil, showed two distinct peaks. The problem whether these two fractions, shown by electrophoretic pattern, represent infective virus and noninfective virus is now under study, although existence of two types of virus in the infected tissues treated with antiviral substances has been proposed by Francki (1959-62).View full abstractDownload PDF (3624K)
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