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Volume 57 (1991)
- Issue 5 Pages 615-
- Issue 4 Pages 477-
- Issue 3 Pages 285-
- Issue 2 Pages 145-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 57, Issue 2
Displaying 1-21 of 21 articles from this issue
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Seiya TSUSHIMA, Shizuo MOGI, Hideki NAITO, Hatsuo SAITO1991 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 145-152
Published: April 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe populations of Pseudomonas glumae on rice leaf blades and rice leaf sheaths were studied. When rice plants were inoculated by spray application of bacterial suspension at 27 days before heading time, the pathogen was recovered from the inoculated rice leaf blades only immediately after inoculation, but was recovered from the inoculated leaf sheaths regardless of the sampling time. Moreover, when rice plants were inoculated by spray application of the bacterial suspension at 22 days before heading time, P. glumae was recovered from all the inoculated leaf sheaths, the succeeding leaf sheaths which had not emerged at the time of inoculation and 1 of 3 flag leaf sheaths at 3 days after heading time. Population level of the bacterium on inoculated leaf sheaths and the succeeding leaf sheaths was about 106cfu/g (fresh weight of leaf sheath) regardless of inoculum densities, but was about 103cfu/g on flag leaf sheaths. P. glumae was recovered from 13 of 14 top leaf sheaths at 13 days before heading time when inoculated at the 6th leaf stage, 31 days before heading time. Thereafter, P. glumae was recovered from all the 3rd leaf sheaths under the flag leaf, 2 of 9 flag leaf sheaths and one panicle within 2 flag leaf sheaths on which the bacterium was detected at 2 days before heading time. The population level of P. glumae on the leaf sheaths and panicles was less than 106cfu/g and it was suggested that the bacterial populations were lognormally distributed. P. glumae was recovered at each sampling time from all the leaf sheaths of the rice plants inoculated with 107cfu/ml of the bacterial suspension at 41 days before heading time, but the frequency of recovery of P. glumae from leaf sheaths of rice plants inoculated with 105 or 103cfu/ml was low. These results suggest that bacteria reproducing in the lower to the upper leaf sheaths play an important role in the outbreak of bacterial grain rot of rice.View full abstractDownload PDF (884K) -
Takuo WADA, Seiichi KUZUMA, Mitsuaki TAKENAKA, Yojiro HIROTA1991 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 153-159
Published: April 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPefurazoate, pent-4-enyl N-furfuryl-N-imidazol-1-ylcarbonyl-DL-homoalaninate, was highly toxic to wide range of phytopathogenic fungi including Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes, but less toxic to Phycomycetes. Although the compound hardly inhibited spore germination of Fusarium moniliforme, Cochliobolus miyabeanus and Pyricularia oryzae at 100μg/ml, germ tubes of treated spores were swollen, abnormally branched and shorten at 0.1-1.0μg/ml. Gas chromatographic analysis indicated that ergosterol biosynthesis of F. moniliforme was strongly suppressed and the concomitant accumulation of 24-methylene-dihydrolanosterol, obtusifoliol and other unknown substances were observed. This result suggested that pefurazoate particularly inhibited the demethylation at C-14 position of 24-methylenedihydrolanosterol in sterol biosynthetic pathway. Pefurazoate also affected the production of gibberellin-like substances in culture liquid of F. moniliforme at a low concentration which hardly affected the inhibition of mycelial growth.View full abstractDownload PDF (1989K) -
Kenji TAKAHASHI1991 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 160-164
Published: April 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRelationship between fluorescent staining reaction and germination in resting spores of Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. was examined. Blue fluorescence was detected on the cell wall of all spores, whereas red fluorescence was or was not noticeable inside of the spores when observed under fluorescence microscope after staining with two fluorochromes, calcofluor white M2R and ethidium bromide. When the spore suspension accompanied with host roots was incubated at 25°C for 10 days, the percentages of both spores showing red fluorescence and vacant germinated cells significantly increased with the time of incubation. The increase, on the other hand, was not appreciable or slight when the spore suspension incubated without host roots. Quantitative assays showed a close correlation between the fluorescent staining reaction and spore germination when incubated with host roots. The result indicates that the fluorescent staining reaction is available for a criterion of viability, expressed by germination, in resting spores of P. brassicae.View full abstractDownload PDF (2331K) -
Shinzo KOIZUMI, Hajime KATO, Reiichi YOSHINO, Nagao HAYASHI, Masakatsu ...1991 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 165-173
Published: April 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFusarium species were isolated from kernels or glumes of scab heads of wheat and barley collected from 202 fields in seven different districts of Japan from 1979 to 1987. Virulence to wheat heads of 273 isolates of five Fusarium species and six cultivars of F. roseum from the kernels and glumes was tested by spray-inoculation. F. roseum ‘Graminearum’, ‘Avenaceum, ’ ‘Culmorum’, ‘Acuminatum’, F. nivale and F. tricinctum caused scab symptoms on the inoculated wheat heads, and virulent isolates of F. tricinctum belonged to F. sporotrichioides and F. tricinctum based on Booth's descriptions. F. roseum ‘Graminearum’ causing scab symptoms was distributed all over Japan. F. roseum ‘Avenaceum’ virulent to wheat heads, however, was isolated from the samples in Hokkaido and Chugoku-Shikoku, while the respective virulent isolates of ‘Culmorum’ and ‘Acuminatum’ were distributed in Hokkaido and Tohoku, and in Tohoku, Hokuriku, Kanto-Tosan and Chugoku-Shikoku, respectively. F. nivale and F. tricinctum virulent to wheat heads were encountered in the samples from Hokkaido and Hokuriku, and from Hokkaido, Tohoku, Hokuriku and Chugoku-Shikoku, respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (2873K) -
Takio ICHITANI, Tadahiro KASHIMOTO, Tsutomu FUKUNISHI1991 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 174-179
Published: April 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThree species of Pythium (P. irregulare, P. spinosum, P. ultimum var. ultimum) were identified as pathogens of root rot of tulip in Japan. The first two species were described on tulip for the first time in the world. From the results of experiments on isolation and pathogenicity, it can be concluded that P. ultimum var. ultimum is the most important pathogen, followed by P. irregulare, and P. spinosum is of minor significance.View full abstractDownload PDF (3087K) -
Seiya TSUSHIMA, Hideki NAITO1991 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 180-187
Published: April 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe distribution and spatial pattern of bacterial grain rot of rice, caused by Pseudomonas glumae, were determined by using Morisita's index IB of distribution. An area of5, 000 hills (50 rows×100 hills) 1 and 2 weeks after heading time and an area of 2, 000 hills(20 rows×100 hills) 3 weeks after heading time was assessed for disease incidence in 3 fields, A, B and C. Each assessment was done by using 5 quadrat sizes (rows×hills). The spatial pattern of the hills, whose disease incidences were 2 to 4, was clumped in field A a week after heading time as determined by Morisita's index, but not in fields, B, C. At 2 weeks after heading time, the shape of the IB curve for the 3 fields was typical for a pattern with small clumps. The higher the severity of fields, the earlier was the formation of the aggregations. Hills, with a disease incidence of 4, were frequently surrounded by hills of lower disease incidence. The dissemination of this disease was studied in a paddy field by setting diseased hill planted in 1/5, 000 a pots as a inoculum source at the center of 2.7m×2.88m plots (9 rows×19 hills) at heading time or a week after heading time. For all plots, the further the distance from the inoculum source, the lower was the disease incidence. The disease incidences of 8 plants surrounding the inoculum source were clearly largest for the plot in which a severely diseased hill was set as a inoculum source at heading time. Populations of P. glumae from severely diseased panicles, which were sampled from the paddy field and were incubated in a moist chamber, were clearly higher than those from slightly diseased panicles and symptomless panicles, moreover, the populations of P. glumae from diseased panicles depended on the incubation time in a moist chamber. The results of this experiment show that severely diseased panicles which were occurred earlier, were important in focal formation of bacterial grain rot of rice.View full abstractDownload PDF (850K) -
Seisaku UMEMOTO1991 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 188-195
Published: April 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe infection mechanism of bud scales with conidia of Japanese pear scab fungus was investigated. There was no clear difference in the number of conidia remained on bud scales of cv. Chojuro irrespective of the time of sampling or positions of bud scales on shoots. In cvs. Kosui and Chojuro, scab development on scales of an axillary bud was higher at under or left side of shoots. The outbreak of scab was higher at inside of axillary buds in three cultivars including cv. Hosui. No disease development was observed in axillary buds of cv. Chojuro when the buds inoculated with conidia were protected from rainfall under a plastic house. On the contrary, severe disease developed on axillary buds of cv. Chojuro inoculated outdoors. Results from scanning electron microscopic observation showed that conidia germinated at a high ratio and penetrated only into exposed and alive parts of axillary bud scales of cvs. Hosui, Kosui and Chojuro. The number of exposed and alive parts of scales of infection sites with pear scab fungus was clearly different among axillary, leaf and flower buds of cvs. Hosui, Kosui and Chojuro, and it was the greatest on axillary buds. These results coincided with the actual state of disease development of three cultivars in the orchards. It was indicated that the infection of bud scales occurred with conidia produced on leaf lesions and flowed down in rain water in autumn. Conidia on exposed and alive parts of scales germinated and penetrated into alive tissues of scales under wet condition for many hours.View full abstractDownload PDF (2276K) -
Kenichi TSUCHIYA, Yoshiyuki TAKAHASHI, Kenichiro SHOHARA, Yoshihisa HO ...1991 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 196-202
Published: April 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSix kinds of ELISA procedures consisting of the direct (including double-sandwich method that uses antibodies labelled with alkaline phosphatase) and the indirect method using the avidin-biotin complex system (ABC-ELISA) were compared for the highly sensitive detection of Pseudomonas cepacia (Pc). When bacterial cells were applied directly to the microplates both direct and indirect ELISA were found to be equally sensitive for the detection of Pc and enabled to detect cell suspensions containing ca. 104cfu/ml. Only 22 strains of Pc reacted specifically among the 151 bacterial species tested in direct ELISA using alkaline phosphatase conjugates which were prepared from glutaraldehyde-fixed Pc cells (F), while some of the related species of bacteria reacted in the indirect ELISA. By using the direct ELISA, Pc was detected at a concentration below 104cfu/g soil in 3 kinds of soils which were artificially co-inoculated with either P. solanacearum or Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora at the concentration of ca. 105-109cfu/g soil. Furthermore, both the reaction sensitivity and minimum detection level were increased by heating samples at 100°C for 15min and Pc in the soil was detected at the level of ca. 102cfu/g.View full abstractDownload PDF (829K) -
Tetsuro OKUNO, Masaharu NAKAYAMA, Nobuyuki OKAJIMA, Iwao FURUSAWA1991 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 203-211
Published: April 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSpraying cucumber leaves with salicylic acid (SA), 7-methoxycarbonyl benzo-1, 2, 3-thiadiazol and 2-chlorethylphosphate (ethephon) (abiotic inducers) reduced the diseased area caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis by more than 50% in the sprayed first leavesand also in the upper second leaves provided challenge inoculation was made 3 to 6 days but not one to 24hr after treatment. Localized infection of cotyledons with P. cubensis (biotic inducer) also reduced the diseased area caused by the same pathogen by more than 50% in the upper leaves challenge-inoculated 6 days after inducer inoculation. Plants acquired systemic resistance when inoculated cotyledons remained attached for at least 3 days after inoculation. Protection by both abiotic and biotic inducers was more prominent in the second leaves which expanded after induction than in the first leaves which expanded before induction. The present results show that systemic resistance induced in cucumber plants by either biotic or abiotic inducers was effective in controlling infection by P. cubensis whose cell walls contain no chitin. Electrophoretic analysis of extracted proteins on polyacrylamide gel showed that both the SA treatment and localized infection with P. cubensis induced several novel acid soluble proteins in the treated and the upper untreated leaves in correlation with induced resistance.View full abstractDownload PDF (3464K) -
Seisaku UMEMOTO1991 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 212-218
Published: April 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe relationship between leaf wetness period, temperature and infection to Japanese pear leaves by artificial inoculation with conidia of Japanese pear scab fungus, Venturia nashicola, was investigated. The inoculated leaves developed symptoms slightly with 9-hr leaf wetting at 15°C, moderately with 12-hr leaf wetting at 5 and 25°C, and more heavily at 15 to 20°C. Leaves did not show, however, any symptoms at 30°C even with 36-hr leaf wetting, or less than 6-hr leaf wetting even at 5 to 25°C. These results are strikingly similar to those reported for apple scab by Mills. And these results coincide with the conidial and ascosporous germination status on water agar medium kept at 5 to 30°C, and behavior of conidial germination and penetration into leaf tissue with different wetting period kept at about 20°C. Based on the result that pathogenicity of ascospore is almost the same as conidial one, these results seem to be applied to the infection by ascospores.View full abstractDownload PDF (889K) -
Zhiwei WANG, Rieko YANAGITA, Kenichi TSUCHIYA, Nobuaki MATSUYAMA, Sato ...1991 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 219-224
Published: April 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPseudomonas glumae, the causal agent of the grain rot and seedling rot of rice, is known to show antibacterial activities against other plant pathogenic bacteria and caused rotting of potato tuber slices. In this study, 50 mutant strains were raised from a strain Kyu82-34-2, which produced water soluble, yellowish-green pigment on YPDA or in YPD medium, by NTG (N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine)-treatment. The mutant strains were compared each other in pigment productivity, antibacterial activities to several plant pathogenic bacteria, potato rotting activity and virulence to rice seedlings. All of the 28 pigment productive strains were virulent to rice seedlings and potato tuber slices. Almost all of pigment non-productive strains were avirulent to rice seedlings with only exception of two strains, NT49 and NT106. Pigment productive strains showed wider antibacterial spectra with higher activities as compared to pigment non-productive strains. About a half of the mutant strains lost both pigment productivity and potato rotting activity.View full abstractDownload PDF (730K) -
Kiroku KOBAYASHI, Hideki YAMAMOTO, Hideaki NEGISHI, Akira OGOSHI1991 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 225-231
Published: April 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA total of 13 isolates of Phialophora gregata from adzuki bean and soybean were examined for pathogenicity to adzuki beans, soybeans, mung beans, kidney bean, cowpea and pea by two inoculation tests. Isolates from adzuki bean were pathogenic to adzuki beans and mung beans, while isolates from soybean were pathogenic to soybeans and mung beans. That is, the isolates formed two distinct groups based on their pathogenicity to adzuki bean and soybean. The isozyme polymorphisms and DNA sequence homology, with its complete correspondence with pathogenicity, support the grouping of P. gregata isolates into two formae speciales. Accordingly, we proposed two formae speciales for this fungus on the basis of the specific pathogenicity P. gregata f. sp. adzukicola for adzuki bean pathogen and P. gregata f. sp. sojae for soybean pathogen.View full abstractDownload PDF (2641K) -
Siti Muslimah WIDYASTUTI, Fukuji NONAKA, Keisuke WATANABE, Eiko MARUYA ...1991 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 232-238
Published: April 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAccumulation and antifungal activity of a newly isolated phytoalexin, 4'-methoxyaucuparin, were described. The phytoalexin was accumulated in the leaves of Rhaphiolepis umbellata Makino inoculated with Pestalotiopsis sp. or Entomosporium mespili. Accumulation of 4'-methoxyaucuparin also occurred with treatment of 10-3M NaN3 or HgCl2 as abiotic elicitors. Of the elicitors tested, HgCl2 was found to be the most effective, being able to induce 4'-methoxyaucuparin at the concentration of 4, 385μg g-1 fresh weight. The inhibitory action of 4'-methoxyaucuparin against Pestalotiopsis sp., pathogenic fungus of R. umbellata, was weaker than that against non pathogenic fungi.View full abstractDownload PDF (757K) -
Shinya TSUDA, Keiko T. NATSUAKI, Keiichi TOMARU1991 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 239-246
Published: April 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA virus isolated from tobacco plants in Morioka was confirmed as tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and designated as TSWV-M isolate. The virus shows severe symptoms on several plants including tobacco, tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana. TSWV-M was used for the purification study. Out of seven kinds of buffers for extraction of TSWV, 0.1M phosphate buffer containing 0.01M Na2SO3 and 0.01M EDTA⋅2Na was suitable with high infectivity in crude sap checked by half-leaf method using N. tabacum cv. Xanthi nc. In a purification method with isopycnic linear sucrose density gradient with concentration from 15.0% to 60.0% (w/w), the peak fraction of TSWV infectivity was indicated at 42.0% (w/w) sucrose fraction. By this method, however, the host components could not be eliminated from the peak fraction. In isopycnic step-wise sucrose density gradient method with trap of 40.0% (w/w), host components could be excluded from 42.0% (w/w) sucrose fraction with high infectivity. Intact TSWV particles were observed in the fraction by the electron microscopy. With the passage of the TSWV purification process, specific infectivities in the final step were calculated as 44 times at OD260 and 46 times higher at OD280 in the ratio to the first step preparation.View full abstractDownload PDF (2561K) -
Norihiro SHIMOMURA, Hiroshi OTANI, Hiroki TABIRA, Motoichiro KODAMA, K ...1991 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 247-255
Published: April 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA host-specific toxin (AM-toxin) produced by Alternaria alternata apple pathotype has two primary action sites: plasma membranes and chloroplasts where the toxin induces electrolyte loss and inhibition of photosynthetic CO2 fixation, respectively. AM-toxin I at a concentration of 10-8M caused an increase in electrolyte loss and an inhibition of CO2 fixation as well as necrosis in susceptible apple leaves. Electrolyte loss and necrosis in moderately resistant apple and Japanese pear leaves were induced at 10-5M, while CO2 fixation was significantly inhibited at 10-7-10-6M. Furthermore, CO2 fixation was affected at the concentrations of 10-6-10-5M in resistant and some non-host leaves, without causing electrolyte loss and necrosis. AM-toxin induced infection with avirulent spores in susceptible and moderately resistant leaves at 10-7 and 10-5M, respectively. However, 10-5M AM-toxin I did not show the infection-inducing activity in resistant and non-host leaves. SH-reagents such as iodoacetamide gave a remarkable protection against AM-toxin-induced electrolyte loss and necrosis formation in susceptible leaves, only when the leaves were treated before toxin exposure. On the contrary, the inhibition of photosynthetic CO2 fixation induced by the toxin was not affected by the reagent. When susceptible leaves pre-treated with the reagent were inoculated with virulent spores, the spores failed to invade the tissues. These results indicate that a role of host-specificity factor of AM-toxin I is dependent on toxin action to plasma membranes rather than chloroplasts, and hence, an accessibility of cells for invading fungi necessitates the plasma membrane dysfunction caused by the toxin.View full abstractDownload PDF (1099K) -
Awadh Kishore ROY, Hirendra Kumar CHOURASIA1991 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 256-258
Published: April 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
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Satoshi NODA, Toshihiro OMURA, Masao MURAKAMI, Tsuneo TSUCHIZAKI1991 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 259-262
Published: April 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRice varieties “Musashi-kogane”, “Tamaminori” and “Tamahonami” which have St2igene for resistance to rice stripe virus (RSV), showed resistance to RSV infection, but no resistance to virus multiplication. Furthermore, the vector Laodelphax striatellus acquired the virus readily on infected “Musashi-kogane” plants as did on susceptible “Nipponbare” plants. Sharp decline in the percentage of viruliferous insects in the overwintering population with the increase in the percentage areas planted with RSV-resistant varieties can be explained by the decrease of virus source plants for the secondary infection. The three RSV-resistant varieties did not show resistance to infection and multiplication of rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) and rice dwarf virus (RDV). “Musashi-kogane” as well as “Nipponbare” served as the source of the three viruses for the transmission by their vectors.View full abstractDownload PDF (487K) -
Shinzo KOIZUMI, Hajimu KOMADA, Hajime KATO, Reiichi YOSHINO, Masakatsu ...1991 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 263-267
Published: April 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
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Ikuo KADOTA, Akira OHUCHI, Koushi NISHIYAMA1991 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 268-273
Published: April 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
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Susumu KAWABE, Hiromu KAWAKITA, Kazuo NAKASHIMA, Maki KATSUHARA1991 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 274-277
Published: April 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS -
Yoshiaki KANNO, Nobuyuki YOSHIKAWA, Tsuyoshi TAKAHASHI1991 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 278-282
Published: April 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2009
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