The Vapor-liquid equilibrium constants of a three component system under a high pressure were calculated by applying the Benedict-Webb-Rubin state equation, which clearly shows the thermodynamic properties of hydrocarbon mixtures in either the gaseous or the liquid phase.
Digital computer was used in this calculation, for it involves tedious iterations of trial and errors.
In this method the three elements, P, T, and x1 were chosen as the three factors of the degree of freedom. At the start of the computation the initial conditions of the compositions x2, x3, y1, y2, y3 were assumed to be 0, 1-x1, 1, 0, 0, respectively. This method of assumption. is independent of the system and the values of P, T, x1, so the calculation of the equilibrium ratios can be carried out without the assist ance of any data and approximation. The equilibrium ratios, compositions, densities and fugacities can be obtained as converged values.
And it was found that the values, P, T, x1, have their own limits, and when these values are improper, the vapor-liquid equilibrium ratios cannot be obtained.

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Newitt and others have discussed whether moisture moves through a drying solid by liquid or vapor diffusion. But they have not ascertained the numerical value of the so-called liquid diffusion ratio (In the present paper, this ratio is to be defined by W_f/W, where W_f is the quantity of the moving moisture in liquid state and W is the quantity of the total moving moisture through a drying solid.).
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the liquid diffusion ratio. Assuming that in the drying process of clay containing NaCl solution, the movement of the salt is caused by the liquid moisture flow through clay and by the existence of the salt concentration gradient, the author deduced an equation to calculate the above ratio.
On the other hand, the liquid diffusion ratios concerning two sorts of clay have been calculated by the equation, after the moisture and salt distribution curves were obtained by the drying experiments of the clay samples containing a NaCl solution.

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In batch distillation of the binary system, approximate equation was obtained for the calculation of reflux ratio required for the distillation of intermediate fraction under the condition of a given separation by means of a constant reflux ratio, on the assumptions of constant relative volatility, no hold-up and still composition of less than 10mol%.
The accuracy of this equation was of the same order as the result obtained from Smoker's equation, when the composition of the intermediate fraction was comparative small.

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Three particular relative volatilities are generally required as minimum information to make a prediction of x-y relation for the binary system at constant pressure.
The semiempirical method described in this paper permits the prediction of the three relative volatilitie sby the equation given as follows:
where α0 and α1 denote the limiting values of the relative volatility, at x=0 and x=1, respectively, and αm, the relative volatility at x=0.5.
The predictions are based on the estimation of β₀ and β
1, the limiting value of the partial molal free energy, at x=0 and x=1, respectively, involving the field factor defined by Gilmont.
In addition, this method permits the estimation of the constant in the three-constant equation proposed for x-y relation by Lu and the algebraic equation of this kind by Clark to cal culate the x-y relation for the binary system at atmospheric pressure.
In our proposed method, the over-all average deviation in vapor composition bet ween predicted value and the experimental one is about 1.4 mole percent for sixteen systems.

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In some substances, the internal moisture movement during a drying process is effectively interpreted in terms of diffusion phenomenon. The moisture diffusion coefficients of such substances are calculated by Eq.(1), (2) or (3) according to the moisture distributions obtained through experiments under steady or unsteady state drying.
The moisture diffusion coefficients of several substances obtained by the above method are shown in Figs. 6, 11, 12, 13 and 14. From these figures, the following tendencies may be discovered.
(1) The drying experiments of a solid by air of 40°C and lower have verified that the internal temperature might change but slightly with the drying time and the position within the solid. In this case the effect of temperature upon the moisture diffusion coefficient is little.
(2) The moisture diffusion coefficients obtained from steady state drying agree favorably with those from unsteady state drying.
(3) The moisture diffusion coefficients vary considerably with internal moisture concentration.

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Most of the investigation on the collection efficiency of fiber mats have been based on the capture of one particle. In practical fiber mat filters the value of collection efficiency increases with the filtrati on time by the interference effect of collected particles. However, an analytical investigation on the collection efficiency with dust loading effects has not been published.
Assuming the increment of collection efficiency Δη_e for an isolated fiber with dust loading as Equation (3), the instantaneous collection efficiency E of a fiber mat with dust loading is represe nted as Equation (5). The empirical Equation (15) of Δη_e is derived from the experimental dataof (1-E), using dimensionless groups.
The collection efficiency of fiber mats obtained by our experimental method are the cumulative collection efficiency E as defined in Equation (6), and the instantaneous collection efficiency E can be calculated from cumulative collection efficiency by Equation (11).

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Concerning flow control systems which include valves, a method for determining the optimum characteristics of both the control valve and pipe's diameter is mathematically disc ussed here from the view-points of control engineering and economics.
Assuming;
γ= Pressure loss of pipe line/Differential pressure across full-opened control valve,
a linear-characterized valve and a pipe of diameter large enough to make γ=0 would offer excellent control for load-change disturbance, as the change of overall loop gain by the shift of operating-point is expected to be minimum. A liner-characterized valve may as well be used at about γ=0.7 for set-point change. It also mayas well be used at about γ=0.3 when load change and set -point change occur in the same degree.
For pipe-lines to be installed economically, obtaining the coefficients of diameter vs. expenses for pipes and C_v value vs. cost for valves makes the calculation for optimum value of r quite easy.
Tests with pipes, 1-4^B diameter, 10-100m long, 10Kg/cm² type, of F.C and SUS 27 showed that when valves and pipes were of same diameter they gave economical results.

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Analytical studies were attempted to make clear the effects of spraying conditions on the drop-sizes of concentrated milk.
A centrifugal nozzle and a pressure pump for milk industry were used for the spraying, with variousspraying pressures, orifices and core-insert areas of the centrifugal nozzle, and surface tension and viscosity of the concentrated milk. From the results an experimental equation was derived showing the relationship between the spray drop-sizes and the volumetric flow rate of concentrated milk with the operating variables, pressure, nozzle and milk conditions, as parameters. The equation adapted well to practical operation.

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