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Volume 23 (1958)
- Issue 5 Pages 207-
- Issue 4 Pages 159-
- Issue 3 Pages 111-
- Issue 2 Pages 63-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 23, Issue 2
Displaying 1-9 of 9 articles from this issue
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Heiji TASUGI1958 Volume 23 Issue 2 Pages 63-64
Published: 1958
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
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III. Effect of thiosemicarbazones on the multiplication of tobacco mosaic virus.Toru SHIMOMURA, Yonosuke NISHIKAWA, Teruo IMAIZUMI1958 Volume 23 Issue 2 Pages 65-68
Published: 1958
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the present investigation, inhibitory activity to the multiplication of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) of thiosemicarbazones from benzaldehyde, acetophenone, cinnamaldehyde, and benzalacetone and the para-substituents of them was tested. Detached tobacco leaves which had been inoculated with TMV 24 hours before by rubbing with a juice of infected tobacco leaf, were split along the midrib. One half of each leaf was floated on solutions of the chemicals in Petri dishes and were kept at 25° under continuous illumination from fluorescent lamps. The another half was kept on water and served as control. After 5-6 days, the leaves were removed, homogenized, and analyzed for TMV by means of ammonium sulphate-precipitation method previously reported. In some experiments, measurement of the amount of TMV was made by the method of Bancroft and Curtis, and was compared with the results of ammonium sulphate method.
Results of the experiments are given in tables. 1-4. The inhibitory activity of 21 thiosemicarbazones was determined and it was found that both unsubstituted and substituted benzalacetone-thiosemicarbazones are effective, to some degree, to the inhibition of TMV multiplication. Benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazones had also some inhibitory activity on the virus, but not the substituted ones. Thiosemicarbazones from acetophenone and cinnamaldehyde with or without para-substituents showed no effect.View full abstractDownload PDF (247K) -
II. On the barley yellow-mosaic virus. (Part 1)Yuichi MIYAMOTO1958 Volume 23 Issue 2 Pages 69-75
Published: 1958
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBarley yellow mosaic is spread throughout Japan except Hokkaido, but there has been no published information on the occurrence of the disease in foreign countries. Barley yellow-mosaic virus (BYMV) is transmitted only to susceptible varieties of barley through the soil in the winter and produces mottling which resembles that in wheat caused by wheat yellow-mosaic virus (Marmor tritici var. fulvum McK.). BYMV does not attack wheat and rye. Intracellular inclusions (X-bodies) are present in the cells of the diseased plants.
The writer has carried out experiments in order to learn about the mode of the disease and properties of BYMV. The experimental results are summarized as follows:
(1) BYMV is transmitted, with difficulty, to healthy barley plants by the rubbing method of incoulation with pressed sap of diseased plants. The virus is not transmitted by insects and is not seed-borne.
(2) Regarding the effect of the environmental conditions upon expression of symptoms, it is observed that the symptoms of plants were rendered less striking by rising temperature and by the addition of chemical fertilizer.
(3) Fifteen cm. below the seeds was the greatest distance at which BYMV-infested soil caused the disease. Thermal inactivation point of the virus in soil was 50-60°C for 10 minutes.
(4) When pregerminated seeds, which had already developed 2 or 3 roots, were planted in virus-infested soil in glass-house, the infection rate was 2-3 times higher than in the cases of planting seeds, which were presoaked but not yet developed roots.
(5) Only a small number of plants were in fected when grown in soil composed of 10-50μ particle fraction or of nearly 50μ fraction separated from BYMV-infested soil.View full abstractDownload PDF (600K) -
Chiaki MATSUI, Masami YAMADA1958 Volume 23 Issue 2 Pages 76-78
Published: 1958
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe localization of tobacco mosaic virus rod particles (common strain) within the diseased tobacco leaf was observed under the electron microscope by means of the ultra-microtomy, and the results were as follows:
Fig. 1. Thin section of epidermal cell.
Fig. 2. Thin section of a guard cell of stoma.
Fig. 3. Thin section of epidermal hair.
Fig. 4. Thin section of slightly diseased palisade tissue cell.
Fig. 5. Thin section of heavily diseased palisade tissue cell.
Fig. 6. The mass of virus rod particles within cytoplasm.
Fig. 7. Thin section of X-body in palisade tissue cell.
Fig. 8. Thin section of sieve tube.
Fig. 9. Thin section of xylem.
C: chloroplast.
CP: cytoplasm.
CW: cell wall.
DC: disintegrated chloroplast.
SP: sieve plate.
UW: upper wall.
V: TMV.
X: X-body.
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Polyphenols contained in rice plants.Satoshi WAKIMOTO, Hazime YOSHII1958 Volume 23 Issue 2 Pages 79-84
Published: 1958
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMore than eight polyphenols were found in the leaves of rice plant by paperchromatograph. The main four of them gave red color reaction, while the others developed yellow color by Arnow's reagent under alkalinity. The former four polyphenols seem to have ortho-dihydroxy phenyl in their constitutions. Relative quantities of these polyphenols in rice plant were studied in relation to growing stages, plant parts, amount of nitrogen fertilizer supplied, plant varieties and infection by certain diseases.
Polyphenol contents of the leaves of rice plants increased gradually with the growth of plants and reached maximum at the tillering stage.
Leaves showed higher contents of polyphenols than the other parts of rice plant such as leaf sheath, neck and basal part of culm. Larger quantities of polyphenols giving red color reaction by Arnow's reagent were found in general in the varieties resistant against rice blast than in the susceptible varieties. Quantity of some polyphenols in the Chinese varieties such as Dojinkyo and Sento differed from the Japanese varieties such as Aikoku, Asahi no. 1 and others. As the effect of the nutritional conditions on the polyphenol contents of rice plants, experimental results show that the more the nitrogen fertilizer given the less the polyphenol contents in the leaves.
Generally, the polyphenol contents in the leaves, especially certain polyphenols, increased when leaves were infected with rice blast or Helminthosporium leaf spot pathogens.View full abstractDownload PDF (410K) -
Shigeyasu AKAI, Masao FUKUTOMI1958 Volume 23 Issue 2 Pages 85-89
Published: 1958
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the present paper the writers reported the results of investigations conducted on the change of chlorophyll content in the leaves of rice plants affected by downy mildew.
The contents of protochlorophyll, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were measured from the diseased and healthy leaf samples. In the healthy leaves they decreased with the descending order of the leaf arrangement, and in the diseased leaves they increased. The difference in chlorophyll content between the healthy and diseased leaves was detected more markedly in the newly developed leaves, but was rather obscure in the lower leaves. The ratio of three components of chlorophyll was nearly alike in both the healthy leaves and diseased leaves.
The distribution of the wave-length absorption of the ether-extract of chlorophyll did not change with the incidence of the disease nor with the order of leaf arrangement.
By the time the diseased rice leaves have developed to maturity, the hyphal vesicle of the causal fungus, which is rich in plasma, is changed into oogonium. In Digitaria adscendens, however, the diseased leaves may have considerable hyphae and hyphal vesicles even after forty or fifty days after the maturity of the leaves. In such leaves, the chlorophyll content also increased as in the case of lower leaves of rice plants. The lower content of chlorophyll in the upper leaves seems not to be attributable to decomposition as caused by the metabolites secreted by the hyphae of the causal fungus.
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Teinosuke KAWAMURA, Kazuya HIRANO1958 Volume 23 Issue 2 Pages 90-96
Published: 1958
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe eggs of the root knot nematode in the root gall develop in the form of egg-mass embedded in a protective jelly. The egg-masses cause damage to the crops next season. Under favorable conditions they hatch quickly and become free in the soil. The larvae which are the second stage in the development of the nematode move and infect host plants.
Studies were made in order to find out the environmental conditions which might hinder the hatching of eggs. Conditions such as high and low temperatures, desiccation, direct sunlight, ultra-violet rays, and hydrogen-ion concentration were tested.
In Meloidogyne incognita var. acrita, the hatching of eggs were hindered by the temperatures below 0°C while it was inhibited at -6°C for 20 days or -10°C for 5 days. In M. hapla the inhibition took place when exposed at -10°C for 20 days.
The resistance to high temperatures in the two varieties of nematodes was likewise similar: hinderance to hatching occurred at above 40°C, while at 42.5°C for 20 minutes or 45°C for 5 minutes inhibition took place.
The response of the nematodes to desiccation was more delicate. Between 85±2% and 70±2% air humidity the hinderance to hatching was remarkable, while at 70±2% for 2 hours or 60±1% for 1 hour the complete inhibition was observed.
Exposure to direct sunlight for 4 hours caused complete inhibition of the hatching of eggs.
Ultra-violet rays did not cause inhibition at an exposure of 5 hours. Within the limits of experiments performed, hydrogen-ion concentration had least effect upon the hatching of eggs of the nematodes.
The hatching process of eggs showed specific type when the eggs were exposed to desiccation and direct sunlight. The hatching process of them were normal for other conditions tested, except the ultra-violet rays which was intermediate.View full abstractDownload PDF (530K) -
(1) Effect of plant tissue on the assays of some antibiotics and translocation of them in broad bean.Tomomasa MISATO, Masaru ASAKAWA, Kazuo FUKUNAGA1958 Volume 23 Issue 2 Pages 97-101
Published: 1958
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS(1) By assaying on a 4-ml agar plate(soluble starch 1%, yeast extract powder 0.1%, agar 1.5 %) seeded with a spore suspension of Piricularia oryzae, Antimycin A could be detected at a concentration of 0.01mcg/ml, Blasticidin at 0.05 mcg/ml and Blastmycin at 0.003mcg/ml. Antimycin A and Blastmycin were assayed by the paperdisc method and Blasticidin by the cup method.
(2) Antimycin A and Blastmycin in plants were extracted by methanol and Blasticidin by the pH 5.0 buffer solution. The juice of leaves of untreated tomato had antibiotic activity against P. oryzae, and conversely that of rice or broad bean promoted its growth. Methanol extracts of leaves of untreated tomato, rice or broad bean gave inhibition zones. Therefore the buffer or methanol extracts of leaves were assayed, after being diluted with buffer or methanol to the concentration in which the plant tissue had no effect upon P. oryzae.
(3) Zone sizes of Blasticidin were smaller in broad bean leaf extract than in the buffer solution ; but they were about the same in rice or tomato extract as in the buffer solution. Approximately 80 % of the antifungal activity of Blasticidin decreased in broad bean leaf extract. Zone sizes of Antimycin A and Blastmycin were smaller in rice leaf extract than in methanol, but about the same in tomato or broad bean extract as methanol. Approximately 70 % of the antifungal activity of Antimycin A and Blastmycin decreased in rice leaf extract.
(4) When the cut stems of broad bean were placed in solutions containing 5-10mcg/ml of Antimycin A, Blasticidin and Blastmycin, antibiotics were absorbed and translocated upward to leaves. Leaves were found to contain only 0.1-0.3mcg/g of Antimycin A or Blastmycin, or 3.0-6.0mcg/g of Blasticidin after several days. But no antibiotics were detected in leaves of root-treated plants.View full abstractDownload PDF (366K) -
Hiroshi KITAJIMA1958 Volume 23 Issue 2 Pages 102-103
Published: 1958
Released on J-STAGE: January 12, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe author reported in this paper about the influences of air temperature to the incubation period of black spot disease of Japanese pear. The results are summarized as follows.
No difference was recognized on the percentage of spore germination in various temperature, 12, 16, 20 and 28°C in water drops on glass slide, but the length of germ tube after 16 hours was not similar, as 256μ, in 28°C and 108μ in 12°C.
Healthy pear leaves were inoculated with the spore suspension and then treated as follows:
1-3. Kept in wet chamber at 24°C, 16°C and 12°C, respectively.
4. Kept in wet chamber at 16°C after incubated at 24°C for 4 hours.
5. Kept in wet chamber at 12°C after incubated at 24°C for 4 hours.
When inoculated leaves were incubated at 24°C, the lesions appeared after 24 hours. On the other hand in 16° or 12°C, the lesions appeared after 2 or 3 days respectively.
The incubation period was not shortened when the inoculated leaves were incubated at 24°C for 4 hours, which were sufficient time for the fungus invading into the host tissue, before they were removed to 12 or 16°C.
From these experimental results, the following consideration may be done that the influence of air temperature to the incubation period of the disease is due to the reaction of mycelial growth of causal fungus in host tissue after invasion.View full abstractDownload PDF (216K)
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