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Volume 43 (1977)
- Issue 5 Pages 501-
- Issue 4 Pages 386-
- Issue 3 Pages 237-
- Issue 2 Pages 129-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 43, Issue 4
Displaying 1-18 of 18 articles from this issue
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Hideyoshi TOYODA, Shigeyuki MAYAMA, Jiko SHISHIYAMA1977 Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 386-391
Published: November 28, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of glucose-supply on the formation of hypersensitive mesophyll collapse and the fungal development was studied using barley cultivar, Turkey 290 infected with Erysiphe graminis hordei, race I. The inhibitory effect of glucose on the formation of collapsed mesophyll cells was parallel to the increased concentration of supplied glucose. The most effective time of glucose-supply for inhibiting the formation of collapsed mesophyll cells was the stage before the immature haustorial formation. The fluorescent microscopic observation indicated that glucose-supply inhibited the fluorescent appearance of mesophyll cells, but not epidermal cells. It was suggested that supplied glucose might regulate the mechanism of mesophyll cell collapse which was activated during the stage of the primary haustorial formation.
By the glucose-supply it was clearly shown that there was no correlation between the rate of mesophyll collapse and the fungal development. The restriction of fungal growth was detected before the formation of collapsed mesophyll cells 2 days after inoculation. It was, therefore, assumed that the collapse of mesophyll cells is not causally related to the resistance in powdery mildew of barley.View full abstractDownload PDF (676K) -
Hajime KATO, Tomio YAMAGUCHI, Natsuki NISHIHARA1977 Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 392-401
Published: November 28, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn Japan, ragi (finger millet, Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) had been raised as one of the millets in a slash-and-burn culture in mountain areas since the preceding period of rice cultivation, but its cultivation has run short in the present century. Recently ragi was grown for trial as fodders in different localities, where an outbreak of blast disease caused by Pyricularia sp. occurred in 1973. Seed carried the pathogen as mycelia within the tissue of a membranous pericarp. The pericarp became dark-brown in color and adhered to the seed coat. The percentage of diseased seeds from different localities and cultivars was 5 to 46. Mycelia in the pericarp remained viable at -10C and R.H. 30% for 8 years and more. An infection chain from seed to top was demonstrated at 25C under humid conditions in a growth-chamber. The pathogen attacked each part of the floweret; pericarp, upper and lower glumes>lemma, palea, rachilla, and rachis. These diseased organs of the seed which were contaminated also became an inoculum source in the field. Lesions on a leaf-sheath became an inoculum source after cutting. Seedling blight by the pathogen occurred at 10 to 40% of discolored seeds. Alternaria sp. and Curvularia sp. also caused seedling blight. Complete control was afforded by treatment with benomyl (50%); 500ppm solution soaking for 6hr or 0.5% (w/w) coating. Isolates of Pyricularia sp. from Eleusine coracana, E. indica, E. africana and E. floccifolia were pathogenic to ragi and not pathogenic to rice. Isolates from 17 gramineous species including rice and Zingiber mioga were not pathogenic to ragi. Isolates from E. coracana, E. indica and Setaria viridis var. minor were pathogenic to Lolium multiflorum, Festuca elatior var. arundinacea, Phalaris arundinacea, Anthoxanthum odoratum, maize, barley and oats. Severe outbreaks of blast in virginal localities of ragi cultivation was attributable to the introduction of diseased seeds. Transmission of the pathogen from grasses, especially from E. indica, seems possible, but more assessment of distribution of the pathogen is necessary to conclude it. As regards the nomenclature of ragi Pyricularia, it is suggested that reexamination of the species concept is needed, considering morphology, Pathogenicity and mating relationship.View full abstractDownload PDF (1805K) -
Pyoyun PARK1977 Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 402-411
Published: November 28, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUranyl acetate caused pinocytosis in cortical cells of barley roots. Uranyl crystals were seen in cell wall and vacuoles of the cells and intercellular spaces 4hr after exposure to 2mM uranyl acetate solution. Pinocytotic invaginations of plasma membrane were observed near the crystal-deposited area of cell wall, but the invaginated spaces contained no inclusive materials, in contrast to the invaginations of plasma membrane of susceptible Japanese pear caused by AK-toxin, a host-specific toxin produced by Alternaria kikuchiana. The toxin-induced invagination produced a space that contained membranous materials of plasma membrane-origin and central cores extended from plasmodesmata. The first detectable modifications of plasma membrane occur at the plasmodesmatal area within 1hr after treatment. The membrane modifications gradually expanded from plasmodesmatal area to other area where plasmodesmata were not seen as incubation time was prolonged. Thus the deformed plasmodesma is one of characteristic plasma membrane modifications caused by AK-toxin. These results indicated that pinocytosis is an ultrastructural change of plasma membrane with normal function whereas the invaginations of plasma membrane in the toxin-treated and infected plant tissues accompany ultrastructural changes of membrane with altered function.View full abstractDownload PDF (3114K) -
Tsutomu UEMATSU, Hiroshi FUJII, Kanichi OHATA1977 Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 412-418
Published: November 28, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeed infection could be induced by inoculating various parts of tomato plant with tomato canker bacteria (Corynebacterium michiganense). Especially, spray inoculation to flowers and needle prick inoculation to pedicel-tips showed high percentages. Spray inoculation to flowers gave rise to various degrees of seed infection in each tomato fruit. Generally, bacterial population and percent of infected seeds were high in tomato fruits inoculated at upper parts of plant. Bacterial population per seed and percent infected seeds were more constant in fruits inoculated by both the spray to flowers and needle prick to pedicel-tips than those inoculated by a single spray to flowers. Systemic infection of seeds was investigated with surface sterilized seeds. The results somewhat varied due to the method of surface sterilization, but evident systemic infection was observed in seeds obtained by flower inoculation and flower + pedicel-tip inoculation. When flowers were inoculated by spray, pathogenic bacteria seemed to invade seed through calyx scar and vascular bundle of fruits. Infection through this route was suggested to occur in field when the disease became epidemic.View full abstractDownload PDF (1387K) -
Nobuaki MATSUYAMA, Hajime KATO, Tomio YAMAGUCHI1977 Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 419-425
Published: November 28, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe isolates of Pyricularia strains from 16 gramineous and one zingiberaceous species were shake-cultured in a synthetic medium. Acetone precipitates from culture filtrates were subjected to electrophoresis in a horizontal polyacrylamide-gel slab. The zymograms of multimolecular form of peroxidase and nonspecific esterase were compared. The peroxidase zymograms of Pyricularia strains from Oryza sativa, Eleusine coracana, E. indica, E. africana, Setaria viridis var. minor, Phalaris arundinacea, Festuca elatior var. arundinacea, Eragrostis curvula, Lolium multiflorum and Anthoxanthum odoratum were either identical or slightly different in detail. The strains from Leersia oryzoides and Digitaria sanguinalis showed similar zymograms. The strains from Panicum miliaceum, Panicum bisulcatum and Oryza sativa f. fatua indicated similar zymograms which were different from the former two groups. Striking differences were observed among the zymograms of Pyricularia strains from Zingiber mioga, Zizania latifolia and other gramineous plants. The zymogram patterns of nonspecific esterase in the respective strains from Z. mioga, Z. latifolia, P. miliaceum and E. curvula were distinct from others.View full abstractDownload PDF (813K) -
Koushi NISHIYAMA, Akinori EZUKA1977 Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 426-431
Published: November 28, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRough and smooth bacterial colonies were obtained from single lesions on naturally infected leaves of Italian ryegrass and perennial ryegrass. The isolates of both colony types were found to be pathogenic to Italian ryegrass and no difference in intensity of pathogenicity was observed between them. The bacteriological characteristics and the serological reactions of both types of isolates were compared with those of an isolate (P1-6-1) of Pseudomonas coronafaciens var. atropurpurea (Reddy and Godkin) Stapp from Italian ryegrass. Smooth-colony isolates were identical with the isolate P1-6-1, while rough-colony isolates differed in the morphological characters of colonies and the spontaneous agglutination in 2% and 4% sodium chloride solutions. Heated bacterial cells of rough-colony isolates did not react to antiserum made from living whole cells of a smooth-colony isolate of P. coronafaciens var. atropurpurea. From these results, the present isolates were identified as P. coronafaciens var. atropurpurea irrespective of their colony morphology.
Colony types did not change by passing through host plants, nor successive culture on artificial media. All the isolates from halo blight lesions of ryegrasses gave smooth colonies except only two cases in this study. These evidences lead to the presumption that the present rough-colony isolates are the mutants from smooth-colony bacterium occurred in the field and coexisted in a single lesion with the bacterium of wild type. This is the first report not only of rough colony type of P. coronafaciens var, atropurpurea but also of virulent rough-colony bacterium found in a independent lesion on naturally infected plants together with smooth-colony bacterium.View full abstractDownload PDF (1280K) -
Hiroshi YAEGASHI1977 Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 432-439
Published: November 28, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSStudies were conducted on the sexuality of blast fungi using 78 isolates from rice and 272 isolates from 28 other species of hosts. Ascosporic isolates from crosses segregated into two compatibility groups, designated A and a, and perithecia were produced only when isolates of opposite compatibility groups were mated with each other. Pyricularia is heterothallic. The two mating types were found at the same time in all three different areas of Japan investigated. Great variability was observed in fertility among isolates from different hosts, i.e., all isolates from finger millet and 14 other hosts produced perithecia in some crosses, while none of the isolates from Panicum bisulcatum and 9 other hosts showed fertility in any of the crosses conducted. On the other hand, in crabgrass isolates only a few isolates were fertile. Light colored mutant lines which were derived from a goosegrass isolate exhibited an extremely low fertility when crossed with other mutants, whereas a large number of perithecia were produced in crosses with wild-type isolates. The culture color characteristic and the mating type were inherited independently. The mating type of the rice blast fungus was determined by crossing with the most fertile tester lines from goosegrass. It was apparent that both mating types were present in rice isolates too. However, when rice isolates were crossed with each other, no perithecia were produced. Perithecia from crosses of rice isolates with goosegrass isolates usually produced only a few normal ascospores. This suggests that there may be a genetic block preventing ascospore formation. The results of mating reaction among these related species of Pyricularia may serve as one of the criteria for classifying these species.View full abstractDownload PDF (1655K) -
Jang Kyung CHOI, Takanori MAEDA, Satoshi WAKIMOTO1977 Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 440-448
Published: November 28, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn improved method for purification of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) was established. The infected turnip leaves were frozen and homogenized with 0.5M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, containing 0.01M Na-EDTA and 0.1% thioglycolic acid. The crude sap obtained by low-speed centrifugation was simultaneously added with 1% Triton X-100, 4% polyethylene glycol (MW6, 000) and 0.1M NaCl to precipitate TuMV without tight aggregation of the virus particles. The pellet was resuspended in high molarity (0.5M) potassium phosphate buffer added with 0.01M MgCl2. The resuspension fluid was treated further by one cycle of differential centrifugation foll-owed by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. The purified TuMV thus obtained showed the following characteristics; O.D.260/O.D.280 ratio of 1.23, max. 260/min. 247 ratio of 1.14 and particle length of 745nm. The yield of purified virus was 1.5-4.0mg/100g infected turnip leaves. Not any contaminants from host materials were observed in the purified preparation under electron microscopy.View full abstractDownload PDF (1490K) -
IV. Extraction and Partial Purification of Antibacterial Substances from Infected LeavesKiyoto NAKANISHI, Minoru WATANABE1977 Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 449-454
Published: November 28, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAntibacterial substances, which were produced in rice leaves after inoculation with an incompatible strain of Xanthomonas oryzae, were partially purified and some properties were examined. Main antibacterial components were extracted by ethyl acetate from acidic aqueous solution, and were active at a concentration of 250ppm. The same fraction extracted from healthy leaves showed no activity at 250ppm. In healthy leaves, the antibacterial activity was found in ethyl acetate extract from alkaline aqueous solution, but the activity decreased markedly after infection. Acidic antibacterial components were partially purified by Silica gel column chromatography followed by thin-layer chromatography. The main components were eluted by solvent mixture of ethyl acetate: hexane (3:7 to 1:1) from the Silica gel column. The residue of these effluents prepared from inoculated leaves showed considerable antibacterial activity at 50ppm, while that from healthy leaves had no activity. Thin-layer chromatogram of these effluents showed that at least three antibacterial components were contained in acidic fraction, and these components seemed to be different from chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, vanillic acid, salicylic acid, p-coumaric acid or umbelliferone which were known to be present in rice leaves.View full abstractDownload PDF (779K) -
Seiji OUCHI, Hideto NAKABAYASHI, Hachiro OKU1977 Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 455-461
Published: November 28, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHyphal growth and colony development of Erysiphe graminis hordei on leaves which are otherwise immune but had been predisposed by heating at 55C-75sec were compared with those on leaves that had been heated at 45C-20min to characterize qualitative differences between predisposition effects incited at these two temperatures. The duration of predisposition incited at 55C-75sec was 48-60hr in contrast with the earlier recovery (24hr) observed of leaves that had been heated at 45C-20min Hyphal growth, colony development and sporulation were much more rapid and extensive on leaves that had been heated at 55C than those observed on leaves treated at 45C. The duration of predisposition effect alone did not account for the differences in these rates of hyphal and colony growth and the leaf responses against the established fungus. Leaves that had been heated at 45C responded mainly with yellowing followed by chlorosis, while those treated at 55C responded with browning and subsequent necrotic degeneration, against infection-established fungus. These responses were considered to be different types of manifestation of resistance and most likely to be the consequence of recognition by host cell of the fungus that succeeded in establishing the primary pseudosymbiotic association with cells predisposed to susceptibility by heating.View full abstractDownload PDF (753K) -
Nobuaki MATSUYAMA, Satoshi WAKIMOTO1977 Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 462-470
Published: November 28, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe causal agent of Fusarium leaf spot of rice (Kasshokuhagare-byo) was identified as Fusarium nivale (pink snow mold) in 1970, however, there are still some objections. To clarify this problem zymograms of non-specific esterase and catalase excreted by the causal fungi were compared. A preliminary comparison of various formae speciales of F. oxysporum and F. solani showed that the zymograms are species specific and useful for identification and taxonomy of Fusarium species. The zymograms of the leaf spot of rice were strikingly different from those of F. nivale causing typical pink snow mold. Differences were also observed between F. nivale from pink snow mold and that from various graminaceous plants in summer. The significance of zymogram diversity in the taxonomy of Fusarium species and the classification of the leaf spot fungus of rice were discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (844K) -
VIII Electron Microscopic Observation of Bursting of the Bulbous Germ Tubes of Polyoxin-treated Alternaria kikuchiana Tanaka in Pear Leaf ExtractHiroshi ISHIZAKI, Mitsuru KOHNO, Hitoshi KUNOH1977 Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 471-474
Published: November 28, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
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Pyoyun PARK1977 Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 475-478
Published: November 28, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
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Makoto TAKAKUWA, Nobuyuki ISHIZAKA, Fujio KODAMA, Izumi SAITO1977 Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 479-481
Published: November 28, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFusarium oxysporum isolated from wilted seedlings and diseased bulbs of onion was pathogenic to the seedlings and bulbs of onion and to the seedlings of Welsh onion, but not to other plants. Some other formae speciales of F. oxysporum tested were scarcely pathogenic to onion. Thus the onion isolates were identified to be F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae which is specifically pathogenic to onion and Welsh onion.View full abstractDownload PDF (288K) -
Ryoichi NISHIZAWA1977 Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 482-486
Published: November 28, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUltrastructure of tumor cell in Sedum erythrostictum leaf inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens was observed. Development of lamella system in the chloroplasts of tumor cells was strikingly inferior to that of the normal cells, and many starch grains were contained in the chloroplast of infected cells. In tumor cells, nuclear membrane intruded extensively into the karyoplasm, so that the nuclei, in many cases, became hetromorphic, as has often been observed in animal cancer cells. Mitochondria were polymorphic both in the normal and the tumor cells, but the net-work structure seemed to be more condensed in mitochondria of tumor cells than those of normal cells.View full abstractDownload PDF (1884K) -
Hisatoshi KAKU, Michio HORI1977 Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 487-490
Published: November 28, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
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Katsumi AKUTSU, Koji AMANO, Yoji DOI, Kiyoshi YORA1977 Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 491-496
Published: November 28, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
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Hiroshi ISHIZAKI, Hayato MIHARA, Hitoshi KUNOH, Mitsuru KOHNO1977 Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 497-498
Published: November 28, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (241K)
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