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Volume 36 (1970)
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- Issue 4 Pages 207-
- Issue 3 Pages 143-
- Issue 2 Pages 67-
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Volume 36, Issue 2
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
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Absorption, Metabolism and Accumulation of Pentachloronitrobenzene by Phytopathogenic FungiToshiro NAKANISHI, Hachiro OKU1970 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 67-73
Published: March 30, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe mechanism and the nature of selective toxicity of pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) were studied from the view-point of absorption, metabolism and accumulation of the compound by plant pathogenic fungi.
PCNB inhibited strongly the growth of Rhizoctonia solani and an isolate of Botrytis cinerea, but slightly the growth of the other isolate of B. cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum f. lycopersici, F. oxysporum f. niveum, and so on.
The inhibitory action of PCNB against R. solani was fungistatic. That is, the mycelium inhibited by PCNB grow well when transfered to the PCNB-free medium.
When R. solani was successively cultured on the PCNB-containing medium for a long time, the mycelium which was inhibited in growth at an early stage began to grow gradually. The sensitive fungi took up two or three times more PCNB than did the resistant ones. The PCNB-metabolizing ability (detoxifying ability) of the resistant fungi was stronger than that of the sensitive fungi. A large amount of PCNB accumulated within the mycelium of sensitive fungi, whereas only slight amount within the resistant fungal mycelium. The balance between the speed of absorption of PCNB and the detoxication within the fungus may play the first important role on its selective toxicity.View full abstractDownload PDF (875K) -
Keiichi TOMARU, Kazuo SUYAMA, Susumu KUBO1970 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 74-80
Published: March 30, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEfficiencies of local lesion formation on the inoculated leaves of some local lesion hosts were compared among tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) ordinary strain (OM), tomato strain (T), and mild strain (3III). Purified viruses and their RNA's of these strains in the same optical density (260mμ) units were compared, using half-leaf method. In number of local lesions on Nicotiana glutinosa, purified virus of T strain induced 50-60% of that of OM strain, while on Datura tatula and Chenopodium amaranticolor it induced about 70% of that of OM strain. Strain 3III also induced 50-60% of OM strain in number of local lesions on N. glutinosa. The viral RNA of T strain obtained by phenol treatment showed lower efficiency of local lesion formation than that of OM strain on N. glutinosa. Sedimentation profiles of viruses and RNA's of T and OM strains in sucrose density-gradient centrifugation were almost similar, respectively, and the peak fraction of the virus and RNA of T strain indicated lower efficiency of local lesion formation than those of OM strain on N. glutinosa and Xanthi nc tobacco.
Multiplication of virus strains in the inoculated leaves of Xanthi tobacco, tomato (cv. Hikari), and Physalis floridana were compared between OM and T strains, with infectivity assay using half-leaf method on N. glutinosa. Considering the efficiency of local lesion formation, the number of local lesions of OM strain were corrected by a factor 0.6.
The inoculum of 0.5mg/ml of T strain showed saturation of infection sites when inoculated on the Xanthi tobacco leaf, similar to the case of OM strain reported by Kubo (1966). Therefore, 0.5mg/ml of virus inoculum was used throughout the experiment. In Xanthi tobacco leaf, the multiplication of OM strain was superior to T strain, while in tomato leaf, T strain exceeded OM strain. In the inoculated leaf disk of Physalis floridana floated on water, difference in multiplication of these two strains was not significant.View full abstractDownload PDF (824K) -
1. Narcissus mosaic virusMitsuro IWAKI, Yasuo KOMURO1970 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 81-86
Published: March 30, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA virus was isolated from Narcissus poeticus L. showing yellow stripe using Gomphrena globosa by juice inoculation. The virus was readily transmitted by juice inoculation, but not by Myzus persicae. The inoculated leaves of G. globosa showed white necrotic local lesions 3-5 days after inoculation and became brownish within a few days. Systemic irregular lesions followed after about a week.
Of twenty plant species inoculated with the virus, fourteen were infected. Beta vulgaris, Vigna sinensis, Trifolium incarnatum, Nicotiana clevelandii, Sesamum indicum and Narcissus sp. were infected systemically without symptoms. Local necrotic or chlorotic lesions were produced on the inoculated leaves of Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, Tetragonia expansa, Pisum sativum and Glycine max. Symptomless infection of the inoculated leaves occurred in Datura stramonium and Lycopersicon esculentum. The following species were not infected: Vicia faba, Cucumis sativus, Nicotiana glutinosa, N. tabacum (Bright Yellow), Allium fistulosum and Lilium formosanum.
The virus in vitro withstood heating at 60°C for 10 minutes, but not 65°C, dilution to 10-7 and 8 weeks of storage at 20°C, but not 16 weeks. In electron microscopy using dip method, long flexuous thread-like particles were found to be 450-600mμ in length, the mode being 500-550mμ.
Juice from inoculated G. globosa leaves reacted positively with the antiserum diluted to 1:128 in precipitation reaction. The virus, on the other hand, did not react with antisera to white clover mosaic virus, cymbidium mosaic virus, and potato virus X in precipitation reaction.
Owing to the similarity in host range, physical properties, particle morphology, and lack of aphid transmission, the virus was identified as narcissus mosaic virus (NMV) (Brunt, A.A.). NMV was detected from 34 of 41 specimens of narcissus showing yellow stripe, mosaic and necrotic flecks, and also from 5 of 12 plants showing no symptoms. Typical symptoms caused by this virus in narcissus are not determined, as yet, since virus-free seedlings for inoculation tests are not available at the moment.View full abstractDownload PDF (2095K) -
VI. A yellow mild mottle strainKeiichi TOMARU, Akira UDAGAWA1970 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 87-93
Published: March 30, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA new strain of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-YM) was isolated from tobacco plant (cv. Bright Yellow) collected in Kagawa Prefecture, Shikoku Island, Japan, in 1960. In 1969 the occurrence of the same strain was also observed in some districts in Okayama Prefecture. The diseased tobacco plants showed only yellow mottle symptoms without malformation and necrotic lesions, and little retard of plant growth.
By the sap inoculation, the virus induced brilliant yellow mottle on seedlings of some cultivars of tobacco, Nicotiana glutinosa, N. sylvestris and red pepper (Capsicum annuum). The symptoms on these inoculated host plants are characterized by the lack of malformation, distortion and necrosis. The virus caused mild green mottle in Zinnia elegans, local and systemic necrotic lesions in sesame, mild yellow mottle in cucumber and necrotic local lesions on inoculated leaves of cowpea, Chenopodium amaranticolor and C. quinoa. Physalis floridana and spinach showed green mottle and a little malformation. The strain can be differenciated from other strains of CMV, viz. ordinary (CMV-O), yellow (CMV-Y), mild (CMV-C) and legume (CMV-LE) strains, which were obtained from field tobacco in Japan, by the reactions of some differencial hosts, such as tobacco, N. glutinosa, sesame, cowpea and zinnia.
Thermal inactivation point of crude juice extracted from infected tobacco leaves was 55-60°C for 10 minutes. Dilution end point was around 1:10, 000 with phosphate buffer (0.1M, pH 7.0). Longevity in vitro was 2-3 days at 25°C. Phenol extracts from infected tobacco leaves were more infectious than control buffer-homogenate, similarly to those of the other strains. Cross protection against other strains including necrotic strain (CMV-N), in tobacco, cowpea and zinnia was completely positive. CMV-C strain gave incomplete protection against the other strains (Tomaru et al., 1967), but it gave complete protection against the present virus, suggesting that the latter is more closely related to CMV-C. It needs, however, further investigations to determine the relationship between these two strains. Serological positive reactions were observed between the present virus and CMV-Y antiserum, and antiserum of the present virus and other 5 strains in agar-gel diffusion and microdroplet-precipitin tests. Electron microscopy of the purified virus showed spherical or polyhedral particles with a diameter of about 30mμ. The periodic change in the virus concentration in top leaves of infected tobacco plant was almost similar to the case in CMV-O.
For the strain described here the authors propose the name yellow mild mottle strain of CMV (CMV-YM).View full abstractDownload PDF (2890K) -
Akira NOMURA, Toshiro KATO, Tokuzo HIRAI1970 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 94-97
Published: March 30, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTobacco stem tissues were isolated from plants systemically infected with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and grown on a chemically defined nutrient medium containing various growth substances. The effect of fluorescent light on TMV multiplication in callus tissues was investigated. The growth rate of TMV infecting callus tissues was higher in light conditions than in dark conditions. It is suggested that the stimulation in growth of TMV-infected callus tissues in light conditions is caused by the CO2 fixation.View full abstractDownload PDF (424K) -
Hiroshi HYODO, Ikuzo URITANI1970 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 98-105
Published: March 30, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEthylene production in the infected sweet potato root or stem tissue by each strain of Ceratocystis fimbriata differing in pathogenicity (sweet potato strain, coffee strain or prune strain) was examined. Ethylene was remarkably produced in the tissue infected by sweet potato strain, whereas in the tissue infected by coffee strain a small amount of ethylene was produced, and in the tissue infected by prune strain the smallest amount was produced. The result corresponds with the fact which has been reported elsewhere that furano-terpenoids including ipomeamarone were produced most distinctly in infected tissue by sweet potato strain, while in infected tissue by coffee strain the amount produced was very small and in the infected tissue by prune strain the amount was the smallest. This indicated that ethylene as well as furano-terpenoids was produced in a larger amount in the infected tissue by the pathogenic strain. Since the production of ethylene corresponded well with fungus invasion and growth in the host tissue, it was regarded that the amount of ethylene produced in infected tissue might be an indicator to the degree of fungus multiplication.
It was shown that when sweet potato root tissue (Norin 1, a moderate resistant variety, was used as a host) was inoculated with coffee or prune strain before infection by sweet potato strain, development of sweet potato strain in the host tissue was markedly suppressed The inhibitory effect was prominently observed in the tissue which had been previously infected by coffee strain. In fact, 50% inhibition (evaluated by ethylene production) was found by an hour prior inoculation with coffee strain to that with sweet potato strain. The mechanism of the inhibitory action caused by the pre-inoculation with a non-pathogenic strain upon multiplication of a pathogenic strain was discussed In connection with the above problem, it was also considered why a non-pathogenic strain ceased to penetrate the surface cells of the host tissue and could not develop further.View full abstractDownload PDF (1076K) -
Satoshi TANAKA, Hiroyuki SHIOTA1970 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 106-111
Published: March 30, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe shortest period for acquisition feeding of potato leaf roll virus by green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) from infected potato or Datura stramonium L. plants was 5 to 10 minutes. Viruliferous aphids transmitted the virus to healthy Physalis floridana Ridb. plants by inoculation feeding of at least 5 minutes.
The transmission threshold period of potato leaf roll virus in aphids was 16-24 hours in room temperature, but latent period after acquisition feeding of 1, 4 and 8 hours was found to be 23-24, 12-16 and 8-16 hours, respectively, and also it differed with infection source plants.
The results of experiments on the effects of temperature on infectivity indicated that the aphids were more transmissible at high temperature (30°C) than low one (15 and 22°C).
The shortest latent period was found to be 72 hours at 15°C, 16 hours at 20°C and 8 hours at 25-30°C, respectively. It indicated that there was correlation between temperature and length of latent period in the aphid vector.View full abstractDownload PDF (782K) -
Tsuneo TSUCHIZAKI, Kiyoshi YORA, Hidefumi ASUYAMA1970 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 112-120_1
Published: March 30, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: April 03, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThree kinds of viruses were isolated from mosaic diseased plants of cowpeas (Vigna catjang and V. sesquipedalis). One of them is a seed-borne virus in cowpea plants, which is transmitted by sap and by at least three species of aphids. Its host range is restricted to several genera of Leguminosae, and Chenopodium. Infectivity of the crude sap was lost by heating at 50-60°C for 10 minutes, and by aging at room temperature for 5 to 6 days, and by diluting at 1:104-1:105. The electron microscopy of virus preparations by dip method always revealed a small amount of elongated virus particles of about 750mμ in length. Thus, according to Anderson's classification scheme (1955), the virus in question was considered to be a member of the Group 2 among Vigna and Crotalaria viruses. To avoid the present confusion in virus names of the Group 2, the authors proposed to use a name of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CAMV) (Lovisolo and Conti, 1966) for all members of the Group 2. The remaining two viruses isolated from cowpea plants were cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and subclover mottle virus. The latter is considered to be a virus belonging to broad bean wilt virus group. Neither of these two viruses is transmitted through seeds of cowpea. More than fifty collections of cowpea plants showing mosaic symptoms from commercial fields in Kanto district, were tested for identification of the causal virus by sap inoculations to a set of differential hosts. The results showed that CAMV was found predominant. Viruses causing mosaic of azuki bean (Phaseolus angularis) were also investigated. Azuki bean mosaic virus (AzMV), CMV, and CAMV were isolated from azuki bean plants showing mosaic symptoms. AzMV is a seed-borne virus in azuki bean, Whereas both CMV and CAMV are not transmitted through seeds of azuki bean. Host range of AzMV is restricted to leguminous plants. The virus in the crude sap is inactivated by heating at 55-60°C for 10 minutes, and by aging at room temperature for 2 to 7 days. The dilution end point lies between 1:104 and 1:105. AzMV preparations examined under the electron microscope by dip method always showed a small amount of elongated virus particles of about 750mμ in length. AzMV seems to be closely related to CAMV, because the former virus protects azuki bean plants from infection by the latter virus. Fifty collections of mosaic plants of azuki bean from commercial plantings in Kanto district, and identification of the causal virus involved was undertaken by sap inoculations to a set of differential hosts. The results showed that the percentages of infection by CMV, CAMV, and AzMV were 55, 26, and 32%, respectively. It was also noted that some of azuki bean plants were infected simultaneously with CMV and either of CAMV and AzMV.View full abstractDownload PDF (2592K) -
I. Factors influencing seed transmissionTsuneo TSUCHIZAKI, Kiyoshi YORA, Hidefumi ASUYAMA1970 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 121-126
Published: March 30, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeed transmission of azuki bean mosaic virus (AzMV), cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CAMV, identical with cowpea mosaic virus reported by McLean, 1941), cucumber mosaic virus (an isolate from a mosaic-diseased plant of azuki bean), and subclover mottle virus (a strain of broad bean wilt virus) was examined in artificially infected plants of azuki bean (Phaseolus angularis) and cowpea (Vigna catjang and V. sesquipedalis). Seed transmission was demonstrated for AzMV in azuki bean plants, and for CAMV in cowpea plants, but not for other virus-host combinations so far tested. There was variation among different varieties of host and among different strains of virus, for seed transmission. In azuki bean, for instance, the percentage of transmission of AzMV by seed from the varieties Wase-Dairyu and Oodate No.2 was 14.7% and 5.6%, respectively. The percentage of transmission for strains of CAMV, viz. CAMV-3 and CAMV-1 through the seed of cowpea, Kurodane-16 variety, was 21.4% and 0.5%, respectively. Rate of seed transmission was not affected by the season during which seeds were produced, or by the location of seeds in individual pods. Mixed infection of the plant with a certain non-seed transmissible virus, did not influence percentage of seed transmission of AzMV or CAMV. In azuki bean, AzMV may be carried by seed over four years of storage with no decrease in the percentage of transmission. Treatments of the infected azuki bean seeds with hot-water at 50-75°C for 10-420 minutes, or with hot-air at 40°C for 10-40 days, failed to decrease the percentage of seed transmission.View full abstractDownload PDF (723K) -
Takashi FUJIWARA1970 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 127-131
Published: March 30, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (654K) -
Hiroyasu TANAKA1970 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 131-134
Published: March 30, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (572K)
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