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Volume 33, Issue 1
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
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VI. Wound Infection by Pseudoperonospora humuli to Hop RootstocksYoshitada MORI1967 Volume 33 Issue 1 Pages 1-4
Published: January 30, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn previous papers (19622), 19653) the author emphasized the importance of wintered mycelium in rootstocks as the primary infection source of hop downy mildew and also the importance of penetration through stomata and lenticels in the secondary infection. In the present experiments it was confirmed that the infection by zoospores can also take place through wounds on straps and rootstocks. When a piece of the strap, 10cm long, was cut in half longitudinally and inoculated with zoospore suspension, sporangiophores were produced on cortex and phloem of the cut surface but not on pith, after 6-days incubation at 20-23°C and 90% relative humidity. Sporangiophores were produced more abundantly on rough surface made by tearing the strap than on the smooth surface made by cutting with a sharp knife, and on the upper portion of the strap than on the lower portion. When eyes on the strap were cut and the strap was inoculated with zoospore suspension, sporangiophores were produced in a ring surrounding the cut surface. when buds were pulled out, sporangiophores were produced only within the scars. These facts suggests that the infection occurs not only through stomata and lenticels but also through the wounds which are expected to occur by the cutting and prunning in early spring.View full abstractDownload PDF (1877K) -
Kazuho MATSUURA1967 Volume 33 Issue 1 Pages 5-11
Published: January 30, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe sponge matrix method for obtaining synchronous spores of fungi was applied to the evaluation of sporulation inhibitors as fungicides. Inhibitory activity of a chemical against the sporulation of Piricularia oryzae was studied with simple procedures and estimation and the results obtained by this method allowed kinetic analyses. The relation between the dosage (I) and immersion time(t) required to inhibit 50 per cent of the sporulation was expressed fairly well by the equation (I)nt=C, where n and C are constants. The comparison of the results of this method with those of in vivo methods suggested that the inhibition activity of a chemical for practical use was estimated fairly acculately by the sponge matrix test with variation in the immersion time.View full abstractDownload PDF (773K) -
Hideo TABEI1967 Volume 33 Issue 1 Pages 12-16
Published: January 30, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBacterial leaf blight of rice plant, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae (Uyeda et Ishiyama) Dowson, is principally a vascular disease. Generally, the causal organism enters into the leaf tissue through the water-pore and multiplies in the epitheme, and then invades the vesseles through the vascular passes. The typical symptom appears thereafter.
This paper presents another mode of infection of this disease. At the seedling stage of rice plant, the causal organism enters through the stomata, and multiplies in the intercellular space of parenchyma at the coleoptile as well as the sheath of foliage leaves. However, any external symptom does not appear. Because the bacteria never invade the vascular bundles in this case. Thus, the seedlings hold the bacterium as “carrier”. It was supposed that the appearance of typical symptom would only be expected in the infection by the causal organism which is once excreted and invades the water exudation system of leaf.
The stomata are always opened (Fig. VII-1) at the coleoptile, and the semi-opening type stomata (Fig. VII-2) are distributed among the closed ones at the basal part of the sheath of foliage leaves. These Opened or semi-opened stomata are considered to be closely related to the invasion of the bacteria.
This stomatal infection is not specific phenomenon with regard to X. oryzae. The same infection and multiplication was confirmed on the “carrier” seedlings collected at farmers' nursery bed. It is suggested that the bacterial leaf blight organism usually follows this course of life cycle at the seedling of rice plant.View full abstractDownload PDF (6594K) -
Nakato NAITO, Toshikazu TANI1967 Volume 33 Issue 1 Pages 17-22
Published: January 30, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRespiration during the germination of Puccinia coronata uredospores was studied by floating the spores on liquid in Warburg flask of about 18ml volume. The respiratory rate (Qo2) on distiled water declines gradually during incubation at 25°C except when germination is very favourable due to a light load of spores (1.5mg spores per 2ml), in which a slight rise occurs temporarily in about 2 hours after spores were sown. The respiratory quotient (RQ) in the early and late stage of incubation is 0.48-0.66 and 1.04 respectively. The smaller the spore density and the better the germination, the higher is Qo2. This seems to be closely related to the self-inhibitors of spores. The addition of commercially available respiratory-substrates at the stationary growth-phase of germtubes has little effect on Qo2 except a slight stimulation by succinate. Almost all of well known enzyme-inhibitors used ratard Qo2, while a sight stimulation is seen in 2, 4-dinitrophenol alone. Self-inhibition of germination are overcome markedly by pelargonate and capronate, which are also able to stimulate Qo2.View full abstractDownload PDF (757K) -
II. Photometrical Expression of the Tactic Aggregation of ZoosporesKiichi KATSURA, Yoshio MIYATA, Mitsuru MIYAGOSHI1967 Volume 33 Issue 1 Pages 23-26
Published: January 30, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA new photometrical device for measuring the tactic aggregation of zoospores of Phytophthora capsici Leon. is described in this paper.
An annular diaphragm (×100) of Nikon phase contrast microscope was employed for dark ground illumination and reflected light intensity in the microscopic field was measured by an ordinary exposure meter for microscopic photography. Specimen chamber for the microscopic observation was devised by combining glass slide with cover glasses.
When tips of plant roots, platinum electrodes, or capillary tubes containing plant extracts were introduced into the zoospore suspension in the specimen chamber, various patterns of tactic aggregation of zoospores were observed. The light reflected by zoospores in the dark ground illumination was photometrically read and recorded.
The photometrically plotted diagrams directly reflected the density of zoospore population in the specimen chamber. This method would certainly be applicable to the kinetic analysis of the tactic aggregation of zoospores.View full abstractDownload PDF (2029K) -
Minoru TAMURA, Yasuo KOMURO1967 Volume 33 Issue 1 Pages 27-31
Published: January 30, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1) A mosaic disease of hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) was observed in Kanazawa, Ishikawa prefecture. Its symptoms consist of typical mosaic followed by a distortion of leaves.
2) The disease was caused by a virus which was readily transmissible by mechanical inoculation with carborundum. The virus was capable of infecting plants of 17 species in 7 families. Systemic infection was obtained on zinnia, cucumber, tobacco (Bright Yellow), N. glutionosa, tomato, Gomphrena globosa, beet, etc., while local lesions were produced on sesame, broadbean, Chenopodium amaranticolor, etc. It was inactivated in extracted sap by heat treatment at 55∼65° for 10 min., by 1/1000∼1/2000 dilutions, or by 5∼6 day aging at room temperature.
3) The virus was precipitated with the CMV antiserum prepared by Ling et al. (1964). In electronmicrography, the virus purified by Scott's procedures showed spherical particles of about 30mμ in diameter.
4) The virus was identified to be cucumber mosaic virus.
5) The virus was transmissible by the following aphid: Myzus persicae, Toxoptera odinae and Macrosiphum rosae. Among them, the latter two species are newly recognized vectors of CMV.
6) Hydranges (var. Shikizaki) was infected by CMV isolated from hydrangea, but not by an ordinary strain of CMV isolated from cucumber.View full abstractDownload PDF (1777K) -
1967 Volume 33 Issue 1 Pages 31
Published: 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (70K) -
II. Utilization of Inorganic Sulfur Sources in the Genus Xanthomonas with Reference to the Rice Leaf Blight BacteriumTetsuro WATANABE, Yasuharu SEKIZAWA, Makoto ODA1967 Volume 33 Issue 1 Pages 32-37
Published: January 30, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. The utilizations of inorganic sulfur sources in seven strains of Xanthomonas oryzae and other five species belong to Xanthomonas were investigated.
2. Although sulfur containing amino acids were required for the rapid growth of seven strains of Xanthomonas oryzae and Xanthomonas citri, it was observed that these bacteria utilize inorganic sulfate after prolonged latent period which may require for adaptive formation of the sulfate reducing enzyme system.
3. No marked difference in pathogenicity has been observed when the cells prepared with either the complete medium or the synthetic basal medium containing sodium sulfate were inoculated to rice plant leaves.
4. No direct relationship between the ability of utilizing inorganic sulfate, requirement of sulfur containing amino acids and pathogenicity and/or lysotype on bacteriophage was observed in seven strains of Xanthomonas oryzae.
5. Xanthomonas malvacearum, Xanthomonas phaseoli, Xanthomonas pruni and Xanthomonas vesicatoria utilized extensively inorganic sulfate as a sole sulfur source.
6. The utilization of inorganic sulfate in Xanthomonas citri, Xanthomonas oryzae and Xanthomonas pruni were promoted by the presence of nicotinic acid amide in the medium.View full abstractDownload PDF (646K) -
Tadao INOUYE1967 Volume 33 Issue 1 Pages 38-42
Published: January 30, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis article deales with the description of a newly discovered virus, pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV). The virus is found to be widespread in pea and broadbean in Wakayama-Prefecture, Japan. Slight chlorosis of plant and leaf curling are the marked characteristic symptoms in peas. Vein chlorosis, mosaic and plant stunting are also the common symptoms. PSbMV is transmitted by plant juice and 4 species of aphids, such as Aphis craccivora, Myzus persicae, Rhopalosiphum padi and Macrosiphum sp., and also through seeds. The rate of seed transmission in pea is found to be about 30% in Oranda, 10% in Sanjunichi-Kinusaya and Futsukoku-Osaya, and over 20 and 10% in New Season and Perfected Wales. PSbMV is inactivated at the temperatures of 55 to 60°C with 10 minutes exposure, at dilutions of 10-3 to 10-4, and in the aging of 4 to 8 days at 20°C. Pea, broadbean, sweetpea, common vetch, hairly vetch and milk vetch are susceptible to the virus systemically. Only local infections are noticed in Chenopodium amaranticolor and Tetragonia expansa. In a few varieties of bean, local lesions are formed very occasionally. Other plants tested, 33 species in 10 families, are all found to be not susceptible to PSbMV. Particles of the virus in dip and partially purified preparations under the electron microscope are found to be flexible filaments 750mμ in length and about 13mμ in diameter. Both positive and negative results of cross protection test were obtained among PSbMV and two different isolates of bean yellow mosaic virus.View full abstractDownload PDF (2197K) -
Kazuo TAKANASHI, Yasuo SAITO, Yoshito IWATA1967 Volume 33 Issue 1 Pages 43-47
Published: January 30, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSExperiments were conducted to enhance the infectivity of the juice from diseased leaves in the mechanical inoculation of wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV) and barley yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), both of which are rather difficult in causing infection by mechanical inoculation,
(1) Increased infectivity was observed when diseased leaves were ground with KCN, Na-DIECA or Azide, at the concentrations of 10-3M in phosphate buffer, and used for the mechanical inoculation.
(2) The effects of these enzyme inhibitors differed according to the age of the diseased leaves, being more conspicuous in the lower leaves than in the upper ones. Difference was also observed, according to the season in which inoculations were made, i.e. the effect was more conspicuous when the infection by mechanical inoculation was more difficult.
(3) When diseased leaves were ground with 10-3M pyrocatechol or hydroquinone as substrate, the infectivity decreased in WYMV, and no infection was caused in BYMV.
(4) Polyphenol oxidase activity was confirmed in the juice from WYMV infected leaves. This activity was lost when the leaves were ground with Na-DlECA in phosphate buffer.
(5) From these results, it is supposed that the usual low infectivity in mechanical inoculation of WYMV and BYMV is caused in part by the action of polyphenol oxidase.View full abstractDownload PDF (635K) -
Tsutomu SAKUMA, Kohei TOMIYAMA1967 Volume 33 Issue 1 Pages 48-58
Published: January 30, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. Potato tuber disks, 0.5mm thick, of a variety having a resistance gene (R) became susceptible when inoculated with a dense spore suspension of an incompatible race of Phytophthora infestans.
2. Treatment of these susceptible disks with phenolic compounds, such as chlorogenic acid, guaiacol, hydroquinone, catechol and caffeic acid alone or in combination with ascorbic acid, restored their resistance. Ascorbic acid by itself also reduced spore production on treated disks at the same concentration as that of chlorogenic acid.
3. Treatment with chlorogenic acid or ascorbic acid at concentrations that strongly reduced sporulation on disks infected by an incompatible race had little effect on disks infected by a compatible race of P. infestans.
4. Toxicities of the phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid to the pathogen were weak as compared to their inhibitory action on fungal development in the disks infected by an incompatible race.
5. It was concluded that common phenolic compounds (and possibly ascorbic acid when oxidized) which can be found in healthy plants constitute a part of the mechanism confining the invading parasite to the infected locus.
6. Analyses of the phenolic compounds contained in the potato tuber tissue infeted by an incompatibe race suggested that they may be supplied from the adjacent tissue where phenolic synthesis may be accelerated.View full abstractDownload PDF (2059K) -
Yasuo SAITO, Kunihei KISHI1967 Volume 33 Issue 1 Pages 59-60
Published: January 30, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (638K) -
Summary of the Conference on “the Dynamic Role of Molecular Constituents in Plant-Parasite Interaction”Tokuzo HIRAI1967 Volume 33 Issue 1 Pages 61-67
Published: January 30, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUnder the United States-Japan cooperative science program, the conference on “The dynamic role of molecular constituents in plant-parasite interaction” was held at Hotel Gamagori, Aichi Prefecture on May 15-21, 1966. The following papers were read at the conference.
Changes in cytoplasm and cell wall material
Akai, S.: An anatomical approach to the mechanism of fungal infections in plants. (Kyoto University)
Bushnell, W.R.: Symptom development in mildewed and rusted tissues. (ARS, US Dept, of Agric.)
Tani, T.: The relation of soft rot caused by pathogenic fungi to pectic enzyme produced by the host. (Kagawa University)
Bateman, D.F.: Alteration of cell wall components during pathogenesis. (Cornell University)
Solute and water relations during infection
Durbin, R.D.: The influence of disease on the movements of solutes and water in plants. (ARS, US Dept. of Agric.)
Dimond, A.E.: Physiology of wilt disease. (Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta.)
Metabolic shifts during infection
Mirocha, C.J.: Carbon dioxide fixation in the dark as a possible nutritional factor in parasitism. (University of Minnesota)
Daly, J.M.: Metabolic consequences of infection in obligate parasitism. (University of Nebraska)
Toxins of host and parasite in the infection process
Tomiyama, K.: The role of polyphenols in defense action of plants induced by infection. (Hokkaido Agr. Exp. Sta.)
Kuc, J.: Shifts in oxidative metabolism during pathogenesis. (Purdue University)
Scheffer, R.P.: Effects of pathogen produced metabolites in host metabolism and symptom development. (Michigan State University)
Tamari, K.: Biochemical response of plants to toxins produced by pathogenic fungi. (University of Tohoku)
Oku, H.: Role of parasite-enzyme and toxin on development of characteristic symptoms.(Sankyo Agr. Chemicals Res. Lab.)
Biochemistry of virus infection
Misawa, T.: Changes of nuclear contents of host-cells infected by virus. (University of Tohoku)
Hirai, T.: Mitochondrial activities of tobacco mosaic virus-infected tobacco detached leaves, the possible source of energy for virus multiplication. (Nagoya University)
Takahashi, W.N.: The biochemistry of virus multiplication in plants. (University of California)
Suzuki, N.: Biochemistry of RNA of rice dwarf virus. (Inst. for Plant Virus. Res.)
Protein metabolism in the host
DeVay, J.E.: Effect of common antigen on host-parasite interactions. (University of California)
Akazawa, T.: Change in chloroplast proteins of plant after infection. (Nagoya University)
Uritani, I.: The relation of metabolic changes in infected plants to changes in enzymatic activity. (Nagoya University)
Stahmann, M.A.: Influence of host parasite interactions on proteins and enzymes. (University of Wisconsin)View full abstractDownload PDF (1851K) -
Tokuzo HIRAI1967 Volume 33 Issue 1 Pages 67-69
Published: January 30, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (377K)
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